IPM Stratergies for Pomegranate

    46 ratings Error! Filename not specified. Pomegranate Insect Pests Anar butterfly/ Pomegranate fruit borer Stem borer W...

 

 

46 ratings

Error! Filename not specified.

Pomegranate Insect Pests

1. Anar butterfly/ Pomegranate fruit borer
2. Stem borer
3. Whitefly
4. Shot hole borer
5. Thrips
6. Tailed mealy bug
7. Aphid
8. IPM for Pomegranate

Anar butterfly/ Pomegranate fruit borer

Biology:

• Eggs: Laid singly on tender leaves, stalks and flower buds.
• Larvae - Bark brown, short and stout, covered with short hairs, larval period lasts for 18-47 days.
• Pupation: Occurs either inside the damaged fruits or on the stalk holding it. Pupal period lasts for 7-34 days. Total life cycle is completed in 1 to 2 months.
• Adult - Bluish brown butterfly.

Damage symptoms:

• Caterpillar bores into young fruits.
• Feeds on internal contents (pulp and seeds)
• Fruit rotting and dropping may occur

Favourable conditions:

• It is mostly prevalent during the 'mrig' bahar.
• Fruit injury revealed at the age of 30—50 days.

Life cycle:

Stem borer

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are laid in young living plants in stems and is deposited under the bark. The number of eggs laid by female is 20-40
• Grub: Newly emerged larva is about 1/4 of an inch long the mature larva is about 2.1/2 inches long. On hatching the larva feeds on the soft tissues around the oviposition cavity and then bores into the stem and roots. The length of the larval period is about nine or ten month.
• Pupal: Period is16 to 18 days. There is only one generation per year and longevity of beetles is 45 to 60 days.
• Adult: Pale yellowish-brown body with light grey elytra and are 30 to 35 mm long. The beetle emerges by eating a circular hole through the bark. Adult beetles are 1.1/4 to 1.1/2 inches long, dull, yellowishbrown, the sides of the body and legs bluish, elytra yellowish-grey with a large number of black spots varying in size from a pin's head to minute specks.

Damage symptoms:

• The grubs bore inside the trunk and feed on sapwood.
• Adult beetles are active by the day and feed by gnawing the green bark of shoots.
• Holes on bark of main stems, excreta and dry powdered material are usually seen near the base of plants.

Life cycle:

Natural enemies of stem borer:

Predators: Damsel bugs, elm leaf beetle, spiders, tachinid flies, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp.), braconid wasp

Whitefly

Biology:

• Eggs: Eggs are laid in a circle on the underside of leaves.
• Nymph: short glass like rods of wax along the sides of the body
• Adult: Powdery white, active during early morning hours.

Damage symptoms:

• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves
• Honey dew - development of sooty mould fungus
• Yellowing of leaves.
• Dropping of affected leaves.

Life cycle:

Shot hole borer

Biology:

• Eggs are oval or round, shiny and iridescent white.
• Larvae are white and legless, and can be up to 4 mm long.
• Adult is about 2-3 mm long, black to reddish-brown, and cigar shaped. They have a short, stubbed head capsule, with chewing mouthparts. Male adults do not fly. Two generations per year.

Damage symptoms:

• Adult females bore into the basal part of the stem and roots. Causes Small shot holes on roots, main trunk, wilting and finally leads to death of the tree

Favourable conditions:

• They survive in temperatures ranging from -26 to 15°C. The flight activity is greatest late afternoon or early evening and the beetles usually fly at or below 15 ft .

Life cycle:

Natural enemies of shot hole borer:

Parasitoids: Trichogramma, Tetrastichus spp., Telenomus spp., Chelonus blackburni, Carcelia spp. Campoletis chlorideae, Bracon spp.

Predators: Chrysoperla sp. rove beetles, spiders, parasitic wasp, coccinellids, robber fly, dragonfly, Beduviid bug (Geocoris sp.), praying mantis, fire ants, pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona fucellata), earwigs, ground beetles, common mynah, king crow,

Thrips

Biology:

• The adults are minute, slender, soft bodied insects with heavily fringed wings, blackish brown with yellowish wings and measure 1.4 mm long. Scirtothrips dorsalis adult is straw yellow in colour. The nymphs are minute yellowish brown in colour.
• Female lays on an average 50 dirty white bean-shaped eggs on the under surface of leaves.
• The incubation period is 3-8 days. Newly hatched nymphs are reddish and turn yellowish brown as they grow.
• Pupal period lasts 2-5 days

Damage symptoms:

• Both nymphs and adults feed on the underside of the leaves by rasping the surface and sucking the oozing cell-sap.
• Leaf tip turn brown and get curled, drying and shedding of flowers and scab on fruits which will reduce the market value.

Favourable condition:

• · The incidence of this pest is mainly seen from July to October with the peak period in September.

Life cycle:

Natural enemies of thrips:

• Parasitoids: Ceranisus menes
• Predators: Syrphid fly, minute pirate bug, praying mantis, predatory thrips, damsel bug, lace wing, coccinellid, spider etc.

Tailed mealy bug

Biology:

• The female laid eggs in groups which lay beneath the body in a loose ovisac of waxy fibers.
• Fecundity (egg number) ranged from 109 to 185 per generation.
• The oviposition period lasted 20-29 days.
• The incubation period lasted about 3-4 hours.
• Female and male nymphs molted 3 and 4 times, respectively, and the development period varied from 26-47 and 31-57 days, respectively.
• Longevity of the adult female was 36-53 days and for the male, 1-3 days.

Damage symptoms:

• Premature dropping of fruit.

Favourable conditions:

• Moist and warm conditions are favourable.

Life cycle:

Natural enemies of mealy bug:

Predators: Menochilus sexmaculatus,Rodolia fumida, Cryptolaemus montrozieri

Aphid

Biology:

• Eggs: Eggs hatch after one or two days. Young aphids, called nymphs.
• Nymph: Oval or slightly elongated, reddish brown with six segmented antennae
• Adult: Small yellowish green typically colonizing the upper sides of mature leaves of pomegranate, concentrated along the midribs and around the leaf margins; also found on flowers and, rarely, fruits. Aphids reproduce in two ways: by laying eggs and laying live young, which birth process is depends on environmental conditions and the availability of food. When food is plentiful, aphids give birth to live young. Populations develop quickly as this pest has many young, a short life span and pre-adult insects can also give birth.

Damage symptoms:

• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves, shoots and fruits
• Yellowing of leaves
• Wilting of terminal shoots.

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Life cycle:

Natural enemies of aphids:

Predators: Parasitic wasp, Chrysoperla sp., ladybird beetle, predatory mite, syrphid fly etc.

IPM for Pomegranate

To know the IPM practices for Pomegranate, click here.

Source : NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

33 ratings

Insect pest of Pomegranate in Hot Arid Region

1. Pomegranate Butterfly (Deudorix isocrates)
2. Fruit sucking moths (Eudocima fullonica & E. maternal)
3. IPM for Pomegranate

Pomegranate Butterfly (Deudorix isocrates)

• It is widely distributed all over India and is found wherever pomegranates are grown.

Host Range

• It is a polyphagous pest having a very wide range of host plants, including, aonla, apple, ber, citrus, guava, litchi, loquat, mulberry, peach, pear, plum, pomegranate, sapota and tamarind.

Nature of Damage

• On hatching, the caterpillars bore inside the developing fruits and are usually found feeding on pulp and seeds just below the rind.
• As many as eight caterpillars may be found in a single fruit.
• The conspicuous symptoms of damage are offensive smell and excreta of the caterpillars coming out of entry holes, the excreta are found stuck around the holes.

• Sometimes the holes may also be seen plugged with the anal end of a caterpillar.
• The affected fruits ultimately fall down and are of no use.

Description

• Eggs are laid singly on calyx of flowers or tender fruits.
• Caterpillar is stoutly built dirty brown in colour, with light patches, a few short hairs and measures about 16-20 mm long.

• Larval period is 18-47 days.
• The adult is bluish brown.
• On female adult V shaped patch on forewing.

Management

• Remove and destroy the affected fruits.
• Before maturity, bag the fruits with butter paper.
• Clip off calyx cup immediately after pollination followed by two applications of neem oil @ 3 %.
• Release T. chilonis at 2.5 lakh/ha, four times at ten days interval has been recommended.
• At flowering stage, spray NSKE 5% or neem formulations 2 ml/1.
• Spray deltamethrin 2.8 EC (1.5 ml/litre of water) at fortnightly interval from the stage of flowering to fruit development.
• Spray malathion 50 EC 0.1% or azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 3.0 ml/l at 15 days intervals commencing from initiation of flowering up to the harvesting subjected to the presence of fruit borer

Fruit sucking moths (Eudocima fullonica & E. maternal)

• This pest is distributed in Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Hawai, Thailand, India etc. The caterpillars of these are leaf defoliators on weed hosts viz., Tinospora cardifolia, Cocculus pendulus and C. hirsutus.

Host Range

• Besides citrus, it also attacks pomegranate, grapes, apple, castor, ber, guava etc.

Nature of Damage

• It is only the moths that are destructive to citrus fruits.
• The moths are distinguished by having particularly well developed proboscis with dentate tips with which they are able to pierce the ripening fruits.
• The moths are nocturnal in habit and may be seen flying about in orchards after dusk especially during rainy season.
• The damaged fruits soon start rotting as the punctured regions are easily infected with bacteria and fungi and ultimately the fruits drop prematurely.

Description

• The adults of O. fullonica has pale orange brown body with forewings dark greyish and the hind wings orange red with two black curved patches.
• The adults of O. materna has pale greenish gray upper wings with pale white markings and the lower wings with a marginal dark brown region mixed with white spots and a circular dark spot.

• The caterpillar is a semilooper, dark brown with yellow and red spots.
• Full grown caterpillars are 50 - 60 mm long, stout, velvety-blue with yellow patterns on dorsal and lateral sides and having a hump at anal end.

Management

• Systematic destruction of weed host plants on which the caterpillars feed in the vicinity of orchards helps to check the pest population.
• Bagging of fruits has been suggested in small scale.
• Creating smoke in the orchards after sunset may keep the pest at bay.
• Covering the entire orchard with nylon net followed by spray with contact insecticide has been recommended.
• Spraying oil emulsions once in 10 days to act as a deterrent.
• Poison baiting (20 g malathion 50% W.P. + 200 g jaggery or molasses in 2 L of water) has been found quite affective.

Source: Insect Pest Of Arid Fruit Crops

IPM for Pomegranate

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3   

 

19 ratings and

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Pomegranate Beneficial insects

1. Natural Enemies of Pomegranate
2. Parasitoids
1. Egg Parasitoid:
2. Nymphal Parasitoid:
3. Larval Parasitoids:
4. Larval  pupal parasitoids
3. Predators
4. IPM for Pomegranate

Natural Enemies of Pomegranate

Parasitoids

Egg Parasitoid:

Nymphal Parasitoid:

Larval Parasitoids:

Larval  pupal parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Pomegranate

To know the IPM practices for Pomegranate, click here.

Source : NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

32 ratings and

Pomegranate Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Pre planting*
2. Planting*
3. Vegetative stages
4. Flowering and Fruiting
5. Post harvest

Management	Activity
Pre planting*
	Common cultural practices: Timely planting should be done. Field sanitation, rogueing Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations Sow the ecological engineering plants Sow the intercrops as per the season. Sow/plant sorghum/maize/pearl millet in 4 rows all around the crops as a guard/barrier crop.
Nutrients	Pits are dug 60-75 cm3 before the onset of monsoon. The pits are filled with 20-25 kg of FYM or Compost, 1 kg of super phosphate. The plants are planted usually in square or hexagonal system. The distance of planting in case of many improved varieties is 5.0 X 4.0 m. For higher yields during the first 4-5 years after planting, a distance of 5 X 2 m may be adopted and alternate plants may be removed afterwards maintaining a planting distance of 5 X 4 m.
Weeds	Weeds should be removed from the field to avoid further spread of weed seeds
Soil-borne pathogens, and resting stages of insects	Cultural control: Deep summer ploughing of fields to exposes dormant stages (pupa and larva) and subsequently reduces their initial population build up Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before planting for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil-borne pests including weeds. Ploughing in inter- space.
Bacterial leaf spot	Cultural control: Proper plant & row spacing Selection of disease free seedlings for fresh planting Use of plenty of organics + micronutrients + recommended NPK
Planting*
	Common cultural practices: Use resistant/tolerant planting material/seedlings Use healthy, certified and weed free planting material. Follow proper plant spacing
Nutrients	One year old plants should be applied about 10 kg of FYM and  150 to 200 grams of Ammonium sulphate. This amount is increased every year, so that a five year old plant gets 50 kg FYM and 1 Kg of Ammonium sulphate.The adult bearing trees are applied with 675g of Nitrogen, 250g each of Phosphorous and Potash.
Weeds	Remove weeds before planting.
Soil-borne pathogens, and resting stages of insects	Cultural control: Clean cultivation: For healthy growth keep basin clean. Soil health: Avoid water logging, keep soil raked and aerated, to reduce invasion of shot hole borer. Detection of pest: The infestation should be detected periodically by looking out for drying branches. Moderate to heavy pruning to remove disease affected, broken, crisscross branches, water sprouts, suckers and opening canopy to improve light penetration. Mechanical control: Uproot infested trees: Infested young plants should be uprooted and burnt.
* Apply Trichoderma viride/ harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed/seedling/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative stages
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy crop debris Provide irrigation at the critical stages of the crop Avoid water logging Avoid water stress during flowering stage Follow judicious use of fertilizers Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical pesticide spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed in the crops field. Common mechanical practices: Collect and destroy disease infected and insect infested plant parts Collect and destroy eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm. Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering 25 Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	Irrigation interval may vary from 1-3 days depending upon weather condition, age of plant, crop stage, soil type etc. Provide less irrigation during new leaf emergence and flower development stages as excess water during these Stages may lead poor flowering. Apply NPK@ 170-40-40g/tree and FYM@ 10kg/tree if the crop age is 3years, NPK@ 170-40-85g/tree and FYM @ 15kg/tree crop age is 4 years, NPK @ 210-85-85 g/tree and FYM @ 20kg/tree crop age is above 5years. Along with recommended dosage of NPK and FYM apply Neem cake 0.5kg + vermicompost 1.5kg + calcium ammonium nitrate 50g/tree in circular trench (15-20 cm wide of 8-10cm depth) at 45-60cm apart from the stem, cover the trenches properly with soil and start irrigation.
Weeds	Remove weeds before flowering.
Shot hole borer	Cultural control: Avoid water logging and rake the soil Mechanical control: Infested young plants should be uprooted and burnt.
Stem boring beetle	Cultural control: Detect early infestation periodically looking out for drying branches.
Pomegranate butterfly	Cultural control: Clean cultivation and maintenance of health and vigour of the tree should be followed. The fruits if screened with polythene or paper bags may escape infestation. Removal and destruction of all the affected fruits. Mechanical control: Remove weeds of compositae family Detect early infestation by periodically looking for drying branches. Biological control: Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 1.0 lakhs/ acre four times at 10 days interval
Flowering and Fruiting
	Common cultural practices Same as in vegetative stage
Nutrients	Collect & burn fallen leaves /debris from the orchard Harrowing in interspaces. Apply full dose of well rotten FYM and P, 1/3rd N&K fertilizers @ 330-85-85g/tree and FYM @ 20kg/tree for 3year old plant, NPK@ 330-85-165 g/tree and FYM @ 25 kg/tree crop age is 4yrars, NPK @415-165-165 g/tree and FYM @ 30 kg/tree crop age is above 5 years along with micronutrients (ZnSO4, FeSO4, MnSO4 each 25g and10g Borax (Boron) /tree)+ Neem Cake 1- 1.5 kg /tree + Vermicompost 2 kg/tree in shallow trench or ring (15-20 cm wide of 8-10cm depth) at 45-60cm apart from the stem, cover the trenches properly with soil and give light irrigation immediately after fertilizer application. There should not be moisture stress at fruit setting, fruit maturation and fruit ripening.
Weeds	Remove weeds and suckers Remove suckers & take up timely weeding
Butterfly/fruit sucking moth	Cultural control: Remove eggs from calyx. Collect and destroy damaged fruits Follow clean cultivation as weed plants serve as alternate hosts Mechanical control: Prune the affected parts of the plant and destroy. Detect early infestation by periodically looking for drying branches. Use light trap @ 1/ acre to monitor the activity of adults Biological control: Release Trichogramma chilonis at one lacs/acre
Shot hole borer	Mechanical control: Infested trees should be uprooted and brunt, especially the root zone. Prune the affected fruits and buds of the plant and destroy. Detect early infestation by periodically looking for drying branches
Thrips	Cultural control: Keep basin clean. Maintain adequate aeration by proper training and pruning Mechanical control: Prune the affected parts of the plant and destroy. Detect early infestation by periodical monitoring for drying branches. Use of blue sticky traps @ 4-10 traps/acre Biological control: Conservation and release of defenders like Syrphids and Coccinellids should be done to suppress sucking pests.
Mealy bugs	Cultural control: Collect and destroy the infested plant parts Remove alternate hosts Biological control: Conservation and release of defenders like Syrphids and coccinellids should be conserved to suppress sucking pests. Release Cryptolaemus montrouzieri near the site of mealy bug @ 10/tree.
Aphid	Cultural control: Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts Maintain adequate aeration by proper training and pruning Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-10 traps /acre Biological control: Release first instar larva of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi @ 15 / flowering branch (four times) at 10 days interval from flower initiation during April.
Whitefly	Cultural control: Field sanitation Removal of host plants Maintain adequate aeration by proper training and pruning Install yellow sticky traps @ 4-10 traps /acre Biological control: Release of predators viz., Coccinellid predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and lacewing, Release of parasitoids viz., Encarsia haitierrsis and E. guadeloupae
Bacterial leaf and fruit spot	Cultural control: Clean cultivation and strict sanitation in orchard Prune and burn affected branches and fruits should be done regularly Collect and burn fallen infected leaves and fruits
Leaf and fruit spot	Cultural control: The diseased fruits and twigs should be pruned and destroyed. 10% garlic and onion bulb extracts is effective in controlling the disease. Chemical control: Apply Propineb 70% WP @ 0.30% or 120g in 80 l of water as required depending upon size of the tree and plant protection equipment used
Anthracnose	Cultural control: Select Haste or Ambe bahar Wider plant spacing, yearly pruning of trees. Proper disposal of diseased leaves, twigs and fruits. Chemical control: Apply Kitazin 48% EC @ 0.20% or 80ml in 80 l of water as require depending upon crop stage and plant protection equipment used
Fruit rot & scab**	Cultural control: Select Haste or Ambe bahar Wider plant spacing, yearly pruning of trees. Proper disposal of diseased leaves, twigs and fruits.
Post harvest
Pest & diseases	Cultural methods: Mechanical control: Remove and destroy all the affected fruits to reduce, the incidence of Anar butterfly. Cover the fruit with paper bags when the fruits are sized up to 5 cm.

Source : NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

33 ratings

Pomegranate Diseases

1. Bacterial leaf and fruit spot
2. Leaf and fruit spot
3. Anthracnose
4. Fusarium wilt
5. IPM for Pomegranate

Bacterial leaf and fruit spot

Disease symptoms:

• Appearance of one to several small water soaked, dark colored irregular spots on leaves resulting in premature defoliation under severe cases.
• The pathogen also infects stem and branches causing girdling and cracking symptoms.
• Spots on fruits were dark brown irregular slightly raised with oily appearance, which split open with L-shaped cracks under severe cases.

Survival and spread:

• Primary source of inoculum is Infected cuttings
• Secondary source of inoculum spreads through Wind splashed rains.

Favourable conditions:

• The increase in day temperature (38.6°C) and afternoon relative humidity of 30.4% along with cloudy weather and intermittent rainfall favored the disease initiation and further spread of the disease.

Leaf and fruit spot

Disease symptoms:

• Leaf spots are minute, brown with yellow halo.
• Spots are scattered, circular or irregular and become dark brown with age.
• Spots on lower side are sunken with clusters of spore bearing structures hence greyish in colour.
• Minute, circular, black spots appear on sepals of the flower.
• Fruit spots are black, minute and circular on rind.
• When grow old, become large, irregularly circular and depressed presenting an ugly look to the fruits.

Favourable conditions:

• Optimum temperature is 25-32°C with night temperatures above 16°C, and a relative humidity of 90-95%.

Survival and spread:

• Primary spread : Diseased plant debris
• Secondary spread : Wind borne conidia

Anthracnose

Disease Symptoms:

• Small, regular to irregular black spots on leaves, calyx region and fruits which turn later on as dark brown depressed spots.
• Infected leaves turn yellow and drop off.

Survival and spread:

• Primary source of inoculum: Infected leaves
• Secondary source of inoculum: windborne conidia.

Favourable conditions:

• The disease is severe during August-September when there is high humidity, and the temperature  between 20-27ºC.

Fusarium wilt

Disease symptoms:

• Affected plants show yellowing of leaves in some twigs or branches, followed by drooping and drying of leaves.
• The entire tree dies in few months or a year.
• When affected tree is cut open lengthwise or cross-section dark grayish-brown discolouration of wood is seen.

IPM for Pomegranate

To know the IPM practices for Pomegranate, click here.

Source : NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.26   

 

38 ratings and 3

Pomegranate Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
2. Pests of Regional Significance:
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. IPM for Pomegranate

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Anar butterfly: Deudorix (Virachola) isocrates Fabricus (Lepidoptera: Lycanidae)
• Stem borer: Coelosterna spinator Febricius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
• Whitefly: Siphorinus phillyreae Haliday (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
• Shot hole borer: Xyleborus perforans Wollastan (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
• Thrips: Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood or Rhiphiphorothrips cruentatus Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Fruit borers: Conogethes punctiferalis, (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Diseases

• Bacterial leaf and fruit spot: Xanthomonas axonopodies pv. punicae (Hingorani and Singh) Vauterin et al.
• Leaf and fruit spot: Pseudocercospora punicae (Hennings) Deighton
• Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.
• Wilt: Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.

Pests of Regional Significance:

Insect pests

• Pomegranate aphid: Aphis punicae Passerini (Homoptera: Aphididae)
• Mealy bugs: Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Homoptera: Coccidae)
• Fruit borer: Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Fruit sucking moth: Eudocima spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Diseases

• Fruit scab: Speciloma sp.
• Leaf spot: Alternaria sp. and Cercospora sp.
• Fruit rot: Phytophthora spp., Aspergillus foetidus Thom & Raper

IPM for Pomegranate

To know the IPM practices for Pomegranate, click here.

Source : NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage