IPM Stratergies for Drumstick Pests

  Drumstick Diseases Damping off Twig canker IPM for Drumstick Damping off Disease symptoms: Disease of nursery beds an...

 

Drumstick Diseases

1. Damping off
2. Twig canker
3. IPM for Drumstick

Damping off

Disease symptoms:

Disease of nursery beds and young seedlings resulting in reduced seed germination and poor stand of seedlings. Very high seedling mortality of 25-75%.

• Pre-emergence damping off: Seedlings disintegrate before they come out of soil surface leading to poor seed germination
• Post-emergence damping off is characterised by development of disease after seedlings have emerged out of soil but before the stems are lignified
• Water soaked lesion formation at collar region
• Infected areas turn brown and rot
• Plants shrivel and collapse as a result of softening of tissues
• In Rhizoctonia solani attack infected stems become hard, thin (wire stem symptoms) and infected seedlings topple Disease appear in patches both in nursery and field beds.

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Oospores in soil in case of Pythium Sclerotia in soil in case of Rhizoctonia
• Secondary: Zoospores through irrigation water in case of Pythium Mycelial growth in soil and sclerotia through irrigation water in case of Rhizoctonia

Favourable conditions:

For Pythium

• Heavy rainfall
• Excessive and frequent irrigation
• Poorly drained soil and close spacing
• High soil moisture with temp around 25-30°C

For Rhizoctonia

• High soil moisture with temp around 30–35°C

Twig canker

Disease symptoms:

• The first symptom of the disease is clearing of the veinlets and chlorosis of the leaves.
• The younger leaves may die in succession and the entire may wilt and die in a course of few days.
• Soon the petiole and the leaves droop and wilt.
• In young plants, symptom consists of clearing of veinlet and dropping of petioles.
• The symptoms continue in subsequent leaves.
• At later stage, browning of vascular system occurs.
• Plants become stunted and die.

Survival and spread:

• Soil and implements

Favourable conditions:

• Relatively high soil moisture and soil temperature

IPM for Drumstick

To know the IPM practices for Drumstick, click here.

Source : NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.9   

 

29 ratings

Drumstick Insect Pests

1. Moringa hairy caterpillar
2. Moringa budworm
3. Pod fly:
4. Leaf caterpillar:
5. Bark caterpillar:
6. IPM for Drumstick

Moringa hairy caterpillar

It is a specific and common pest on drumstick.

Biology:

• Adult: It is a large moth with light yellowish brown wings, having faint lines. Female moth lays eggs in clusters on tender parts.
• Egg: Egg period is 5-7 days.
• Larva: Caterpillar is dirty brown in colour with whitish hairs arising in tufts on small warts. Hairs are poisonous and irritating. Head capsule and thoracic legs are coral red in colour. Larval period is 20-25 days.
• Pupa: Larva pupates in soil in an earthen cocoon. Pupal period is 8-10 days.

Damage symptoms:

• Caterpillars gather in a cluster on the stem of the plants during hot hours of day
• They are active at night, defoliate the tree quickly and collect on the trunk
• The larva feeds on leaves causing defoliation

Moringa budworm

Biology:

• Egg: Creamy oval eggs laid singly or in groups on flower buds.
• Larva: Dirty brown with a prominent mid dorsal stripe, black head and prothoracic shield.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in an earthen cocoon in the soil.
• Adult: Fore and hind wings are light yellowish brown

Nature and symptoms of damage:

• In early stages, the caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll content of leaf lamina giving it a papery white appearance.
• Later they become voracious feeders making irregular holes on the leaves.
• Irregular holes on leaves initially and later skeletonization leaving only veins and petioles
• Heavy defoliation.
• Bored fruits with irregular holes
• Larvae bore into flower buds feeding on the inner contents and cause shedding up to 78 per cent during summer.
• Only one caterpillar is seen in a bud

Pod fly:

Biology:

• Egg: Cigar shaped, laid in groups on the grooves of tender pods.
• Maggot: Cream coloured maggot
• Adult: Yellowish fly with red eyes

Leaf caterpillar:

Biology:

• Egg: Creamy white oval eggs are laid in clusters on leaves.
• Larva: Devoid of prothoracic shield.
• Adult: Similar to budworm but bigger in size

Damage symptoms:

• Caterpillars feed on the leaves and cause defoliation.

Bark caterpillar:

Adult: Adult is pale brown moth. Fore and hindwings are cream-white in color. Forewings have brown spots and streaks.

Damage symptoms:

• Zig-zag galleries and silken webbed masses comprising of chewed material and excreta of larva

IPM for Drumstick

To know the IPM practices for Drumstick, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

41 ratings

Drumstick Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
1. Major Kharif weeds
2. Major Rabi weeds
3. IPM for Drumstick

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

Except bark eating caterpillar all the insect pests of drumstick reported here are specific to drumstick (monophagous) (Satti et al. 2013)

• Moringa hairy caterpillar: Eupterote mollifera Walker (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae)
• Moringa budworm: Noorda moringae Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae)
• Leaf caterpillar: Noorda blitealis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae)
• Pod fly: Gitona distigma Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
• Bark eating caterpillar: Indarbela tetraonis Moore (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

Diseases

• Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp, P. debaryanum R. Hesse, and Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn
• Twig canker: Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc

Weeds

Major Kharif weeds

Broadleaf

• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
• Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae) Grasses
• Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
• Crab grass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd. (Poaceae)
• Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

Major Rabi weeds

Broadleaf

• Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophylliaceae)

Grasses

• Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)

IPM for Drumstick

To know the IPM practices for Drumstick, click here.

Source : NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.93   

 

27 ratings

Drumstick Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing
2. Vegetative stage
3. Reproductive stage

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing
	Common cultural practices: Deep summer ploughing Destroy the alternate host plants Avoid planting overlapping crops in adjacent area.
Nutrients	Apply FYM or compost @ 7-8 Kg per pit. In addition, basal dose of N: P: K in 350: 100: 200 g/pit should also be incorporated at the time of planting.
Weeds	Remove or incorporate previous crop residues before planting. Plan to grow suitable intercrops like legumes, ginger, tapioca etc
Soil borne fungus, resting stages of pests	Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil borne pests.
Damping off	Cultural control: Raise nursery in light soil with proper drainage Burning farm trash on the surface of the beds. Sowing seed on raised beds of 6-8” high (15 cm). Use low seed rate of 650 g/40 sq mt.
Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed/seedling/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy crop debris Collect and destroy disease infected and insect damaged plant parts Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water logging Avoid water stress during flowering stage Judicious use of fertilizers Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Field sanitation Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages (do not handpick hairy caterpillars with urticating hairs) The infested shoots and seed capsules may be collected and destroyed Handpick the gregarious caterpillars (do not handpick hairy caterpillars with urticating hairs) and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrient	Under low fertile soils top dressing of N @ 100 g/pit by soil incorporation should be done. Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular nutrient.
Weeds	Crop should be weed free up to 3 months by interculture and hand weeding.
Hairy caterpillar	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Mechanical control: The larvae in groups on tree trunks killed by a burning torch/flame thrower
Budworm Bark caterpillar	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Reproductive stage
Nutrients	Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular nutrient.
Weeds	Remove all the weeds before seed formation to avoid further spread of weed seeds.
Pod fly	Cultural control: Collect and destroy all the fallen and damaged fruits Trap the adults using attractants such as citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, vinegar (acetic acid), dextrose or lactic acid Rake up the soil under the trees or plough the infested field to destroy puparia. Biological control Spray NSKE 5% during 50% fruit set and 35 days late

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage