IPM Stratergies for Raspberry and Sapota

Raspberry Beneficial Insects Parasitoid Larval and adult Nymphal and adult Predators IPM for Raspberry Natural enemie...

Raspberry Beneficial Insects

1. Parasitoid
1. Larval and adult
2. Nymphal and adult
2. Predators
3. IPM for Raspberry

Natural enemies for Rasberry of insect pests

Parasitoid

Larval and adult

Nymphal and adult

Predators

IPM for Raspberry

To know the IPM practices for Raspberry, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.01   

 

50 ratings and 0 comments

Raspberry Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing/ planting
2. Sowing / planting
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive stage

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing/ planting
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts. Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water stagnation. Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages The infested leaves and branches may be collected and destroyed Handpick the caterpillars and the pupae which are found on leaves and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use yellow sticky traps for aphids @ 4-5 trap/acre. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	For raspberry cultivation, site should contain sufficient organic matter. To increase organic matter statues, apply 10 to 20 tonnes/ acre farmyard manure at the time of field preparation. Grow green manure crop to improve organic matter content in soil. Apply recommended dose of fertilizers
Weeds	The soil is ploughed during summer with a soil turning plough to eliminate weeds problem.
Damping off	Give optimum irrigation
Sowing / planting
Nutrients	Apply fertilizers based on the soil test report and recommendation for particular zone. Generally, 30 kg each of P and K per acre should be applied at the time of planting.
Weeds	Keep the berry rows weed free during the first season by harrowing & ploughing. Plough the field at the time of planting. Tips should be pinched to facilitate branching when vines reached the trellies Pruning should be restricted to the lower parts of vine hanging on the ground, during winter when vines are dormant
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy crop debris Provide irrigation at the critical stages of the crop Avoid water logging Avoid water stress during flowering stage Follow judicious use of fertilizers Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical pesticide spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed in the crops field. Common mechanical practices: Collect and destroy disease infected and insect infested plant parts Collect and destroy eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrient	In case of slow growth of plants, nitrogen @ 30 kg per acre may be applied in soil around the plants. First half dose is given one month after planting and second half dose is given at the time of flowering. Apply fertilizers as a band on each side of the row in the early spring before growth begins. Foliar applications of liquid fertilizers (containing 0.5% N, 0.2% P2O5 and 0.5% K2O) during August to February are also beneficial for all raspberry growing areas. Adjust the amount of fertilizer applied depending on plant growth and yield
Weeds	Use straw or plastic mulch to suppress the weeds between the rows. or Keep the rows weed-free by inter-row ploughing or machine tool weeding or hoeing. Cover crops such as Oats, Rye or Rye grass may be sown between the rows when plants are set
Hadda beetle	Cultural control: Remove and destroy all the infected leaves, twigs and fruits to prevent further spread of pests
Fruit borer	Mechanical control: Deep ploughing is likely to kill the diapausing pupae. Hand picking of the caterpillar and pupae during the early stages of infestation reduces the pest damage Remove the damaged and punctured fruits by caterpillars and grubs because these are source of pathogen infection Biological control: Conservation and augmentation of natural predators like coccinellids, Chrysoperla, spiders, dragon flies must be followed Augmentation of biocontrol agents like Trichogramma brasiliensis, T. chilonis and T. pretiosum should be carried out
Aphid and mites	Cultural control: Remove and destroy all the infected leaves, twigs and fruits to prevent further spread of pests Deep summer ploughing to expose soil inhabiting or resting stage of various stages of insect pests In summer, keep the vines open, avoid crowding and excessive shading of vines Plant the crop in well prepared, fertile land, but do avoid applying nitrogenous fertilizer, as this will promote new growth, which makes the plants juicy and attractive to aphids Mechanical control: Collect and destroy different developmental stages of insect pests Biological control: Conserve predators such as ladybird beetle, syrphids, coccinellids, chrysopids, wasp, surface bugs, spiders, different species of parasitic wasps and predatory mites through ecological engineering
Two spotted spider mite	Cultural control: Cultural practices can have a significant impact on spider mites. Dusty conditions often lead to mite outbreaks. Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular intervals. Water stressed trees and plants are less tolerant of spider mite damage. Be sure to provide adequate irrigation. Mid season washing of trees and vines with water to remove dust may help prevent serious late-season mite infestations. Biological control: Some of the most important are the predatory mites, including the western predatorymite, Galendromus (formerly Metaseiulus) occidentalis, and Phytoseiulus mite species. Various other insects are also important predators—six spotted thrips (Scolothrips sexmaculatus), the larvae and adults of the spider mite destroyer lady beetle (Stethorus picipes), the larvae of certain flies including the cecidomyid Feltiella acarivora and various general predators such as minute pirate bugs, bigeyed bugs, and lacewing larvae.
Thrips	Cultural control Thrips species that feed on many different plant species often move into gardens and landscapes when plants in weedy areas or grasslands begin to dry in spring or summer. Avoid planting susceptible plants next to these areas, and control nearby weeds that are alternate hosts of pest thrips. Grow plants that are well adapted to conditions at that site. For example, plants adapted to grow in full sun can be stressed when planted in shady conditions and may be more susceptible to thrips damage. Provide appropriate cultural care to keep plants vigorous and increase their tolerance to thrips damage. Keep plants well irrigated, and avoid excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer, which may promote higher populations of thrips. Old, spent flowers can harbor thrips, so their removal and disposal is sometimes recommended. However, the general benefit of this practice in landscapes is unknown; and old blossoms also commonly shelter beneficial predators of thrips. Biological control Predatory thrips, green lacewings, minute pirate bugs, mites, and certain parasitic wasps help to control plant-feeding thrips. To conserve and encourage naturally occurring populations of these beneficials, avoid creating dust and consider periodically rinsing dust off of small plants, avoid persistent pesticides, and grow a diversity of plant species.
Cane botrytis, cane blight and spur blight	Mechanical control: Avoid plant damage either by the cultural practices or mechanical injury, or insect infestation Avoid successive contact of diseased and healthy plants carrying out cultural practices in the field. Maintain proper air circulation by pruning and cutting and maintain good water drainage Avoid pruning or tipping when plants are wet or just before a rain Maintain wind break to reduce damage to canes by wind Use disease free material Remove old canes at ground and destroy them.
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: Remove diseased material in fall and destroy Maintain proper row spacing and plant canopy aeration
Bacterial blight	Cultural control: Maintain proper plant canopy aeration Harden plants for winter properly
Root Rots	Cultural control: Maintain well drained soil Use certified and disease free stocks Do not follow strawberries, potatoes, tomatoes or raspberries in the rotation Remove and destroy infected plants
Mosaic	Cultural control: Avoid the sites where tomato has been grown in previous season Control insect pests i.e vector (Aphids) Mechanical control: Diseased plants should be rogued out and destroyed
Botrytis Fruit Rot	Cultural control: Avoid dense planting Increase air circulation, rigorous pruning, efficient weed control, avoid high applications of nitrogen Harvest regularly and sell as soon as picked Pick directly into shallow containers for market
Crown Gall and Cane Gall	Cultural control: Plant only certified, disease-free nursery stock, and take care not to wound the plants, especially the root systems, at planting time. Try to plant only in sites with no history of the diseases Remove and burn the diseased roots and tops
Verticillium Wilt	Cultural control: To minimize this disease, choose a planting site with no known history of this problem. Avoid land recently planted with tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, peppers, strawberries, raspberries, or stone fruits; and land infested with horse nettle, ground cherry, red-root pigweed, and lamb's-quarter
Leaf spot	Cultural control: Keep rows narrow and weeds controlled to improve drying of the plants in the row
Tomato Ringspot Virus	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Planting stock that is free of tomato ringspot virus
Reproductive stage
Weeds	Left over weeds should be removed from the field before seed shattering to avoid further spread of weed seeds Continue the straw or plastic mulch to suppress the weeds between the rows.
Fruit borer	Mechanical control: Collect and destroy different such as infected fruits fallen on ground developmental stages of insect pests Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages The infested leaves and branches may be collected and destroyed Biological control: Make the release of different laboratory reared bioagents when necessary Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies such as ladybird beetle, syrphids, coccinellids, chrysopids, wasp, surface bugs, spiders, different species of parasitic wasps and predatory mites
Birds damage	Cultural control: Plants should be trained with the help of supporting wires to form a roof like structure to protect fruit from sun burn and bird damage. Mechanical control: Fruits are frequently damaged by birds if these are allowed to overripe in the field. Therefore, over ripening of the fruits may be avoided to minimize the damage
Fruit rot, Botrytis fruit rot and fire blight	Cultural control: Staking of plant to avoid direct contact of fruits with soil borne pathogen. Avoid dense planting Increase air circulation, rigorous pruning, efficient weed control, avoid high applications of nitrogen Harvest regularly and sell as soon as picked Pick directly into shallow containers for market Cool fruit as quickly as possible
Cane botrytis, cane blight, spur blight, Powdery mildew, Bacterial blight, Root Rots, Mosaic, Botrytis Fruit Rot, Crown Gall, Cane Gall, Verticillium Wilt, Leaf spot and Tomato Ringspot Virus	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices

Source: NIPHM Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.07   

 

29 ratings and

Raspberry Diseases

1. Botrytis Fruit Rot
2. Cane Botrytis (Grey Mold Wilt)
3. Cane Blight
4. Spur blight
5. Powdery Mildew
6. Anthracnose
7. Fire Blight
8. Bacterial Blight
9. Crown Gall and Cane Gall
10. Root Rots
11. Verticillium Wilt
12. Leaf spot
13. Mosaic disease
14. Disease cycles:
15. IPM for Raspberry

Botrytis Fruit Rot

Disease symptoms:

• As berries ripen, few infected druplets can develop a watery rot and golden or tan color
• Soft, gray fungal spores grow on these watery spots when humidity is high Mid to late part of the season when problems arise

 

Favourable conditions:

• High relative humidity in cooler weather, (16-26oC) encourages the mold growth

• Post harvest, high relative humidity in the cooler encourages mold growth
• Infected berries leak on to other berries, spreading disease

Survival and spread:

• Overwinters on canes, dead leaves and mummified berries
• Spores (conidia) are dispersed by air, water or harvesting and ultimately infect different floral parts including stamens and petals.
• For man Pre-harvest, wet weather during blossom time, disease remains latent
• Disease is spread by spores by wind and splashing water (rain and overhead irrigation)
• More mature and over ripe fruit becomes, the greater the risk

Cane Botrytis (Grey Mold Wilt)

Disease symptoms:

• Appear mid summer
• Pale brown lesions (with no purple cast)
• Often have conspicuous band patterns or watermarks, due to the irregular growth patterns of the fungus
• When primocanes turn brown in the fall, the lesions become indistinguishable from healthy tissue
• after several weeks of low temperatures the lesions turn gray or white
• Sclerotia form during winter and emerge as shiny black blisters in the spring
• When the surface tissues are scraped away healthy green tissue underneath is exposed
• Cane botrytis does weaken the stem
• In spring difficult to tell difference between spur blight and cane botrytis, in fact both can be present on the same cane as both occupy the same ecological niche and do similar things to plant growth.

Favourable conditions:

• Wet weather or high humidity
• Poor air circulation
• Spread mainly by wind but also by splashing water (rain or overhead irrigation)
• Disease overwinters on canes

Survival and spread:

• Spores (conidia) are dispersed by air, water or harvesting and ultimately infect different floral parts including stamens and petals

Cane Blight

Disease symptoms:

• Dark brown to purplish cankers form at wound on new canes
• As cankers enlarge and extend down the canes, lateral shoots can suddenly wilt and die
• Wilting death may also occur on the side shoots of second-year canes
• Affected canes are brittle and snap off easily
• Fruiting canes often die between flowering and fruiting
• Scrape the brown spot on cane with knife, will be brown discoloration under the bark

Favourable conditions:

• Two most important factors for disease; a wound for the disease to enter and water to wash the organism into wound
• Wet weather, spores ooze from the fruiting bodies
• Spores spread on the wind
• Young canes are susceptible

Survival and spread:

• Overwintering sclerotia produce grey masses of conidia in damp spring weather
• However, botrytis inoculum can come from many sources of decaying plant debris

Spur blight

Disease symptoms:

• Dark red, purple or chocolate brown spots below the spur, on young bark around buds of new shoots
• Canes have silvery grey appearance in the winter
• Diseased areas enlarge and girdle the stem, as a result the leaves fall off, especially on the lower parts of stem
• Infected bark may dry out and crack by late summer
• Yields and winter hardiness are reduced
• Fungus survives year to year on the infected canes

Favourable conditions:

• Cool rainy weather
• Spores spread by wind and splashing water
• Spores present at all times
• Disease enters at leaf nodes and stems

Survival and spread:

• Primary spores (ascospores) are discharged from May to August.
• Inoculum comes only from old fruiting canes.
• Secondary spores (conidia) are also produced. Conidia splashed about in July and August probably cause the most damage

Powdery Mildew

Disease symptoms:

• Powdery white growth on leaf underside, growing tip or fruit
• Young canes, stunted, distorted, spindly and can die back
• Young berries fail to mature to full size, wither and die

Favourable conditions:

• Most prevalent in years when weather is dry and air circulation is poor, (warm and humid weather)
• Can affect winter hardiness

Survival and spread:

• Resting spores in soil and airborne spores

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms:

• Purple spots with grey-white centres form on new canes, leaves and petioles
• Spots enlarge on canes to form sunken pits
• On second-year canes, these lesions can coalesce into cankers that girdle the cane and cause it to dry out and crack. Infected canes are more susceptible to winter injury and produce weak growth in the spring
• Fruit infections occur when there is abundant inoculum and wet weather in the green fruit stage
• Fruit symptoms include shrunken brown druplets or withered, dry seedy fruit

Favourable conditions:

• infection requires three to twelve hours of wetness; only very young green tissue is infected

Survival and spread:

• Ascospores are rain-splashed and air-borne from infected canes in early spring
• Conidia are rain-splashed from overwintering infected canes in the spring and throughout the summer to new growth

Fire Blight

Disease symptoms:

• Can girdle canes. Lesions become water soaked

• Carmel colored bacterial ooze comes out of lesions in beads during humid periods
• Diseased plant parts become purplish black
• Infected berries do not mature, become brown, dry up, become very hard and remain on pedicel

Favourable conditions:

• Apple bacterial pathogen strain will attack raspberry, but not vice versa
• Warm temperatures (18-25^oC) and light rain favor infections, prolonged host flowering due to wet cool springs
• Flowers, fruit, cane tips that are succulent become infected

Survival and spread:

• Bacteria remain present on diseased plant material
• Honeybees and other insects, birds, rain and wind can transmit the bacterium to susceptible tissue. Injured tissue is also highly susceptible to infection, including punctures and tears caused by plant-sucking or biting insects,
• Bacteria enter in the plant, either flower or tough mechanical damage

Bacterial Blight

Disease symptoms:

• Very similar to fire blight symptoms
• Blackening or browning of tissue
• Slow in spreading unlike fire blight
• Can also be confused with several other disorders like winter injury, cane borer, or some herbicides

Favourable Conditions:

• Cool and moist weather

Survival and Spread:

• Overwinters on the canes and buds
• Bacteria is systemic in the plant, and infection spreads as long

Crown Gall and Cane Gall

Disease symptoms:

• Crown and cane gall are characterized by the spongy, rough, pinhead- to golf ball-sized, tumor-like swellings that become brown, woody knots with age.
• Crown galls develop in the spring on the underground parts--the roots and crown of the plants.
• Cane galls develop as whitish eruptions on the fruiting canes in mid-June.
• These eruptions later turn brown and then black and begin to disintegrate.
• More intense gall formation seems to occur in years with higher incidence of winter injury.
• The diseases cause the production of dry, seedy berries and the stunting and prevention of new cane formation.

• Weakened canes are broken easily by the wind and are more susceptible to winter injury.
• The plants might show water stress and nutrient deficiency symptoms since the movement of water and nutrients throughout the plant is disrupted.
• With cane gall, black and purple raspberries are more often infected than red raspberries and blackberries.

Survival and spread:

• Both diseases are caused by soil-borne bacteria (crown gall: Agrobacterium tumifaciens and cane gall: Agrobacterium rubi) that infect the plant only through wounds.
• Wounds can result from natural causes (e.g., insect feeding, frost damage) or from mechanical causes (e.g., pruning, cultivating, harvesting).
• The bacteria overwinter in the soil and in galls.

Favourable conditions:

• Bacteria are then spread by splashing rain, running water, cultivation, and pruning from soil and infected plants.
• As the galls enlarge, the soil can become heavily infested and will remain so for many years.

Root Rots

Disease symptoms:

• Unthriftiness
• Appear to be suffering from lack of moisture or nutrients, but when these are added, there is no response
• Leaves are smaller than normal, shorter petioles and become wilted or discolored
• Fruiting canes produce fruit that is stunted and never sizes up  berries may be seedy
• Roots are dark brown to black, with discoloration extending to the crown
• Rootlets are sparse or non - existent

Survival and spread:

• A soil-borne fungus causes Phytophthora root rot.
• The fungus produces spores that swim in water and infect roots and crowns when soil conditions are very wet.

Favourable conditions:

• Infections can take place whenever soil temperatures are over 10ºC and the soil is wet, but most frequently in spring and fall.

Verticillium Wilt

Disease symptoms:

• Shoots are stunted and leaves, starting at the base of theinfected plant, turn yellow, wilt, and drop.
• The entire shoot will wither and die shortly thereafter.
• Raspberry canes might show a blue or purple streak from the soil line extending upward.
• This purple streak is not detectable on raspberry canes.
• Fruiting canes, infected the previous year, either die in the spring or develop yellow and stunted leaves.
• If the canes die before reaching maturity, the fruit becomes mummified. Losses are heavier in black raspberries than in red raspberries.

Survival and spread:

• These fungi can exist in the soil prior to planting or may brought in on planting stock or may move in on wind-blown soil.
• The fungi can survive either in plant debris or free in the soil.

Favourable conditions:

• The fungus is favored by cool weather and is most severe in poorly drained soils following a cool, wet spring

Leaf spot

Disease symptom:

• Greenish black spots develop on the upper leaf surface of new leaves.
• These progress to whitish grey with a distinct margin and sometimes a shot hole in the centre.
• Severely infected leaves drop prematurely.

Survival and spreads:

• The fungus infects only raspberries and overwinters on old leaves and canes. Young rapidly expanding leaves are infected.

Favourable conditions:

• Infections occur throughout the summer especially during periods of wet weather.

Mosaic disease

Virus diseases cause various symptoms that include leaf curl and pucker and a yellow-mottled discoloration known as mosaic. Virus infected plants often produce small crumbly berries and low yields.

Disease symptoms:

• Poor vigor, low yields and poor fruit quality
• Short stand longevity
• Leaf symptoms most evident during cool weather, can range from puckering, curling and crinkling
• Berries may be dry seedy and lack flavor

Survival and spread:

• Aphids transmit raspberry mosaic and raspberry leaf curl virus from infected to healthy plantings

Disease cycles:

Fruit rot disease:

Cane blight:

Powdery mildew:

Anthracnose:

Fire Blight:

Bacterial blight:

IPM for Raspberry

To know the IPM practices for Raspberry, click here.

Source: NIPHM Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.21   

 

33 ratings and

Raspberry Insect and Mite Pests

1. Epilachna beetle/ Hadda beetle/Spotted leaf beetle
2. Fruit borer
3. Cut worm
4. Red spider mite
5. Aphids
6. IPM for Raspberry

Epilachna beetle/ Hadda beetle/Spotted leaf beetle

Spotted beetles are distributed from East Asia to South Asia and Australia. They are polyphagous, and feed predominantly on cucurbits, brinjal, potato, and kidney bean as well as eggplant. These beetles are considered to be one of the most serious groups of pests damaging eggplant. In addition, they also feed on other solanaceous plants such as S. nigrum, S. xanthocarpum, S. torvum, Datura sp., Physalis sp. and Withania somnifera (L.).

Biology

E. vigintioctopunctata (in Latin, viginti means 20 and octo means 8) has 28 black spots on the forewing (elytra). E. dodecastigma (dodecam means 12 in Greek) has 12 black spots on the elytra. However, beetles with 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 or 26 spots have been observed under field conditions, due to mating between females of E. dodecastigma and males of E. vigintioctopunctata.

• Egg: The females lay eggs mostly on the lower leaf surfaces. Each female lays about 100-400 eggs. The egg is spindle-shaped and yellowish in color. Eggs are laid in clusters of 10-40. The egg period varies from two to five days.
• Pupa: The pupa resembles the grub but is mostly darker in color, although it sometimes is yellowish in color. The pupa bears spiny hairs on the posterior, but not the anterior, part of the body. The pupal period is one to two weeks.
• Adult: The subfamily Epilachninae contains plant-feeding ladybird beetles because most other ladybird beetles are predators, not plant pests. These brownish or orange- colored, hemispherical beetles are larger than other ladybird species.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms:

• The grub and adult have chewing mouthparts. Hence, they scrape the chlorophyll from the epidermal layers of the leaves
• The feeding results in a typical ladder-like window. The windows will dry and drop off, leaving holes in the leaves. In severe infestations, several windows coalesce together and lead to skeletonization - the formation of a papery structure on the leaf

Natural enemies

• Parasitoid: Larval and adult:Pediobius foveolatus
• Predators : Reduviid bug/ assassin bug, Pentatomid bug,

Fruit borer

Biology

• Eggs : Eggs are spherical, dome-shaped with a flat base, 0.5 mm in diameter, yellowish and turn brownish as the embryo develops. They are laid singly on tender leaves and take 2-4 days for hatching.
• Larvae : Full grown larva may be green, pale yellow, pale brown or greyish but always with a dark stripe on the lateral sides of the body. Body also bears inconspicuous tubercles and scattered small hairs. There are 6 larval instars and the entire larval development takes 20-25 days.
• Pupa : Pupation takes place in the soil. Pupal period is 10-15 days. Moths emerge and make their way through the soil.
• Adults : Adult moths are medium sized, with a wing span of 3-4 cm. They are extremely variable in colour from buff to light brownish to greyish-brown, marked with dark greyish irregular lines on the fore wing and a broad blackish band near the outer margin. Hind wing is dull whitish in colour, with outer margin broadly black. Sometimes there is a dark spot in the middle of fore wing.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• They feed on leaves and tender shoots and bore into the fruits
• Fungus and other diseases follow in the damaged fruits. One larva may feed on several fruits before completing development

Cut worm

Adult cutworm and armyworm moths appear between April and July.

Biology

• Egg:Females lay about 500 eggs on lower grass leaves over a 2- to 3-week period.
• Larvae: Armyworms feed for 3 to 4 weeks, and are full grown at 1½ to 2”long. Armyworm larvae have 6 growth stages, or instars. The final instar lasts about 10 days.
• Pupae:Some species overwinter as a naked pupa in the soil, while some continue to develop through winter. Duration of the pupal stage is normally 12 to 20 days.
• Adults:The adult preoviposition period is about seven to 10 days. Adult period varies around 10-20 days.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Early season cutworms are a rare problem.
• Cutworms and armyworms are the caterpillars of several species of night-flying moths. Plump, smooth and often, greasy-looking with greenish, brownish, grayish, or striped bodies up to 1 ¾”long, cutworms curl up tightly when disturbed. About the same size, armyworms are plump, sparsely-haired, and generally green to brown with dark longitudinal stripes running down the sides and back. Armyworms lay white or greenish eggs masses that darken as they near hatching.

Predators: Lacewing, Lady beetle, Spider, Fire ant, Dragon flies, Robber fly, Reduviid bug, Praying mantis, Black drongo, Wasp, Common mynah (King crow), (Geocoris sp), Big-eyed bug, Earwig, Ground beetle, Pentatomid bug

Red spider mite

Adult mites are 0.3-0.5 mm, greenish-yellow with two dark spots on the back. Nymphs are similar in appearance only smaller. Eggs are clear and round. All stages occur predominantly   on the lower leaf surface.

Biology

Female two-spotted spider mites overwinter in crop debris on the ground. The overwintering adults are orange in colour. In spring they move to new growth and feed on leaves closest to the ground. There are many generations per year and eggs, nymphs, and adults are frequently present at the same time. As populations build and leaves age or become damaged, mites move up the plant to newer, more succulent growth. The time for one generation to develop, from egg to mature adult, ranges from to five days at 24ºC to three weeks at 12ºC.

Damage symptoms:

• Stippling on leaves
• Webbing and defoliation

Predators: Predatory mites, Predatory thrips and Oligota spp

Aphids

Aphids may be green, black, brown, red, pink, or some other color depending on the sap color of the host plant. They are usually slow-moving insects with pear-shaped bodies ranging from 1 /16 to 1 /8 inch long. There may be various sizes of wingless aphids (nymphs and adults) in a dense colony on a stem, on the underside of the foliage, or on the flowers.

Biology

The life history of aphids is somewhat complicated and varies with the species. The simple life cycle is as follows: Overwintering eggs on branches and stems hatch in the spring to produce a wingless form known as the stem mother. The unfertilized stem mother gives birth to living young in great numbers. Several generations may occur in this fashion, but in due time some individuals will develop wings (alates) and migrate to another host. Here they may deposit eggs for the winter or, after a few generations, migrate back to the original host to lay eggs.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Aphids are sucking insects that feed by thrusting a long beak into the plant tissue.
• They withdraw great quantities of sap, some of which they execrete as "honeydew".
• The honeydew makes the plant sticky. When trees are heavily infested with aphids, sidewalks, lawn furniture, and automobiles may become wet with honeydew.
• A sooty mold often develops with the honeydew blackening stems and foliage.
• This fungus is not parasitic to the plant, but reduces the amount of photosynthetic area.
• Leaves of plants may be distorted by aphids feeding on the undersides.
• Succulent stems may wilt or growth may be arrested by colonies of aphids. On the other hand, damage caused by aphids feeding on the bark of trees or woody shrubs cannot be readily seen.

Natural enemies

• Nymphal and adult parasitoids: Aphidius colemani, Aphelinus spp.
• Predators: Syrphid larva

IPM for Raspberry

To know the IPM practices for Raspberry, click here.

Source: NIPHM Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

 

3   

 

32 ratings and

Raspberry Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
1. Broad leaf weeds
2. Grassy weeds
3. Sedges
3. Rodents
4. IPM for Raspberry

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

• Hadda beetle: Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
• Fruit borer: Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Cut worm: Agrotis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Aphid: Aphis spp. (Homoptera: Aphididae)
• Two spotted spider mite: Tetranychus urticae Koch (Arachnida: Acari: Tetranychidae)
• Thrips: Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Diseases

• Bacterial blight: Pseudomonas syringae Van Hal
• Powdery mildew: Sphaerotheca macularis Braun and Takam
• Fruit rot disease: Alternaria alternata Keissi and Cladosporium cladosporiodes Bensch
• Cane Botrytis (Gray mold wilt): Botrytis cinerea De Bary
• Cane blight: Leptosphaeria coniothyrium Sacc.
• Spur blight: Didymella applanta Niessl
• Fire Blight: Erwinia amylovora Burrill and Winslow
• Anthracnose: Elsinoe veneta Jenkins
• Botrytis Fruit Rot: Botrytis cinerea Pers.
• Root Rots: Pythium spp, Phytophthora spp, Rhizoctonia spp and Fusarium spp
• Bacterial Blight: Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall
• Crown Gall and Cane Gall: Agrobacterium tumifaciens Smith Townsend, Agrobacterium rubi Young et al.
• Verticillium Wilt: Verticillium dahlia Kleb, Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold
• Leaf spot: Sphaerulina rubi Demaree & Wilcox
• Tomato Ringspot Virus
• Mosaic virus

Weeds

Broad leaf weeds

• Pig Weed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Spiny Amaranth: Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Little mallow (cheese weed):Malva parviflora L (Malvaceae)
• Sowthistle: Sonchus oleraceus (Asteracea)
• Tropical spiderwort: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae)
• Horse purslane: Trienthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
• False Amaranth: Digera arvensis Forrsk. (Amaranthaceae)
• False Daisy: Eclipta prostrarta L. (Asteraceae)
• Toothed Dock: Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae)
• Wood sorrel: Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)

Grassy weeds

• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
• Conch grass: Agropyron repens (Poaceae)
• Large crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis L.(Scop.) (Poaceae)
• Wire grass: Eleusine indica L. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Annual sedge: Cyperus compressus L. (Cyperaceae)

Rodents

• Soft furred field rat: Rattus meltada
• Indian mole rat/ smaller bandicot: Bandicota bengalensis
• common house rat: Rattus rattus

IPM for Raspberry

To know the IPM practices for Raspberry, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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32 ratings

Sapota Diseases

1. Leaf spot
2. Sooty mould
3. Fasiation
4. Postharvest Diseases
1. Soft rot  Pestalotiopsis mangiferae
2. Fruit rots
5. IPM for Sapota

Leaf spot

Disease symptom:

Numerous, small, circular, pinkish to reddish brown, conspicuous spots are seen with whitish center on mature leaves. Spots coalesce and leaves drop prematurely.

Sooty mould

Disease symptom:

• It is a fungal disease developed on honeydew-like excretion secreted by aphids and scale insects.
• The fungus slowly covers the entire leaf area severely affecting the process of photosynthesis.
• This results in reduced translocation of food to the fruits, which leads to reduction in their size.

Fasiation

Disease symptom:

• Branches of affected trees become flat and twisted
• Leaves become thin, small and yellow
• Cluster of leaves and flowers on affected twigs
• Flowers remain infertile
• If fruits are set, they are undersized, hard and fail to ripen

Postharvest Diseases

Soft rot  Pestalotiopsis mangiferae

Disease symptoms:

• The diseases appear as water-soaked spots covering the entire fruit within 3 to 4 days.
• Rotted fruits become soft and dark brown and later numerous acervuli are seen in rotted zones.
• The fungal colonies are yellowish white.
• Mycelium is branched & septate.
• Acervuli are black, globose to sub-globose
• Conidiophores are short and simple
• Conidia are fusiform, 4-septata.
• Middle three cells are dark brown.
• End cells are hyaline and pointed.
• Apical cell is with 1 to 3 hyaline setulae.

Fruit rots

Disease symptoms:

• Diseased fruits exhibited water-soaked lesions which become brown within 2 to 3 days. Subsequently the whole fruit is covered with tufts of mycelium

IPM for Sapota

To know the IPM practices for Sapota, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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39 ratings

Sapota Beneficial insects

1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Sapota

Parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Sapota

To know the IPM practices for Sapota, click here.

Source: NIPHM ; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage

 

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32 ratings

Sapota Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-planting
2. Planting
3. Vegetative stage (2nd to 4th years)
4. Flowering stage
5. Fruit laden phase

Management	Activity
Pre-planting
	Common cultural practices: Harrowing, levelling and application of FYM to the soil help in achieving to conserve soil moisture, and ensure excellent bearing of fruits and resist to insect invasion later Field sanitation, rogueing Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations
Nutrients	Nutrient should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular agroclimatic zone. Prepare land by ploughing and harrowing. The pits are dug in summer about a fortnight before planting. Dig pits of about 1 m x 1 m x 1 m at a distance of 10 m x 10 m apart (high density planting of 5 X 5 m up to the age of 13 years may be adopted). Fill the pits with top soil mixed with 25 kg FYM treated with Trichoderma cultures
Weeds	Plough the field before planting to destroy existing weeds in the field. Remove existing weeds in and around the pits at the time of planting.
Soil borne pathogens, resting stages of insects	Cultural control: Grow resistant/tolerant varieties, if any. Deep summer ploughing of field to control resting stages of insect pests. Avoid excessive watering and provide proper drainage in the field.
Planting
Nutrients	Planting is done in pits already filled with top soil and farm yard manure. Apply 20 g each of Azospirillum and mycorrhizae per plant during planting. Weeds Remove weeds from the pit, if any at the time of plant Use fibrous biological mulch to reduce the weed problems and conserve the soil moisture. Adopt the intercropping of recommended crops between the rows of sapota depending upon the stage of orchard e.g. banana, papaya, pine apple, cocoa, French bean, peas, tom
Insect Diseases	Mechanical Practices Neem cake must be incorporated @ 40kg/acre, to protect from pest attack. Growing of forage crops as a mixed crop, helps in "maintaining ecological balance".
Vegetative stage (2nd to 4th years)
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts. Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water stagnation. Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages The infested curd and seed capsules may be collected and destroyed Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the pupae which are found on leaves and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	Apply fertilizers according to the age of plant as mentioned below;   Age of the tree Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash (grams /tree) 1-3 Years 50 25 75 4-6 Years 100 40 150 7-10 years 200 80 300 11 years and onward 400 160 450
Weeds	Cultural control: Use black polythene mulch for suppressing the weeds growth. Remove the existing weeds around the pits by using hand tools as and when required. Inter-cultivation by suitable plough or cultivator between the rows of sapota plants immediately after onset of the monsoon and may be repeated after suitable interval.
Leaf webber	Cultural control: Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Biological control: Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 %
Scale insects and mealy bug	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Biological control: After two weeks release 20 predator beetles viz., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri beetle per tree
Flowering stage
Nutrients	Apply recommended micronutrients, if symptoms are observed. Micro-nutrients viz. ZnSO4 (0.5%) and H2BO3 (0.1%) are sprayed in order to increase growth and yield characters
Weeds	Remove weeds around the plants. Use straw or plastic Mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period
Bud borer	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Fruit laden phase
Leaf webber	Same as in vegetative stage.
Sapota caterpillar	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Field sanitation Free from weeds and debris Mechanical control: Collect and destroy the egg mass Burning the groups of larvae found on tree trunks with torches
Harvesting stage
	Fruits should be harvested in the month of January
Fruit fly	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Mechanical control: Collect fallen infested fruits and dispose them by dumping in a pit and covering with soil. Raking the soil around the tree to expose the pupa Monitor and mass trap the fruit flies with methyl eugenol traps. Use bait spray combining any one of the insecticides and molasses
Seed Borer	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Mechanical control Sanitation: Sanitation is to be maintained for eliminating the sources of seed borer infestation. Collection and destruction of the off season stray mature sapota fruits after main harvest till November will bring down the pest incidence

Source:NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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29 ratings

Sapota Insect Pests

1. Leaf webber
2. Green scale
3. Striped mealy bug
4. Fruit fly
5. Bud borer
6. Seed Borer
7. IPM for Sapota

Leaf webber

Biology

• Egg: Freshly laid eggs were soft, pale yellow but semi-transparent and fertile eggs turned pink within 24 hrs. Eggs are laid usually in small batches of 4 to 30 along the mid rib of the underside of leaf or tender branches.
• Larva: neonate larvae measured 1.35 mm in length. Initially it is pink and become yellow within 24 h and later turns into greenish in colour. Head is pale yellow. Dorsal side of body is pink in colour while ventral side is green. First and third pair of strips are pink in colour blended with black spots on each segment while second pair is purple.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in plant debris or in soil.
• Adult: Adult is grayish in colour with compound black eyes with setaceous antennae. Fore wings are grayish with four black transverse wavy lines. Hind wings are membranous white. Both the wings are fringed at the outer margins. A brownish line is present near the outer margins of the wings.

Damage symptoms:

Caterpillar webs and feed on leaves by scrapping chlorophyll content Caterpillar also bores into flower buds and tender fruits leading to withering and shedding.

Green scale

• Egg: Eggs are whitish green and elongate-oval and are laid singly and hatch beneath the female where they are protected. Eggs hatch from a few minutes to several hours after being laid.
• Nymphs (Crawlers): Nymphs, or immature green scales are oval, flat and yellowish green in color, and have six short legs. There are three nymphal stages before becoming an adult, each stage being larger and more convex than the previous stage.
• Adults: The adult female is shiny pale green with a conspicuous black, irregular U-shaped internal marking that is dorsally visible to the naked eye. Two sub-marginal black eye spots are also present and can be seen with a hand lens. The outline shape may be described as elongate- oval and moderately convex. Adult scales are 2.5-3.25 mm. Dead scales are light brown or buff color and the black internal marking is lost.

Life cycle:

Nature and symptoms of damage:

Scales damage plants by sucking out plant sap as a result leaves to yellow and wilt.

Natural enemies of scale insects:

• Parasitoids: Coccophgagus cowperi
• Predators: C. montrouzieri

Striped mealy bug

Biology: Mealy bugs are soft pinkish-white insects with a waxy appearance. Adult females are soft-bodied, wingless insects that grow between 1/20 and 1/5 inch long. Mealy bugs lay large clusters of several hundred eggs on the surface of a leaf, which then hatch into yellow nymphs, which feed on plant sap

Natural enemies of mealy bug:

• Parasitoids: Parasitic wasp
• Predators: Hover flies, ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

Fruit fly

Biology

• Egg: The eggs of Bactrocera species are very similar. Size, 0.8 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, with the micropyle protruding slightly at the anterior end. The chorion is reticulate (requires scanning electron microscope examination). White to yellow-white in colour.
• Maggot: The third-instar, which has a typical maggot appearance, is about 10 mm in length and creamy white. The only band of spinules encircling the body is found on the first segment. The external part of the anterior respiratory organs, the spiracles, located one on each side of the pointed or head end of the larva, has an exaggerated and deflexed lobe at each side and bears many small tubercles. The caudal segment is very smooth. The posterior spiracles are located in the dorsal third of the segment as viewed from the rear of the larva. The mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops to the ground, and forms a tan to dark brown puparium about 4.9 mm in length. The entire larval stage lasts for 11-15 days.
• Pupa: When mature, larvae drop to the ground and pupate in the soil. The puparium is yellowish-brown and seed-like. Adults emerge in about 10 days.
• Adult: Generally, the abdomen has two horizontal black stripes and a longitudinal median stripe extending from the base of the third segment to the apex of the abdomen. These markings may form a "T" shaped pattern, but the pattern varies considerably. Females begin to lay eggs about 8 days after emergence from the puparium. Under optimum conditions, a female can lay more than 3,000 eggs during her lifetime, but under field conditions approximately 1,200 to 1,500 eggs per female is considered to be the usual production.Ripe fruit are preferred for egg laying, but immature ones may be also attacked.

Life cycle:

Symptoms of damage:

• Maggot bore into semi-ripen fruits with decayed spots and dropping of fruits.
• Oozing of fluid
• Brownish rotten patches on fruits

Natural enemies of fruit fly:

Parasitoids: Fopius arisanus, Diachasmimorpha kraussi

Bud borer

Biology:

• Eggs: The eggs of A. achrasella were smooth, oval and white in colour at the time of oviposition and turned to light brown before hatching. The length of eggs ranged from 0.37 to 0.49 mm with an average of 0.46 ± 0.04 mm, while the breadth varied from 0.20 to 0.29 mm with an average of 0.25 ± 0.03 mm. The incubation period varied from 4 to 6 days with an average of 4.64 ± 0.70 days.
• Larva -. The larva is small, slender, pinkish brown with black head and passed through four instars on sapota buds. The newly hatched caterpillar was light yellow in colour, shiny with black head. It was tiny and delicate with slender body.
• Pupa: This pre-pupal condition lasted for about one day during which the larva did not exhibit any movement unless it was disturbed. The prepupal period lasted for 1 to 2 days with an average of 1.52 ± 0.51 days. The length of pre-pupa varied from 6.10 to 7.20 mm with an average of 6.62 ± 0.34 mm, while breadth ranged from 1.61 to 2.10 with an average of 1.41 ± 0.05 mm. A newly formed pupa was obtect type, brick-red in colour and changed into dark brown prior to the emergence as adult. The pupation took place either inside or out side of the flower buds.
• Adult: Grey moth with black patch on wings. The adults development was completed and legs and the wings are clearly visible through the pupal skin under microscope.

Damage

• The bud borer webs together flower buds and flowers and reported to cause huge damage ranged from 2-15%.
• The bud borer feeds by making holes into the petals and ovary resulting in significant crop loss.
• Larvae damages inflorescences of the trees

Seed Borer

Bioolgy

• Eggs: A female moth lays eggs on medium sized immature fruits of sapota with the fecundity of 29 to 255 eggs/female.
• Larva: The larvae are very minute, white in colour with pinkish tinge. The larvae feed only on endosperm of the seed and complete its larval period inside the seed. For pupation, the mature larva comes out by tunneling out the fruit which usually coincides with the fruit harvest.

Damage symptoms

The seed borer is a monophagous pest attacking immature fruits of sapota. A neonate larva bore into the fruit and finally enters the seed. The larvae feed only on endosperm of the seed . Full grown larvae prepare a tunnel to come out for pupation. Due to the infestation of the pest quality of the fruit deteriorates and hence the market price goes down.

IPM for Sapota

To know the IPM practices for Sapota, click here.

Source:NIPHM ; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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32 ratings

Sapota Pests

1. Pests of National significance
2. Weeds
3. Pests of Regional significance
4. IPM for Sapota

Pests of National significance

Insect Pests

• Leaf webber: Nephopteryx eugraphella Ragonot (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
• Green scale: Coccus viridis Green (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
• Fruit fly: Bactrocera (Dacus) dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
• Bud borer: Anarsia achrasella, Latreille (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae)
• Sapota Seed Borer: Trymalitis margarias Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Diseases

• leaf spot: Phaeophleospora indica Chinnappa
• Leaf blight: Fusicoccum sapoticola Chinnappa V.G. Rao
• Sooty mould: Capnodium sp.
• Postharvest diseases
• Soft rot: Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (Henn.) Steyaert
• Fruit rot:

Weeds

Broad leaf

• Tick weed: Cleome viscosa L. (Capparidaceae)
• Coat buttons: Tridax procumbens L. (Fabaceae)
• Congress grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Horse Purslane: Trainthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
• Crofton weed: Eupatorium odoratum L. (Asteraceae)
• Siam weed: Chromolaena odorata L. R.M. king H. Rob (Asteraceae)
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Spurge: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Grasses

• Crab grass Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Poaceae
• Yellow foxtail Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae
• Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae
• Torpedo grass Panicum repens L. Poaceae Sedges
• Purple nutsedge Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

Pests of Regional significance

Insect Pests

• Mealybug: Ferrisia virgata Ckll (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

Diseases

• Faciation: Botrydiplodia theobromae Pat.
• Phanerogamic parasites

IPM for Sapota

To know the IPM practices for Sapota, click here.

Source:NIPHM Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage