Mustard: Diseases and their Management

  Mustard: Diseases and Symptoms Alternaria blight White rust Downy mildew Powdery mildew Bacterial blight/ black rot Club r...

 

Mustard: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Alternaria blight
2. White rust
3. Downy mildew
4. Powdery mildew
5. Bacterial blight/ black rot
6. Club root
7. Sclerotinia stem rot
8. IPM for Mustard

Alternaria blight

Disease symptoms

• The disease attacks on the lower leaves as small circular brown necrotic spots which slowly increase in size.
• Many concentric spots coalesce to cover large patches showing blightening and defoliation in severe cases.
• Circular to linear, dark brown lesions also develop on stems and pods, which are elongated at later stage.
• Infected pods produce small, discolored and shriveled seeds.

Survival and spread

• The disease is externally and internally seed born.
• The pathogen survives through spores (conidia) or mycelium in diseased plant debris or weed.

Favourable conditions

• Moist (more than 70% relative humidity) coupled with warm weather (12-25 °C ) and intermittent rains favours disease development

White rust

Disease symptoms

• Both local and systemic infections are observed.
• In case of local infection, white creamy yellow raised pustules appear on the leaves which later coalesce to form patches.
• In systemic infection and during humid weather, mixed infection of white rust and downy mildew cause swelling and distortion of the stem and floral parts due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia and develop “stag head” structure.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives through oospores in affected host tissues and soil.
• Secondary infection is carried out by sporangia and zoospores which produce new infection.

Favourable conditions

• Moist (more than 70% relative humidity) coupled with warm weather (12-25 °C) and intermittent rains favours disease development.

Downy mildew

Disease symptoms

• Grayish white irregular necrotic patches develop on the lower surface of leaves.
• Later under favourable conditions brownish white fungal growth may also be seen on the spots.
• The most conspicuous and pronounced symptom is the infection of inflorescence causing hypertrophy of the peduncle of inflorescence and develop stag head structure.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives as oospores on the affected plant tissues in soil and on weed hosts.

Favourable conditions

• Atmospheric temperature in the range of 10-20 °C and relative humidity>90% RH favours disease development

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms

• Symptoms appear as dirty white, circular, floury patches on either sides of the leaves.
• Under favourable environmental conditions, entire leaves, stems, floral parts and pods are affected.
• The whole leaf may be covered with powdery mass.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives through cleistothecia present in the crop debris in the field.

Favourable conditions

• High temperature (15-28 ºC) coupled with low humidity (<60% humidity) and low or no rainfall with wind favours disease development.

Bacterial blight/ black rot

Disease symptoms

• The leaf tissue turns yellow and chlorosis reach towards the centre of the leaf and form V shaped area with base of V towards the midrib. The veins show brown to black discoloration. Dark coloured streaks are formed on the stem from the ground level and gradually these streaks enlarge and girdle the stem.
• Stem become hollow due to internal rotting.
• Midrib cracking of lower leaves, browning of veins and withering is observed.
• In severe cases, the vesicular bundles of the stem also turn brown and the plant collapses.

Survival and spread:

• The pathogen survives in infected plant residue in soil and seed.
• The pathogen spreads by soil and irrigation water.

Favourable conditions

• Warm and humid climate favours the disease development

Club root

Disease symptoms

• Affected plants remain stunted.
• Tiny nodules to large club shaped outgrowths develop in root system.
• Leaves turn pale green or yellow followed by wilting and under severe conditions the plants die

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives in the soil as resting spores and these spores act as primary source of inoculum.

Favourable conditions

• Humid weather and high soil moisture favour disease development.

Sclerotinia stem rot

Disease symptoms

• Elongated water soaked lesions appear on stem near to the crown region, covered with cottony mycelial growth later on.
• Plant looks like whitish from distance at internodes or base.
• Premature ripening and shredding of stem, wilting and drying.
• Brown to black sclerotial bodies may also be seen in the later stage on the infected plant parts.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives as mycelium in dead or live plants and as sclerotia in infected plant parts or on the soil surface or with seed as contaminant.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity (90-95%) and average temperature (18-25 ^oC) along with wind current favours the disease development.

IPM for Mustard

To know the IPM practices for Mustard, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.02   

 

127 ratings

Mustard Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
2. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. IPM for Mustard

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Mustard aphid: Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Painted bug: Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
• Mustard saw fly: Athalia lugens proxima (Klug) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
• Mustard leaf miner: Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Diseases

• Alternaria blight: Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc, A. brassicicola (Schwein. Wiltshire)
• White rust: Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze
• Powdery Mildew: Erysiphe cruciferum Opiz ex L. Junnell

Weeds

Broad leaf weeds

• Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parvifl ora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophyllaceae)
• Field bindweed: Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae)
• Wild Onion: Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (Liliaceae)
• Burcloveru: Medicago denticulata Willd. (Fabaceae)
• Common vetch: Vicia sativa L. (Fabaceae)
• Yellow pea: Lathyrus aphaca L. (Fabaceae)

Grassy weeds

• Bluegrass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
• Canary Grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Parasitic weed

• Broomrape: Orobanche aegyptiaca L. (Orobanchaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Bihar hairy caterpillar: Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae)
• Cabbage head borer: Hellula undalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
• Larger moth (leaf webber): Crocidolomia binotalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Diseases

• Sclerotinia stem rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
• Downy mildew: Hyaloperonospora parasitica Pers.
• Club root: Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin
• Bacterial Leaf spot/ blight: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Pammel (Dowson)

IPM for Mustard

To know the IPM practices for Mustard, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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115 ratings

Mustard: Insect Pests Management

1. Bihar hairy caterpillar
2. Mustard aphid
3. Painted bug
4. Mustard saw fly
5. Mustard leaf miner
6. Diamondback moth
7. Cabbage head borer
8. Larger moth (leaf Webber)
9. IPM for Mustard

Bihar hairy caterpillar

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are laid in clusters of 50-100, on the lower side of leaves.
• Larva: The larvae are covered with long yellowish to black hairs and are up to 5 cm long.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in the soil under dry.
• Adult: The adult is a brown moth with a 40-50 mm wing span and a red abdomen.

Damage symptoms

• Young larvae feed gregariously mostly on the under surface of the leaves.
• Caterpillars feed on leaves and in severe infestation the whole crop is defoliated.

Mustard aphid

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are white in colour and laid along the veins of leaves.
• Nymph: There are four nymphal stages (instars). The general appearance of each stage is similar except for increase in size during subsequent instars. The first, second, third and fourth nymphal stages last 1-2, 2, 2, and 3 days respectfully.
• Adult: Aphids are small, soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects that have a pair of cornicles (wax-secreting tubes) projecting out from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. Wingless, female, aphids are yellowish green, gray green or olive green with a white waxy bloom covering the body. The winged, female, adult aphids have a dusky green abdomen with dark lateral stripes separating the body segments and dusky wing veins. Male aphids are olive green to brown in color. The aphid attacks generally during 2nd and 3rd week of December and continues till March.

Damage symptoms

• Both nymph and adults suck the sap from leaves, buds and pods.
• Curling may occur for infested leaves and at advanced stage plants may wither and die.
• Plants remain stunted and sooty molds grow on the honey dew excreted by the insects.

Painted bug

Biology

• Egg: Painted bug lays its eggs in clusters on leaves or on the soil underneath host plants. Eggs are barrel shaped, initially white and turn orange with age. A single female can lay as many as 100 eggs within 2 to 3 weeks. The incubation period is 5 to 8 days
• Nymph: Nymph pass through five stages changing colour from bright orange to red with dark markings, gradually acquiring the colouration of the adult. Initially they do not have wings; wings are gradually developed as the nymphs grow. Wing pads are visible in the last instar nymph.
• Adult: The adult bug is typically shield-shaped, 5 to 7 mm long and 3 to 4 mm broad at its widest area. The upper surface has a mixture of black, white and orange markings, which gives the insect its common names harlequin bug or painted bug. The life cycle lasts 3 to 4 weeks and several generations may occur in a year. Period of activity of painted bug starts from September.

Damage symptoms

• Adults and nymphs suck sap from all parts of the plant.
• Young plants wilt and wither as a result of the attack.
• Adult bugs excrete a resinous substance which spoils the pods.
• Quality and quantity (31% losses) of yield is affected when grown up plants are infected.
• Harvested crop in threshing floor is also infested.

Mustard saw fly

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are spherical, about 0.5 mm in diameter, light bluish green in colour.
• Larva: Larva is greenish black with wrinkled body and eight pairs of pro-legs. On slightest touch the larva falls to round and feigns death. The larvae had 6 instars, fed on the leaves, and pupated after 14-16 days.
• Pupa: Pupae are look like sand particle and have salivary secretions; the pupal stage lasted 11-12 days.
• Adult: Adults are orange bodied with smoky transparent wings. The pest is active during seedling stage of the crop i.e. October - November.

Damage symptoms

• Initially the larva nibbles leaves, later it feeds from the margins towards the midrib.
• The grubs cause numerous shot holes and even riddled the entire leaves by voracious feeding.
• They devour the epidermis of the shoot, resulting in drying up of seedlings and failure to bear seeds in older plants.
• The yield losses up to 5 to 18 %. In severe case at the seedling stage, the crops have to be re sown.

Mustard leaf miner

Biology

• Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal, at the end of the mine with the anterior spiracles projecting through the epidermis.
• Upper-surface, less often lower-surface corridor, Pupation within the mine and soil; pupal chamber in a, usually lower-surface.
• A long whitish upper surface corridor, which eventually goes lower surface

Damage symptoms

• Leaves with mines; the attacked leaves wither; vigour of the plant gets reduced. Its damage is often more prominent on the older leaves

Diamondback moth

Biology

• Egg: Minute yellow coloured eggs. Eggs laid singly or in groups – upper surface of leaves. Egg hatches in about 7 days.
• Larva: Pale yellowish green caterpillar. Larval period is 14 days
• Pupa: Pupation takes place on the foliage in a transparent cocoon. Pupal period is about 7 days.
• Adult: Small greyish brown moth with three white triangular spots along the inner-margin which give diamond shape at rest position. Hind wings with fringe of long fine hairs

Damage symptoms

• Caterpillars feed on the foliage.
• The leaves give a withered appearance but in later stages larvae bore holes in the leaves may be eaten up completely.
• It also bores into pods and feeds developing seed.

Cabbage head borer

Biology

• Egg: Female moth lays yellowish shiny eggs on leaves. Eggs hatch in about 4 days.
• Larva: The caterpillar becomes full grown in about 9 days. Full grown caterpillar is 12-15 mm, greyish yellow with seven purplish brown longitudinal stripes on the body
• Pupa: Full grown larva pupates in the larval burrow itself or in the soil. Pupal period is about 6 days.
• Adult: Adult is pale yellowish-brown moth having grey wavy lines on the forewing.

Damage symptoms

• Caterpillars initially mine the leaves and make it white papery.
• Later they feed on leaves and bore into stems entrance hole is covered with silk and excreta.

Larger moth (leaf Webber)

Biology

• Egg: Female moth lays eggs in masses of 40 -100 on underside of leaves. They hatch in 5 -15 days.
• Larva: Caterpillar webs together the foliage and feeds on leaves. It also feeds on flowers and pods in the case of mustard and flower heads in cabbage and cauliflower. Caterpillar bears red head with brown longitudinal stripes and rows of tubercles on the body. Larval period is 24-27 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in a cocoon within the webbed leaves. Pupal period is 14-40 days.
• Adult: Adult is small with light brownish forewings.

Damage symptoms

• Newly hatched larvae feed initially on the chlorophyll of young leaves and later on older leaves, buds and pods, make webbings and live within.
• Severely attacked plants are defoliated.
• Seeds in the pods are eaten away.

IPM for Mustard

To know the IPM practices for Mustard, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

115 ratings

Mustard: Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre planting*
2. Sowing/seedling*
3. Vegetative
4. Flowering
5. Pod formation

Management	Activity
Pre planting*
Nutrients	• Apply FYM @ 4.0 t/acre or vermicompost @ 2.0 t/acre. • Incorporation of mustard residue (1 t/acre) + Sesbania green manuring enhances the mustard yield in the long run. • Seed treatment should be done with Azotobactor culture @ 240 g/acre.
Weeds	Cultural control • Deep ploughing during summer • At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique to minimize the weeds menace in field. • In stale seed bed technique field is irrigated prior to sowing and weed seeds are allowed to germinate. Then the weed seedlings are turned into soil by ploughing before sowing.
Defoliators/soil borne pathogens	Cultural control: • Deep ploughing to expose the soil borne pathogens and hibernating stage of defoliators. • Prepare the level and well drained field to reduce the incidence of Sclerotinia rot. • Destruction of plant debris • For club rot management, soil amendment with lime (@ 1 Kg/m2) to raise soil pH to 7.2 or apply Neem cake @ 0.5 Kg/m2
Sowing/seedling*
Nutrients	• Basal application of NPK is done on soil test basis. Generally, 32 Kg N, 16 Kg P and 16 Kg K per acre is required by mustard crop. • Half of the N dose should be applied at the time of sowing. • Basal application of 16 Kg Sulphur /acre is also recommended for mustard. • Under alkaline conditions, S should be applied through Gypsum
Weeds	Cultural control: • Adopt crop rotation, if there is infestation of Orobanche in previous season, pulse crop should be sown in place of mustard in that field. • Early sowing in line with weed free certified seeds. • Adopt recommended agronomic practices with respect to row spacing, plant spacing, fertilizers application, water management etc. to obtain the healthy plant stand. • Adopt intercropping with wheat/pulses/ sugarcane. Chemical control: • Apply oxadiargyl 6% EC @ 600 ml in 200 l of water/acre 0-3 days after sowing. As pre-emergence herbicide followed by one hand weeding at 30 days after planting, if required
Aphids	Cultural control: • Early sowing to avoid damage due to mustard-aphid, and major diseases. • Use tolerant varieties. • Early planting to escape the damage. • Use yellow sticky traps. Mechanical control: • Destroy the affected part along with aphid population in the initial stage. Biological control: • 2 per cent Neem oil and 5 per cent Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) effective against the mustard aphid • Ladybird beetles viz., Coccinella septempunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata, Hippodamia variegata and Cheilomones vicina are most eff cient pradators of the mustard aphid. Adult beetle may feed an average of 10 to 15 adults/ day. • Several species of syrphid /hover fly ie., Sphaerophoria sp., Eristallis sp., Metasyrphis sp., Xanthogramma sp and Syrphus spp. • The braconid parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae. • The lacewing, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi. • Predatory bird Motacilla cospica. • A number of entomogenous fungi, Cephalosporium spp., Entomophthora and Verticillium lecanii infect aphids
	Chemical control: • Chlorpyrifos 20 % EC @ 200 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Dimethoate 30% EC @ 264 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Malathion 50% EC @ 400 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Methylparathion 2% DP @ 6000 g/acre • Monocrotophos 36% SL @150 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Oxydemeton–methyl 25% EC @ 400 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Phorate 10% CG @ 4000 g/acre • Phosphamidon 40% SL @ 200 ml in 200 l of water/acre • Thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 20-40 g in 200-400 l of water/acre
Painted bug	Cultural control: • Deep ploughing the soil to destroy eggs of painted bug. • Early sowing is needed to avoid pest attack. • Irrigate the crop in IV week after sowing to reduce pest attack. • Quick threshing of the harvested crop should be done. Mechanical control: • Burn the remains of mustard crop so that the stages of insect do not reach the next year crop. • The bugs usually congregate on the leaves and stem which can be jerked to dislodge them and killed in kerosene water Biological control: • Conserve bio-control agents such as Alophora spp. (tachinid fl y) parasitizing eggs of painted bugs. Chemical control: • Dichlorvos76% EC @ 250.8 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Imidacloprid 70% WS @ 700 g/100 Kg seed • Phorate 10% CG @ 6000 g/acre
Mustard saw fly	Cultural control: • Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae. • Early sowing should be done. • Maintain clean cultivation. • Apply irrigation in seedling stage for saw fly management because most of the larvae die due to drowning effect. Mechanical control: • Collection and destruction of larvae of saw fly in morning and evening. Biological control: • Conserve Perilissus cingulator (parasitoids of the larvae), and the bacterium Serratia marcescens which infect the larvae of saw fly. • Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as on anti- feedant Chemical control: • Dimethoate 30% EC@264 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Quinalphos2 5% EC @ 480 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Imidacloprid 70% WS @ 700 g/100 Kg seeds • Malathion EC 50% EC @ 600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Methylparathion 2% DP@ 6000 g/acre
Bihar hairy caterpillar**	Cultural control: • Pre-monsoon deep ploughing (two/three times) will expose the hibernating pupae to sunlight and predatory birds. • Removal and destruction of alternate wild hosts which harbour the hairy caterpillars. Mechanical control: • Collection and destruction of egg masses and the gregarious stages of early instar larvae twice a week. Biological control: • Conserve the natural bio control population of spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantid, robber fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon fly, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, green muscardine fungus.
White rust/ Downy mildew**	Cultural control: • Use certified seeds of resistant/tolerant variety • Follow timely sowing of crop. • Adopt proper field sanitation. • Follow proper crop rotation. • Destruct crop debris particularly stag heads of previous year crop. • Avoid over irrigation or water stagnation. • Apply potash in recommended dose Botanical control: • Treat the seeds with freshly prepared garlic bulb extract @ 2% (w/v). Chemical control: • Metalaxyl 35% WS @ 0.75- 1.0 Kg/100 Kg seed • Metalaxyl M 4% + mancozeb 64% WP @ 1000 g in 400 l of water/acre • Metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% WP @1000 g in 400 l of water/acre (white rust)
Vegetative
Nutrients	• Top dressing of N @ 16 Kg per acre at 45 days after sowing. • Foliar application of thiourea (0.1%) at 50% flowering to enhance mustard productivity.
Weeds	• Applications of two drops of soybean oil per young shoot of Orobanche reduced infestation. • Hand tool weeding at 25 and 45 days after sowing.
Painted bug	• Collection and destruction of nymphs & adults • Others cultural, biological and chemical same as sowing stage
Mustard sawfly	Cultural control: • Collection and destruction of grubs of saw fly in morning and evening. • Others cultural, biological and chemical same as sowing stage. • Sow crop before 20 October
Diamondback moth**	Mechanical control: • Installing pheromone traps @ 4/acre to monitor the adult activity. • Collection and careful destruction of the larvae. Biological control: • Conserve Cotesia plutellae, as it is an important parasitoid for diamond back moth. • Diadegma insulare is the most important parasitoid of the diamondback moth. • Application of 4% NSKE.
Leaf miner	Cultural control: • Yellow sticky traps or cards may reduce the density of leaf miners Biological control: • Parasitoids : Gronotoma micromorpha (larva and pupa), Diglyphus isaea (larva) Halticoptera circulus and Opius phaseoli (pupal) Chrysocharis pentheus, Neochrysocharis formosa (westwood) • Predators : Lacewings, ladybug beetle, spiders, fire ants Chemical control: • Dimethoate 30% EC @ 264 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Methyl parathion 2% DP @10000 g/acre • Carbofuran 3% CG @ 26,640 g/acre
Cabbage head borer & larger moth (leaf Webber)**	Mechanical control: • Collection and careful destruction of the larvae at gregarious stage at least twice a week. Biological control: • Conserve parasitoid Pteromalus puparium. • Application of 4% NSKE
Bihar hairy caterpillar**	Cultural control: • Same as in sowing stage.
Alternaria leaf spot	Cultural control: • Use certified/resistant/tolerant variety of seeds • Adopt timely sowing between 10-25 October. • Follow proper field sanitation. • Remove weeds particularly collateral host plants. • Apply recommended dose of potash to reduce disease incidence. Chemical control: • Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP @1000 g in 400 l of water/acre
White rust and downy mildew**	• Same as sowing stage
Bacterial blight**	Cultural control: • Follow proper crop and field sanitation. • Follow proper crop rotation.
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: • Follow timely sowing of seeds. • Adopt proper field sanitation. • Destruct crop infected crop residues. • Apply potash in recommended dose
Flowering
Weeds	· Uproot Orobanche plants and burn them to reduce spread of Orobanche seeds.
Aphids	• Set yellow sticky trap before onset of flowering
Bihar hairy caterpiller**	• Same as sowing stage
Diamondback moth**	• Same as vegetative stage
Leaf miner	• Same as vegetative stage
Alternaria blight	• Same as vegetative stage
White rust, downy mildew**	• Same as sowing stage
Club root**	Cultural control: • Follow long term crop rotation. • Destroy all cruciferous weeds. • Follow timely crop sowing between 10-25 October. • Improve the drainage system
Powdery mildew	• Same as vegetative stage
Sclerotinia stem rot**	Cultural control: • Implement deep ploughing during summer. • Use certified seeds of resistant/tolerant varieties. • Follow timely sowing of crop. • Use proper field sanitation practices • Follow crop rotation with non host crops like, rice and maize.
Pod formation
Aphids	• Same as sowing stage
Powdery mildew	• Same as vegetative stage
Reproductive /Maturity
Weeds	• Left over weeds before shading of seeds may be removing to reduce the weed seed bank/spread.
Note: The pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume spray. * Apply Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed/seedling/planting material treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required). ** Pests of regional significance

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

118 ratings

Mustard: Natural Enemies

1. Natural Enemies of Mustard/Rapeseed Insect Pests
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
2. Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests
3. IPM for Mustard

Natural Enemies of Mustard/Rapeseed Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Predators

Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Natural enemies	Attractant/Repellent/Trap plants
Mustard aphids
• Parasitoids: Aphelinus spp. Aphytis spp., Diaeretiella rapae (nymphal and adult) • Predators: Ladybird beetles viz., Coccinella septempunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata, Hippodamia variegata and Cheilomones vicina • Syrphid fly: Sphaerophoria spp., Eristallis spp., Metasyrphis spp., Xanthogramma spp. and Syrphus spp., • Lacewing: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, aphid midge: Aphidoletes aphidimyza, predatory bird: Motacilla cospica • Entomopathogenic fungi: Cephalosporium spp., Entomophthora and Verticillium lecanii	• Attractant plants: Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), white mustard (Sinapis alba)
Painted bug
Parasitoid: Alophora spp. (Tachinid fly) (eggs).	• Early sowing. Irrigate the crop in IV week after sowing. • Alternate hosts: Weeds: Lambsquarters, purple nutsedge, Euphorbia spp., perennial sowthistle and field bindweed. • Crop - corn, Sudan grass, sorghum, sunflowers, papaya, potato, cotton, and some legumes
Mustard saw fly
• Parasitoids: Perilissus cingulator ( larvae) • Entomopathogen: Bacterium Serratia marcescens	• Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae. • Irrigation in seedling stage to destroy larvae by drowning. • Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as an antifeedant • Attractant plants: Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), white mustard (Sinapis alba), wild radish, (Rhaphanus rhaphanistrum), wild turnip( Brassica rapa)
Bihar hairy caterpillar
• Parasitoids: Different species of braconids, trichogrammatids, • Predators: Spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantid, , ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, shield bugs, ladybird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket. • Entomopathogen: NPV, Bt.	Pre-monsoon deep ploughing (two/three times) to expose the hibernating pupae to sunlight and predatory birds. Trap crop : Jatropha , papaya, cowpea, castor, Crotalaria in field bund
Mustard leaf miner
• Parasitoids: Gronotoma micromorpha (larval and pupal), Diglyphus isaea (larval), Halticoptera circulus, Opius phaseoli (pupal) Chrysocharis pentheus(larval), Neochrysocharis formosa (larval). • Predators: Lacewings, ladybird beetle, spiders, fire ants.	• Attractant plants: Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), white mustard (Sinapis alba), wild radish (Rhaphanus rhaphanistrum), wild turnip ( Brassica rapa), • French bean(predatory thrips)
Diamondback moth
• Parasitoids: Cotesia plutellae (larval), Apanteles sp (larval), Diadegma insulare (larval), Microplitis plutellae (larval)	• Attractant plants: Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), white mustard (Sinapis alba), wild radish (Rhaphanus rhaphanistrum), wild turnip( Brassica rapa), hedge mustard (Sisymbrium offi cinale)

IPM for Mustard

To know the IPM practices for Mustard, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

118 ratings

Nutritional Deficiencies/Disorders of Mustard

1. Iron
2. Manganese
3. Copper
4. Zinc
5. Sulphur
6. Molybdenum
7. IPM for Mustard

Iron

Chlorosis starts from the base and spreads towards the apical part of the lamina. In case of severe deficiency, leaves become bleached and puckered. Newly emerging leaves are completely bleached, those subtending these also develop pigmentation. Flowering, pod number and size of pods is reduced and pods appear chlorotic.

Correction measure: Spray 0.5% ferrous sulphate solution 3-4 times at weekly intervals.

Manganese

Chlorosis in apical part of the middle leaves, followed by developing small greyish-brown spots which coalesce to form large necrotic lesions, Leaf margins also turn necrotic and the lamina curl downwards. Later, these symptoms spread to old and young leaves. Flowering is also reduced and large percentage of flowers shed prematurely, resulting in poor fruit set and pod formation.

Correction measure: Spray 0.2-0.3 % manganese sulphate 2-3 times at weekly intervals.

Copper

Young leaves develop interveinal chlorosis. Chlorotic areas later turn papery and necrotic. Growth of plants is also reduced which is more pronounced at the time of flowering and thereafter. Inflorescence is very poorly developed and large percentages of the floral buds of the plants wither before opening. Pod formation and seed setting are also reduced.

Correction measure: Spray 0.2% copper sulphate solution 2-3 times at weekly intervals.

Zinc

There is retardation of growth, deficiency symptoms appear after 20 days of sowing, the first true leaf is also affected. Leaves are small in size with pinkish margin. Interveinal tissues turn yellowish white to papery white, with veins remaining green. There is upward or downward cupping of leaves. Severely affected leaves die. Flowering and fruiting is delayed.

Correction measure: Application of 8-10 Kg/acre at sowing time of zinc sulphate overcomes zinc deficiency. Zinc sulphate should be placed in the seed row adjacent to the seed at the time of sowing to attain its higher utilization efficiency. Zinc deficiency can also be corrected by foliar spray of 0.5 per cent zinc sulphate solution along with 0.25 per cent slaked lime.

Sulphur

Deficiency symptoms are shown on younger leaves. Chlorosis formation from leaf margins, spreading inward and/or develop purple pigmentation. Inward curling of young leaf lamina giving these leaves a cupped appearance followed by scorching and withering. Flowering is delayed, lacking normal pigmentation. Pods are borne on short peduncle and their development is restricted. Seed setting is poor and their maturity is delayed. Sulphur deficient plants show marked retardation in height, thickness of stem and size of leaves.

Correction measure: Apply gypsum@ 100 Kg/acre in soil. Use Sulphur containing fertilizers

Molybdenum

Mustard is very susceptible to molybdenum deficiency. Growth is markedly reduced and plants develop foliar symptoms like cupping, marginal scorching and loss of lamina.

Correction measure: Use Sodium molybdate 37 - 39%

 

IPM for Mustard

To know the IPM practices for Mustard, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage