IPM Stratergies for Curry Leaf Pests

Curryleaf Pests and Diseases Leaf spot Tortoise beetle Citrus butterfly Citrus psylla/psyllid Scales Mealybugs Aphids Tw...

Curryleaf Pests and Diseases

1. Leaf spot
2. Tortoise beetle
3. Citrus butterfly
4. Citrus psylla/psyllid
5. Scales
6. Mealybugs
7. Aphids
8. Two spotted spider mite
9. IPM for Curry Leaf

Leaf spot

Phyllosticta leaf spot symptoms range from a few round spots or lesions. It may cause early loss of leaves in case of severe infestation and can debilitate the tree. The irregular, round, yellowish brown lesions are produced on leaves. Under the favourable conditions, tiny black fruiting bodies of the pathogen are produced, usually they form a circle. The center of these spots is dead tissue that easily breaks away leaving a hole.

Primary infection: Through soil and rain splash

Secondary infection : through air and rain splash during wed condition

Tortoise beetle

Biology

• Grub: Black with a forked posterior and a flattened body.
• Adults: Reddish-brown beetles.

Life cycle:

Damage Symptoms:

Cause heavy defoliation of commercial crops. Both the adult beetle and the grub feed on the leaves, boring holes into them.

Citrus butterfly

Biology:

• Eggs: Yellowish white, round, smooth eggs are laid singly on tender leaves and shoots by P. demoleus. Egg hatches in about 3 – 8 days.
• Larva: Freshly hatched caterpillars are dark brown and soon develop irregular white markings on their body resembling bird’s drop. The caterpillars feed voraciously on tender leaves right up to the mid ribs and defoliate the entire seedlings or the tree leaving behind the only midribs.
• Adults: Papilio demoleus is a big beautiful butterfly with yellow and black markings on all the four wings, having wing expanse of about 50-60 mm. Its hind wings have a brick red oval patch near the anal margin and there is no tail like extension behind though common in Papilionidae. Papilio polytes males are black and females vary in form. Papilio helenus has black wings with three white distal spots.

Life cycle:

Natural enemies : Parasitoids

Citrus psylla/psyllid

Biology:

• Nymphs: Its nymphs are yellow, orange or brown with flattened bodies. They are hard to see, since they're only 1/100 to 1/14 inch long. The nymphs also secrete a sticky substance called honeydew that attracts sooty mold.
• Adults: Citrus psyllid is a tiny, mottled-brown, winged insect that damages curry leaf plants when it sucks sap out of young leaves. This psyllid grows to be between 1/16 and 1/8 inch long with red eyes and short antennae.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Citrus psyllids are mottled brown insects that feed directly on the  leaf of the curry leaf tree. This causes damage to the leaves and stems, and can also introduce bacteria to the tree. Symptoms include twisted and curling leaves, and dieback of shoots.

Natural enemies - Predators:

Scales

Scales are tiny insects that appear as small, flat bumps on the surface of a leaf.

Life cycle:

Nature and symptoms of damage:

Scales damage plants by sucking out plant sap as a result leaves to yellow and wilt. While a few scales will not damage a curry tree, this insect reproduces rapidly and a small population can quickly become an infestation. Close monitoring of your curry tree can also help to catch scale problems before they become infestations.

Natural enemies

Parasitoids:

Predators:

Mealybugs

Biology:

Citrus mealy bugs are soft pinkish-white insects with a waxy appearance. Mealy bugs are softbodied, wingless insects that grow between 1/20 and 1/5 inch long. Mealy bugs lay large clusters of several hundred eggs on the surface of a leaf, which then hatch into yellow nymphs, which feed on plant sap.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

In addition to causing leaves to shrivel, large infestations of citrus mealybugs can cause a tree’s fruit to drop prematurely. Mealybugs usually gather in large numbers, causing premature leaf drop and twig dieback when they feed. Like psyllids, they secrete honeydew, which attracts black sooty mold.

Natural enemies

Parasitoids:

Predators:

Aphids

Biology:

Aphids are small pear-shaped insects that may appear in a range of colors, including yellow, green, brown or white.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Aphids suck the juices from a plant, causing the leaves to mottle and curl, and can also introduce mold fungus. Aphids tend to feed in dense clusters and are slow to react when disturbed.

Natural enemies

Parasitoids:

Predators:

Two spotted spider mite

Two-spotted mites reproduce sexually, and the females lay eggs on buds, leaves, twigs, stems and trunks. The eggs, which are laid in vast numbers, hatch to produce nymphs which grow through a succession of moults. The first stage nymphs are six-legged; the subsequent stage produces nymphs with a full complement of eight legs. Two-spotted mites overwinter in the soil. Generation time will vary according to temperature, but in warm conditions this time can be as short as four days.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Two spotted spider mite and carmine spider mite damage to strawberries appears as stippling, scarring, and bronzing of the leaves and calyx. damaging during the first 2 to 5 months following transplanting in late summer or fall, and yield loss is detectable at all mite infestation levels exceeding one mite per leaflet

Natural enemies

Predator mites:

IPM for Curry Leaf

To know the IPM practices for Curry Leaf, click here.

Source: NIPHM ; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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24 ratings

Curry Leaf Pests

1. Pests of National Significance in Curryleaf
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Major weeds
2. IPM for Curry Lear

Pests of National Significance in Curryleaf

Insect pests

• Citrus butterfly: Papilio demoleus, (Esper, 1798) P. polytes polytes, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
• Citrus psylla or psyllid: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
• Scales: Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
• Mealy bugs: Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
• Aphids: Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Tortoise beetle: Silana farinose (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
• Two spotted mites:Tetranychus spp. Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
• Citrus leaf miner: Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae)

Diseases

• Leaf spot (Phyllosticta leaf spot)

Major weeds

Broadleaf weeds

• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F.
• Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.
• Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L.
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L.
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk.
• Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L.
• Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L.
• Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All.
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam.
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L.

Grassy weeds

• Rabbit/Crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv.
• Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd.
• Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Scop.
• Blue grass: Poa annua L.
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz.

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L.
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L.

IPM for Curry Lear

To know the IPM practices for Curry Leaf, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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29 ratings

Crop stage-wise IPM for Curry Leaf

1. Pre-sowing
2. Vegetative stage
3. Reproductive stage (in subsequent seasons)

 

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing
Nutrients	The field is ploughed 3-4 times to get a fine tilth. Before last ploughing well decomposed farm yard manure (FYM) is applied @ 8 t/acre. Pit size of 30 x30x30 cm is dug one to two months before planting at a spacing of 1.2 x 1.5 m (in case of sole crop) or 1.5 x 3 m or 1.5 x 2m Apply 26: 9: 8 kg N: P: K/acre acre at the time of planting
Weeds	Remove or incorporate previous crop residues before planting. Plan to grow suitable intercrops like legumes, ginger, tapioca etc.
Resting stages of pests, soil-borne fungus	Deep summer ploughing Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil-borne pests.
* Applying Trichoderma as seed and nursery treatment and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative stage
Nutrients	Apply 4 kg of FYM, 5: 10: 10 g N: P: K/plant and mix with soil after every harvest.
Weeds & Inter cultivation	Periodical hoeing/ hand weeding from pits should be done after every irrigation. In the first year intercropping with pulses can be grown. After attaining 1 m height, the terminal bud is cut off to encourage basal branching. In total 5-6 branches are maintained per bush.
Leaf spot	Cultural control: Disease-free seed and seedlings should always be used Biological control: Preventive spray of tobacco decoction could be sprayed (dose). Citrus oil at 1360 ppm inhibited the maximum growth of the fungus followed by lemongrass oil at 1720 ppm and peppermint at 2260 ppm, respectively Spray NSKE 5%
Tortoise beetle	Mechanical control: Hand picking of larva Biological control: Conserve parasitoids such as Trichogramma evanescens (egg), Telenomus sp (egg), Distatrix papilionis (larval), Brachymeria sp (larval), Pteromalus sp (pupal), Spray NSKE 5% or neem oil @ 1-2 %
Leaf eating caterpillar (Citrus butterfly)	Cultural control: Yellow sticky traps @4-5 /acre for monitoring Biological control: Conserve predators such as predatory wasps, lady beetles, lacewing, syrphid fly larvae. Horticultural mineral oils @ 0.5 -1% Dusting of cow dung ash. Spray NSKE 5% or 0.03 % Azadirachtin Application of fish oil rosin soap at one part in 25 parts of water is highly effective against this sucking pest.
Citrus psylla or psyllid	Cultural control: Close monitoring and pruning of the infested plant parts Biological control: Conserve natural predators such as predatory wasps, lacewings, ladybugs (Chilocoris nigritus), predatory ants, predatory mites etc. Horticultural mineral oils @ 0.5-1%
Scale insects	Biological control: Predatory wasps, syrphid/hover flies, ladybugs or mealybug destroyers (a conccinellid, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) etc.
Mealybug	Biological control: Predatory midges, green lacewings, lady bird beetles, hover flies, wasps etc.
Citrus leafminer	Biological control: Conserve parasitoids such as Closterocerus spp., Cirrospilius spp., Pnigalio spp., Chrysocharis spp., and Sympieses spp. Spray NSKE 5%
Aphid	Biological control: Conserve parasitoids such as Aphidius colemani, Diaeretiella spp. Aphelinus spp. etc. Conserve predators such as anthocorid bugs/pirate bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings (Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla carnea), predatory coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.), predatory cecidomyiid fly (Aphidoletis aphidimyza) and predatory gall midge, (Feltiella minuta), earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, wasps etc.
Reproductive stage (in subsequent seasons)
Nutrient management	Apply 4 kg of FYM, 5: 10:10 g N: P: K/plant and mix with soil after every harvest.
Weed management	Need based hoeing and weeding should be done around the plant to keep it weed free.
Citrus psylla or psyllid	Same as in vegetative stage
Mealybug, Aphid	Same as in vegetative stage
Scale	Same as in vegetative stage
Citrus leaf miner	Same as in vegetative stage

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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28 ratings