86 ratings Castor: Diseases and Symptoms Seedling blight Alternaria blight Cercospora leaf spot Powdery mildew Wilt IPM ...
86 ratings
Castor: Diseases and
Symptoms
Seedling blight
Disease
symptoms: Dead seedling
- The disease first makes its
appearance on both the surfaces of the cotyledonary leaves in the form of
roundish patch of dull green colour which soon spreads to the point of
attachment causing the leaf to rot and hang down.
Spots on older leaf
- The infection further spreads
to the stem with the result that the seedling is killed either due to the
destruction of growing point or by the collapse of stem.
- The true leaves of seedlings
and the very young leaves of older plants may also be affected; but
ordinarily not much injury is caused.
- The leaf spots turn yellow and
then brown and concentric zones of lighter and darker brown colour are
formed.
- The disease spots coalesce at a
later stage and cover almost the entire leaf.
- The affected leaves shed
prematurely. Under moist conditions, a very fi ne whitish haze is found on
the under-surface of the leaf spots.
Survival and spread:
- The pathogen survives in soil
or collateral or alternative hosts.
Favourable conditions:
- High humidity and warm
conditions favour the development of disease.
Alternaria blight
Disease symptoms: Alternaria leaf spot with concentric
rings
All
the aerial parts of the plant, i.e., stem, leaves, inflorescence and
capsules are liable to be attacked.- These may appear on any portion
of the leaf and are irregular, scattered, and have concentric rings.
- These are brown and later
become covered with bluish-green or sooty growth.
- When the attack is severe the
spots coalesce and form big patches resulting in premature defoliation of
the plant which gradually wilts away.
- In one case the capsules, when
half mature, wilt suddenly, turn brown and due to collapse of the pedicel
the capsules fall or hand down.
- They are smaller in size and
have under-developed and wrinkled seeds with little oil content.
Survival and spread:
- Fungus is seed borne and
survives in seeds
Favourable conditions:
- High humidity and low
temperature (16-20 ºC) favours the development of diseases.
Cercospora leaf spot
Disease symptoms:
The
disease appears as minute black or brown points surrounded by a pale green
ring.- These spots are visible on both
the surfaces of the leaf.
- As the spots enlarge, the
centre turns pale brown and then greyish-white surrounded by a deep brown
band which may be narrow and sharp or broad and diff used.
- The fructifications of the
fungus appear as tiny black dots in the white centre.
- The diseased spots often occur
in great numbers scattered over the leaf and are roundish when young but
may become irregularly angular when mature.
- When the spots are close
together, the intervening leaf tissue withers and large brown patches of dried
leaf may result.
Survival and spread:
- The fungus survives in soil
debris which is cause of primary infection. Secondary infection occurs by
conidia through rain splash or wind.
Favourable conditions:
- High humidity and warm weather
conditions responsible for the disease.
Powdery mildew
Disease symptoms: Powdery mass covering entire leaf
- It is characterised by typical
mildew growth which is generally confined to the under-surface of the
leaf.
- When the infection is severe
the upper-surface is also covered by the whitish growth of the fungus.
- Light green patches,
corresponding to the diseased areas on the under surface, are visible on
the upper side especially when the leaves are held against light.
Survival and spread:
- The pathogen survives as oospores
on the affected plant tissues and on weed hosts.
Favourable conditions:
- Cool (10-20º C) and wet weather
(90% RH) favours disease development
Disease symptoms:
Leaves
droop and drop off leaving behind only top leaves.- Diseased plants are sickly in
appearance.
- Wilting of plants, root
degeneration, collar rot, drooping of leaves and necrosis of affected
tissue and finally leading to death of plants.
- Necrosis of leaves starts from
margins spreading to interveinal areas and fi nally to the whole leaf.
- Spilt open stem shows brownish
discolouration and white cottony growth of mycelia much prominently in the
pith of the stem.
Survival and spread:
- The fungus is soil-borne and
remains in the soil as saprophyte for 2-3 years. The disease is primarily
transmitted through infected seed pieces.
- The secondary spread is aided
by wind, rain and irrigation water.
Favourable conditions:
- High day temperature (30-35˚C).
- Low humidity (50-60%). Low soil
moisture and alkaline soils.
To know
the IPM practices for Castor, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
139 ratings
Castor Pests
Pests of National Significance
Insect Pests
- Tobacco caterpillar: Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae)
- Castor semilooper: Achaea janata (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
- Shoot and capsule borer: Conogethes (Dichocrocis) punctiferalis (Guenée)
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Diseases
- Seedling blight: Phytophthora colocasiae Rac.
- Alternaria blight: Alternaria ricini (Yoshii) Hansford
- Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora ricinella Saccardo & Berlese
- Powdery mildew: Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arm.
- Wilt: Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.
Weeds
Broad leaf
- Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
- Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
- Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
- False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
Grasses
- Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd (Poaceae)
- Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
- Burmuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae)
Sedges
- Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
- Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)
Insect pests
- Red headed hairy caterpillar: Amsacta albistriga (Walker), A. mooreii. Butler
(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
- Bihar hairy caterpillar: Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) (Lepidoptera:
Arctiidae)
- Whitefly: Trialeurodes ricini Misra (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae)
- Thrips: Retithrips siriacus, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
- Hairy caterpillars: Euproctis fraternal Moore (Lepidoptera:
Lymantriidae)
- Castor spiny caterpillar: Ergolis (Ariadne) merione ( Cramer) (Lepidoptera:
Nymphalidae)
- Jassid: Empoasca fl avescens Fabricius (Hemiptera:
Cicadellidae)
- Tussock caterpillar: Orgyia postica (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
- Castor slug: Parasa lepida (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)
- Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera:
Agromyziidae)
Disease
- Collar rot: Phytophthora spp.
To know
the IPM practices for Castor, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
125 ratings
Castor: Insect Pests
Management
- Red headed hairy caterpillar
- Castor semilooper
- Tobacco caterpillar
- Shoot and capsule borer
- Bihar hairy caterpillar
- Jassid
- Castor slug
- Whitefly
- Thrips
- IPM for Castor
Red headed hairy caterpillar
Biology:
- Egg: The female moth lays its eggs in clusters on the
under-sides of leaves and covers them with pale brown hairs. The
incubation period lasts from 5 to 10 days.
- Larva: The newly hatched larvae feed gregariously and
after a few days feed on the leaves independently. Larva has red head,
body covered with long dense, reddish brown hairs. Both anterior and
posterior ends have black broad bands (hairs) with a reddish area in the
middle.
- Pupa: The pupa resembles is mostly darker in color,
although it sometimes is yellowish in color. The pupa bears spiny hairs on
the posterior end. Pupa undergoes diapause during winter. The larval
period varies from 15 to 85 days and the pupal period 7 to 20 days.
- Adult: The pest is active throughout the year and has
several generations. Adult moths have dirty white forewings and milky
white hind wings with black spots. Forewings have a reddish brown band
along coaster margin. The peak period of activity is August-September
Damage symptoms:
- Scrap under surface of leaves
when they are in neonate stage. The scrapped patches of the leaves becomes
thin and papery
- Full grown larvae devours entire
foliage and flowers causing defoliation and affecting fruit setting and
often migrate from one field to another devastating whatever crops come
their way.
- After about 30-40 days of
feeding the larvae burrow into soil, usually in the undisturbed soil of
field or non-cropped areas and pupate.
Natural enemies of red headed hairy
caterpillar:
- Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Enicospilus sp
- Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, ladybird beetle,
reduviid bug, spider, red ant, robber fl y, black drongo (King crow),
common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle,
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), preying mantis etc.
Castor semilooper
This is a
serious pest of the oilseed crop and is distributed throughout the Indian
Union, wherever castor is grown. It occurs during July to September
Biology:
- Egg: The female moth lays around 450 blue green
rounded eggs singly on the leaves of the castor plant at night. The eggs
are laid singly on both sides of the leaves. Four to six eggs have been
observed on each leaf. The egg when freshly laid is round, pale green in
colour and measures about 0.9 mm in diameter. The chorion is full of
ridges and furrows. The egg is convex on the upper surface and concave
below. The incubation period of the egg varies from 2 to 5 days from July
to September.
- Larva: The newly hatched caterpillar is yellowish green
in colour with light brown head and thorax and measures 3.5 mm long. The
full grown larva is dull greyish brown and measures 60 to 70 mm long. Five
distinct larval instars are present. The larval period lasts from 12 to 13
days in July, August and September.
- Pupa: Pupation takes place either in the soil amidst
the fallen leaves or sometimes amidst the folded leaves on the plant. The
pupal period lasts from 10 to 27 days.
- Adult: Adults are grayish-brown in colour. Forewings
have pale reddish brown patch. Black hind wings have white stripes in the
middle and 3 large white spots on outer margin.
A
generation is completed in about 28 to 45 days
Damage symptoms:
- Freshly hatched larvae feed
gregariously, scraping the chlorophyll, soon disperse.
- Sometimes the feeding is so
heavy that only petioles and branches are left behind.
- Caterpillars feed on the leaves
and cause sometimes complete devastation of the crop.
- Damage to defoliation.
Natural enemies of castor semilooper:
- Parasitoids: Trichogramma achaea, T. minutum, T. evanescens,
Microplitis spp.
- Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, ladybird beetle,
reduviid bug, spider, red ant, robber fly, black drongo (King crow),
common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle,
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), preying mantis etc.
Tobacco caterpillar
The pest
has a wide distribution throughout the Indian Union and occurs as a sporadic
pest. Active during August to October
Biology:
It is
found throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, wide spread
in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato,
cabbage and various other cruciferous crops.
- Egg: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs
are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
- Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when
full grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and
lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and
posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts
15-30 days
- Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage
lasts 7-15 days.
- Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with
forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross
markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the margin of
wing. Pest breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. Adults
live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes 32-60 days. There are eight
generations in a year.
Damage symptoms:
- The early instar larvae feed
gregariously on the under surface of the leaf by scrapping off the
chlorophyll leading to appearance of papery membranes
- Later they disperse, become
solitary and nocturnal and cause complete defoliation
- They also feed on the flower
buds, flowers.
Natural enemies of tobacco caterpillar:
- Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Tetrastichus spp., Telenomus
spp., Chelonus spp., Bracon spp., Ichneumon spp., Carcelia spp.,
Campoletis spp.
- Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, ladybird beetle,
reduviid bug, spider, red ant, robber fly, black drongo (King crow),
common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle,
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), preying mantis etc
Shoot and capsule borer
The pest
is distributed throughout the plains and the hills of the Indian Union.
Infestation starts from flowering stage. Usually active during Nov-March
Biology:
- Egg: The female moths lay eggs on the tender parts of
the plant.
- Larva: Pale greenish with pinkish tinge and fi ne hairs
with dark head and prothoracic shield. The caterpillar that hatches out
bores into the shoot if the plant is young and knit the seed capsules if
the plant is old. The full-grown caterpillar is stout, reddish brown in
colour and measures 15 to 25 mm. long. It pupates in a silken cocoon.
- Adult: Adults have yellow wings with black dots
Damage symptoms:
- The caterpillars bore into
shoot and seed capsules and cause extensive damage to the crop and
characteristic webbing of capsules along with excreta is seen.
- Capsules with bore holes
- Damaged capsules webbed
together
- Peduncle and capsules having
galleries made of silk and frass.
Natural enemies of shoot and capsule borer:
- Parastioids: Bracon brevicornis, Brachymeria euploeae
- Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, ladybird beetle,
reduviid bug, spider, red ant, robber fly, black drongo (King crow),
common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle,
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), preying mantis etc.
Bihar hairy caterpillar
This pest
occurs during October to December and of late it is also occurring from July.
In recent years, it has become an important pest on groundnut also.
Biology:
- Egg: Female lays eggs in masses on lower surface of
leaves.
- Larva: The larvae are pale yellow coloured with yellow
hair over the body. They are polyphagous, feed on leaves and cause loss by
way of defoliation. In severe cases only stems are left behind. In
defoliated crops it also feeds on capsules.
- Pupa: Pupates in leaf litter close to the plants. There
are several generation per year.
- Adult: Adult moth is reddish brown with black spots.
Both the wings are pinkish and possess black spots
Damage symptoms:
- Young larvae feed gregariously
mostly on the under surface of the leaves.
- Feed on leaves and cause loss
by way of defoliation.
- In severe cases only stems are
left behind.
- In defoliated crop it also feed
on capsules.
Natural enemies of Bihar hairy caterpillar:
- Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, ladybird beetle,
reduviid bug, spider, red ant, robber fly, black drongo (King crow),
common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle,
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), preying mantis etc.
Jassid
The
castor jassid occurs on castor as a minor pest. It has been recorded from
Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Assam. Outside India it has been recorded in Burma.
Besides castor it infests tea. Peak infestation of jassid is during November to
January. Mostly seen at seedling stage, sometimes found almost throughout the
year
Biology:
- Egg: Female inserts eggs into leaf veins on the
underside. Eggs hatch in 6-10 days and nymphal period is 7-9 days.
- Nymph: Nymphs are pale greenish almost translucent and
walk diagonally. Nymph stage lasts for 7-21 days.
- Adult: Adults are greenish yellow, wedge shaped with a
pair of black spots on vertex and a black spot on each of the forewings.
Adult stage lasts for 35-50 days. There are a total of 7-8 generations in
a year.
Damage symptoms:
- Nymphs and adults suck sap
usually from the under surface of the leaves and inject toxin causing
curling of leaf edges and leaves turn red or brown. The leaves dry up and
shed.
- Leaf margins become yellow
- Curling of leaf edges and
leaves turn red or brown
- Leaves dry up and shed.
Natural enemies of jassid:
- Predators: Dicyphus hesperus, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi,
ladybird beetle, big-eyed bug (Geocoris spp.) etc.
Castor slug
It is
most common in the southern regions of the country especially Madras and has
been recorded from Ceylon also. This pest damages the castor plant
sporadically.
Biology:
- The female moth lays flat scaly
eggs on the tender parts of the plant in small clusters.
- The full-grown caterpillar
measures 15-25 mm in length.
- Thick short spiny hairs out of
rows of warts on the body.
- It is bright green in colour
and has interrupted blue stripes on the dorsum.
- It moves like a slug.
- Pupation takes place in a hard
greyish cocoon on castor stem or the trunks of its other host plants.
- The pupal period lasts from
three to five weeks or longer.
Damage symptoms:
- The caterpillars are spiny and
when touched, cause irritation to the skin.
- To begin with, they feed
gregariously on the leaves of castor and later spread over to the entire
plant.
Natural enemies of castor slug:
- Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, ladybird beetle,
reduviid bug, spider, red ant, robber fly, black drongo (King crow),
common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle,
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), preying mantis, Dicyphus
hesperus etc.
Whitefly
The castor
whitefly is a pest of castor in some regions of our country. It is more
commonly found in Bihar, Bombay, Andhra and Madras. Sometimes the damage caused
by this pest to castor crop is serious. More serious in summer months (March to
May) Temperature of 30 °C with high relative humidity favours multiplication of
the pest
Biology:
- Egg: The female lays shining
white long eggs in small clusters or scattered about on the underside of
tender leaves.
- Nymph: The eggs hatch into
nymphs which settle on the leaves and along with the adults suck the sap
from the leaves. Both the nymphs and the pupa are yellowish in colour.
- Adult: The adult fly has white
wings, yellow body and pale white legs and antennae. It is a tiny insect a
little less than a millimeter in length.
Damage symptoms:
- Both nymphs and adults suck sap
from leaves.
- This makes the leaves appear
sickly and sooty mould is developed a whitefly infestation is severe.
- Water soaked spots on the
leaves and become yellow and dry up
- Leaves appear sickly and get
coated with sooty mold
- Stunted plant growth, shedding
of fruit bodies
Natural enemies of whitefly:
- Parasitoids: Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus spp., Chrysocharis
pentheus
- Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, ladybird beetle,
reduviid bug, spider, red ant, robber fly, black drongo (King crow),
common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle,
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), preying mantis etc
Thrips
- Adult and nymph: Very tiny pinkish nymphs and black adults with
fringed wings
Damage symptoms:
- Both adults and nymphs feed on
the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves.
- The terminal leaves crinkle and
appear silvery.
- If infestation is severe,
stunted growth results.
- The injury results in development
of dull yellowish green patches on the upper surface as brown necrotic
areas of the lower surface
- Leaves get curl and plant gets
stunted.
Natural enemies of thrips:
- Predators: Predatory mite, predatory thrips, Oligota spp., Orius
spp. (pirate bug), hover fly, mirid bug etc.
IPM for Castor
To know
the IPM practices for Castor, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
138 ratings
IPM practices for
insect pests in Castor
Major insect pests in Castor
Castor
crop is damaged by an array of insect pests of which semilooper (Achaea
janata), tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura),
shoot and capsule borer (Conogethes punctiferalis),
leafhopper (Empoasca flavescens), thrips (Retithrips syriacus)
and whitefly (Trialeurodes ricini) are of greater economic importance.
Besides,
several hairy caterpillars (Spilarctia obliqua, Euproctis spp., Pericallia
ricini, Amsacta albistriga, A. moorei) and castor
slug caterpillar (Parasa lepida) have also assumed regional importance
and are sporadic pests.
The
magnitude of the insect pests problem is quite high in Southern India where
castor is grown mainly as rainfed crop, while it is low in Gujarat and
Rajasthan under irrigated conditions.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices
The
following Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices are suggested for
effective management of the insect pests in castor.
- Deep summer ploughing to expose
the hibernating pupae to predatory birds or hot sun.
- Select triple or double bloom
castor cultivars viz., DCH-519, GCH-4, GCH-5, GCH-7,
YRCH-1 which are tolerant to leafhopper.
- Castor varieties/hybrids with
non-spiny capsules (Jwala) or semi-compact spike (GCH-4, GCH-7) are less
damaged by capsule borer.
- In areas where red hairy
caterpillar (RHC) is a problem, set up light trap (200 watt mercury lamp
covers 10 ha area) on community basis with the first monsoon rains to
attract and kill the adult moths. In situations, where operating electric
light trap is not feasible, a petromax light of 200 candle power is also effective
in attracting moths, covering 4-6 ha area. The peak emergence of RHC moths
need to be ascertained before operating light trap. The arrangement of
light trap should be in such a way that majority adults attracted must be
trapped.
- Sowing cucumber along field
borders preferably before sowing of castor attracts the migrating
caterpillars of RHC and facilitates mechanical killing in areas where RHC
is endemic.
- Use vegetative twig traps (Jatropha or Ipomoea or Calotropis)
for collection and killing of migrating larvae of red hairy caterpillars
in endemic areas.
- Kill the migrating caterpillars
of red hairy caterpillar congregated on the trap crop (cucumber).
- Install sex pheromone trap
for Spodoptera litura @ 10 traps/ha for monitoring and
implementing timely control measures.
- Hand picking and destruction of
gregarious stages of Spodoptera litura and hairy
caterpillars along with damaged leaves are effective for the management of
defoliators in castor, which keep the defoliation level usually less than
25%.
- Collect and destroy the shoots
and capsules infested by capsule borer, wherever feasible.
- Manipulate parasitoid activity
by avoiding spraying of insecticides, when 1-2 cocoons of larval
parasitoid (Microplitis maculipennis) observed per plant.
- If defoliation is less than 25%
and 1-2 semilooper larval parasitoids (Microplitis maculipennis)
per plant are observed, do not spray any insecticide for the control of
semilooper.
- Avoid use of insecticides if
the damage levels are below the economic threshold levels (ETL). The ETLs
for major insect pests are given below
|
Pest |
Economic threshold levels |
|
Defoliators (semilooper/spodoptera/hairy caterpillars) |
25% defoliation |
|
Capsule borer |
10% capsule damage |
|
Leafhopper |
10% of leaves in a plant show curling symptom |
- If the damage by the insect
pests exceeds ETL, spray any of the following insecticides:
- Spray Bacillus
thuringiensis var. kurstaki @ 1g/l or
profenofos 50EC @ 1ml/l or flubendiamide 39.35SC @ 0.2ml/l, if foliar
damage due to semilooper and hairy caterpillars exceeds 25%;
- Spray thiodicarb 75WP @ 1g/l
or flubendiamide 39.35SC @ 0.2ml/l or chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @
0.3ml/l or profenofos 50EC @ 1ml/l, if foliar damage due to spodoptera
exceeds 25%;
- Spray spinosad 45SC @
0.2ml/l or profenofos 50EC@1ml/ha or thiodicarb 75WP@ 1g/l, if at least
10% capsules are damaged due to capsule borer;
- Spray dimethoate
30EC @ 1.7ml/l or acetamiprid 20SP @ 0.2g/l or profenofos 50EC @ 1ml/l
against sucking pests.
Source : P. Duraimurugan and A.Vishnuvardhan
Reddy ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India
71 ratings
Castor: Crop
stage-wise IPM
|
Management |
Activity |
Pre sowing*
|
|
|
Common cultural practices: |
|
|
Nutrients |
• Deep summer ploughing to break hard pan and to
facilitate rain water absorption & deep root penetration. |
|
Weeds |
• Summer ploughing should be done to expose and
destroy weed seeds/ rhizomes by soil solarization. |
|
Soil borne pathogens, nematodes, resting stages of
insects |
Cultural control: |
Seed sowing*
|
|
|
Common cultural practices: |
|
|
Nutrients |
• Before sowing, soil testing should be done to
find out the soil fertility status. Nutrient should be provided as per soil
test recommendations. |
|
Weeds |
• Line sowing should be done to facilitate
inter-culture operations. |
Vegetative stage
|
|
|
Common cultural practices: |
|
|
Nutrients |
• Apply 1/3rd of N as top dressing at first flower
initiation state at 35 to 40 days after sowing and remaining 1/3rd at 65 to
70 days after sowing depending on rainfall or along with irrigation. |
|
Weeds |
• First hoeing should be done at 3 weeks after
germination followed by second hoeing at initiation of first spike. |
|
Castor semilooper |
Cultural control: |
|
Tobacco caterpillar |
Biological control: |
|
Red headed hairy caterpillar** |
Cultural control: |
|
Shoot and capsule borer |
Cultural control: |
|
Whitefly** |
Cultural control: |
|
Jassid** |
Cultural control: |
|
Bihar hairy caterpillar** |
Biological control: |
|
Castor slug** |
Cultural control: |
|
Thrips** |
Cultural control: |
|
Seedling blight |
Cultural control: |
|
Alternaria blight |
• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological
practices |
|
Cercospora leaf spot |
• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological
practices |
|
Powdery mildew |
Cultural control: |
|
Collar rot** |
Cultural control: |
|
Wilt |
Cultural control: |
Reproductive/maturity stage
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar
spray of particular micronutrient. |
|
Weeds |
• Remove left over weeds from the field by one
manual weeding to avoid further spread of weed seeds |
|
Shoot and capsule borer |
• Remove damaged shoots |
|
Castor semilooper |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Tobacco caterpillar |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Jassid** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Note: The
pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume sprayer. |
|
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
125 ratings
Castor: Natural
Enemies
Natural Enemies of Castor Insect Pests
Parasitoids
Predators
Resistant/tolerant varieties
|
Pest |
Tolerant/ resistant
variety* |
|
Leaf hopper (Empoasca flaviscens) |
GCH-4, DCS-9, GCH-5, Jwala (48-1),
DCH-519 |
|
Thrips (Retithrips syriacus) |
GCH-4, DCS-9, GCH-5, Jwala (48-1),
DCH-519 |
|
Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f.
sp. ricini |
DCS-9, Jwala (48-1), Harita, GCH-4,
GCH-5, DCH-177, and GCH-7 |
|
Root rot/Die back (Macrophomina
phaseolina) |
Jwala (48-1)GCH-6, and GCH-7 |
|
Grey rot/Grey mould (Botrytis ricini) |
Jwala (48-1) |
IPM for Castor
To know
the IPM practices for Castor, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
120 ratings
Nutritional
Deficiencies/Disorders of Castor
Nitrogen
The deficiency of nitrogen leads
to formation of yellowish or light green coloured leaves and plant becomes
stunted. The leaves and young fruits tend to drop prematurely. The kernels of
cereals and the seed of other crops do not attain their normal size, and become
shriveled and light in weight.
Correction
measure: Apply 8-10 Kg N/acre as top dressing or foliar spray of
urea @ 2-3 percent.
Phosphorous
Deficiency
of phosphorus leads to restricted root and shoot growth, leaves may shed
prematurely, flowering and fruiting may be delayed considerably. In case of
potato tubers phosphorus deficiency leads to formation of rusty brown lesions.
Potassium
Potassium
deficiency causes stunting in growth with shortening of internodes and bushy in
appearance, brings about chlorosis, i.e., yellowing of leaves and leaf scorch
in case of fruit trees. It is also responsible for the ‘dying back tips’ of
shoots. Its deficiency leads to reduction in photosynthesis, blackening of
tubers in case of potato, tips or margin of lower leaves of legumes, maize,
cotton, tobacco and small grains are either scorched or burnt.
Calcium
Deficiency
of calcium leads to ‘Die back’ at the tips and margins of young leaves. Normal
growth of plants is arrested i.e., roots may become short, stubby and bushy,
leaves become wrinkled and the young leaves of cereal crops remain folded. The
acidity of cell sap increases abnormally and it hampers the physiological
function of plant. As a result of which plant suffers and causes the death of
plant at last.
Magnesium
Deficiency
of magnesium leads to yellowing of the older leaves known as chlorosis. Acute
deficiency of magnesium also causes premature defoliation. In case of maize the
leaves develop interveinal white strips, in cotton they change to purplish red,
veins remain dark green, in soybean they turn yellowish and in apple trees,
brown patches (blotches) appear on the leaves.
Sulphur
The
deficiency of sulphur leads to slow growth with slender stalks, nodulation in
legumes may be poor and nitrogen fixation is reduced. The young leaves turn
yellow and the root and stems become abnormally long and develop woodiness. In
case of fruit trees, the fruits become light green, thick skinned and less
juicy. Sulphur deficient plant produces less protein and oil.
IPM for Castor
To know
the IPM practices for Castor, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
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