IPM Stratergies for Amla

Amla Beneficial insects Parasitoids Nymphal and adult Nymphal and Pupal Egg, larval & pulal parasitoid Predators ...

Amla Beneficial insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Nymphal and adult
2. Nymphal and Pupal
3. Egg, larval & pulal parasitoid
2. Predators
3. IPM for Amla

Parasitoids

Nymphal and adult

Nymphal and Pupal

Egg, larval & pulal parasitoid

Predators

IPM for Amla

To know the IPM practices for Amla, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.88   

 

34 ratings

Amla Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Pre-Planting
2. Planting
3. Vegetative stage
4. Flowering and fruiting stages
5. Post harvest

Management	Activity
Pre-Planting
	Common cultural practices: Timely planting should be done. Field sanitation, roguing Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations Sow the ecological engineering plants Sow the intercrops as per the season. Sow/plant sorghum/maize/pearl millet in 4 rows all around the crops as a guard/barrier crop.
Nutrients	Apply 4 tonnes of well decomposed farm yard manure per acre Apply 90:120:48 of NPK along with elemental sulphur 10 kg and micro nutrients 10 kg per acre. 15 kg of FYM and 0.5 kg of phosphorus should be applied to each pit before planting.
Weeds	Regular weeding should be done
Resting stages of soil borne pathogens, pests	Cultural control: Deep summer ploughing of fields to control soil borne pathogens and subsequently reduces their initial population build up. Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil-borne pests including weeds.
Planting
	Common cultural practices: Use resistant/tolerant planting material/seedlings Follow proper plant spacing Use healthy, certified and weed free planting material.
Nutrients	Application of nitrogen 30 g/tree of each year during September – October up to 10 years. The young plants should be given 15-20 kg of well rotten FYM and the mature trees should be given 1 kg of Super Phosphate and 1-1.5kg of muriate of potash The above fertilizers should be given in two split doses to mature, bearing tree, once during September-October and during April-May. After setting of the fruits the plants needs to be irrigated after fertilizer application.
Weeds	Same as in pre planting stage
Resting stages of soil borne pathogens, pests	Same as in pre planting stage
Note: Apply Trichoderma viride/ harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed/seedling/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required)
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy crop debris Provide irrigation at the critical stages of the crop Avoid water logging Avoid water stress during flowering stage Follow judicious use of fertilizers Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical pesticide spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed in the crops field. Common mechanical practices: Collect and destroy disease infected and insect infested plant parts. Collect and destroy eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages Hand pick the gregarious caterpillars and cocoons which are found on stem/branches and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrient	As indicated during planting stage.
Weeds	Same as indicated during pre planting stage
Bark eating caterpillar	Cultural control: Keep orchard clean by proper sanitation. Detect early infestation by periodically looking out for drying young shoots. Collect loose and damaged bark & destroy. Kill larvae by inserting iron spike or wire into hole
Apical twig gall maker	Cultural control: Adopt training and pruning to discourage overcrowding of branches. Galled shoots should be pruned and destroyed along with the pest after harvest
Aphids	Cultural control: Clipping off and destruction of affected leaf and shoot. Collect and destroy alternate weed hosts. Eract yellow pan traps @ 4-5 trap/acre Biological control: Scymnus, Chilomens sexmaculatus, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi and other coccinellids, Predatory mantids, green lace wings, ladybird beetles and parasitic wasps
Mealy Bug	Cultural control Follow clean cultivation and maintenance of health and vigour of the tree. Prune affected parts and destroy them at early stages of infestation. Early detection of mealy bugs - presence of ants - indicator Cutting of infested twigs and leaves and burying them Biological control: Field release of green lace wing Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi Several species of ladybird beetles such as Chilocorus sp. and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri are efficient predator.
Pomegranate butterfly	Cultural control: Clean cultivation and maintenance of health and vigour of the tree should be followed. Infested fruits should be identified, collected and destroyed to prevent further spread of infestation. Mechanical control: Remove weeds of compositae family Detect early infestation by periodically looking for drying branches. Biological control: Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 1.0 lakhs/ acre four times at 10 days interval.
White fly	Cultural control: Clipping of and destruction of infested leaves. Avoid water stress and water log conditions. Avoid planting in low land areas. Mechanical control: Remove the puparia bearing leaves and immediately disposing by burning or burying to prevent emergence of adult white flies Use yellow sticky traps. Biological control: Release parasitoids Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus sp. Release predators Dicyphus hesperus (mirid bug), dragonfly, spider, robber fly, praying mantis, fire ants, coccinellids, lace wings, big eyed bugs (Geocoris spp.) etc
Leaf miner	Cultural control: Avoid pruning live branches more than once a year, so that the cycles of flushing are uniform and short. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer at the times of the year when leaf miner populations are high and flush growth will be severely damaged.. Set up yellow pan water trap/sticky traps 15 cm above the canopy for monitoring and management of leaf minor @ 8-10 traps/acre. Biological control: Release natural enemies wasp like Pnigalio spp and Closterocerus spp.
Hairy caterpillars and Leaf roller	Cultural control: Hand pick caterpillars and destroy the infest plant parts along with larva.
Rust	Cultural control: Grow tolerant/resistant cultivars like Banarasi and Chakaiya. Maintain proper plant distance and aeration by training and pruning. Severely infected plant parts should be pruned and destroyed
Flowering and fruiting stages
	Common cultural practices: Same as in vegetative stage. Common mechanical practices: Same as in vegetative stage Common biological practices: Same as in vegetative stage
Nutrients	Same as indicated during planting stage.
Weeds	Same as indicated during pre planting stage
Apical twig gall maker	Same as indicated during vegetative stage
Mealy Bug	Same as indicated during vegetative stage
Pomegranate butterfly	Same as indicated during vegetative stage
Fruit sucking moths	Cultural control: Collect and destroy the infested plant parts along with the larva. Biological control: Release or increase population of biocontrol agents like Charops obtusus Morley, Rhogas spp., Apanteles hyposidrae Wilkinson, Euplectrus maternus
Hairy caterpillars and Leaf roller	Same as indicated during vegetative stage
Rust	Same as indicated during vegetative stage
Fruit rot	Cultural control: Prune and destroy pruned cuttings and debris by burning, burying, or ploughing them into the soil. Avoid injury to fruits.
Post harvest
Pest & diseases	Mechanical control: Remove and destroy all the affected fruits to reduce, the incidence of Anar butterfly.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.9   

 

41 ratings

Amla Diseases

1. Diseases
1. Rust
2. Soft rot
3. Disease cycles:
2. Nutritional Deficiency/ Disorder
3. IPM for Amla

Diseases

Rust

Disease symptoms:

• On fruits initially few black pustules appear which later develop in to a ring.
• The pustules join together and cover big area of the fruit.
• On leaves, pinkish brown pustules develop which may be arranged in group or scattered as infection of fruit does not go on leaves and vice-versa.
• Teleospores of Ravenelia emblicae causes the fruit and leaf infection

Favourable condition:

• Favourable condition is after monsoon in September

Soft rot

Disease symptoms:

• Smoke brown to black round lesions develop on fruits within 2-3 days of infection.
• The diseased parts later show olive brown discoloration with water soaked areas extending toward both the ends of fruits forming an eye shaped appearance.
• Infected fruits become dark brown, crinkled with softening of underlining tissues and get deformed.
• Fungus causes infection both in young and mature fruits, but mature fruits are found to be more susceptible.

Favourable conditions:

• Disease is favored by hot and wet weather. The optimum temperature for fungal growth is 29˚C and it grows well up to 32˚C.

Disease cycles:

Nutritional Deficiency/ Disorder

Disorder symptoms:

• Internal necrosis in amla fruits is caused by Boron deficiency.
• The symptoms start with the browning of the innermost part of mesocarpic tissue at the time of endocarp hardening in the 2nd or 3rd week of September which later extends towards the epicarp resulting into brownish black appearance of the flesh.

Control measures: Spray 0.6% borox during September to October thrice at an interval of 10-15 days.

IPM for Amla

To know the IPM practices for Amla, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.09   

 

35 ratings

Amla Insect Pests

1. Bark eating caterpillar
2. Apical twig gall maker
3. Aphids
4. Mealy Bug
5. White fly
6. Pomegranate/ Anar butterfly
7. Leaf miner
8. IPM for Amla

Bark eating caterpillar

Biology:

• Eggs: 50 on bark in May-June, larval period is about 8-11 days. Spherical eggs, usually singly, are laid in bark cracks. No. of generation : 1/year
• Larva: Larval period 8-10 months till about 3rd week of April. The larval stage is for about 10 months. The larva is brown to black, shiny, sparsely hairy and measures 4.5-5.0 cm before pupation.
• Pupa: Pupation inside larval tunnel, pupal period is about 21-41 days.
• Adult: Moth is creamy white with brown markings on the forewing. Moth longevity is 3 days.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Make tunnels in the main trunk and branches
• Larvae construct loose irregular webbing of silken threads
• Deterioration of vitality, reduction in yield

Favourable conditions:

• Attacks in April at initiation of new growth after dormancy

Apical twig gall maker

Damage symptoms:

• In the beginning of the infestation terminal shoots swell, which increases in size with the passage of time.
• The young insects penetrate from apical portion of the shoot after the monsoon and feed inside the tissue, changing into galls. Growth of shoot is hampered and few lateral shoots develop below galls
• Full size galls can be seen in the month of October-November

Favourable conditions:

• Favourable condition is rainy season.
• Attacks during monsoon on onset of new growth

Aphids

Biology:

• Eggs: Eggs hatch after one or two days. Young aphids are called nymphs.
• Nymph: Oval or slightly elongated, reddish brown with six segmented antennae.
• Adult: Aphids reproduce in two ways: by laying eggs and laying live young, which birth process is depends on environmental conditions and the availability of food. When food is plentiful, aphids give birth to live young. Populations develop quickly as this pest has many young, a short life span and pre-adult insects can also give birth.

Life cycle:

Damage symptom:

• Nymph and adults suck sap by remaining on the under surface of leaves
• Yellowing of leaves wit sugary executes (honey dew)

Favourable condition:

• The incidence of this pest is mainly seen from July to October with the peak period in September.

Natural enemies of aphids:

Parasitoids: Aphidius colemani

Predators: Dicyphus hesperus, Lacewing, Ladybird beetle

Mealy Bug

Biology:

• Nymph: Yellowish to pale white.
• Adult: Females apterous, long, slender covered with white waxy secretions Incubation period 3 to 4 hours. Egg masses on leaves under female. The developmental period of nymph of male and female varies from 31 to 57 and 26 - 47 days respectively. Longevity of male is 1-3 days and female is 36-53 days.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Insect covers tender growing points with white mass and suck the sap
• Nymphs and adult female remains clustered on ventral surface of leaves, terminal shoots and sometimes on fruit and suck cell sap and reduce the plant vitality
• Yellowing of leaves, premature shedding of fruits

Favourable condition:

Moist and warm conditions are most favourable Natural enemies of mealy bug: Predetors: Chrysoperla spp., Coccinellids spp

White fly

Biology:

• Egg: Females lay eggs in a line near the midrib or anywhere on the lower surface of the leaves. Eggs are yellowish with a small curved stalk. Colour changes to black about two hours after the eggs are laid.
• Nymph & Pupa: Neonate nymphs are pale yellow in colour, flat and oval in shape, later turn shiny black. Its body is surrounded by fringes of wax. The fourth instar being the pupal stage, is flat, oval, grayish in colour and slightly bigger than the nymph. There is a ‘T’ shaped white marking on the thorax, which splits at the time of adult emergence.
• Adult: Pale yellow body with hyaline wings dusted with waxy bloom, exhibit brisk fluttering movements

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Yellowing of leaves
• Leaf turns pinkish or purple and later gradually dry.
• Infested leaves show white and black dots.

Natural enemies of whitefly:

Parasitoids- Nymphal and pupal: Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus sp.

Predators: Dicyphus spp., Lacewing, Ladybird beetle, .Big-eyed bugs, Hesperus spp. (mirid bug)

Pomegranate/ Anar butterfly

Biology:

• Eggs: On calyx of flowers or on fruits, egg period is about 7-10 days.
• Larva: Short, stout, dark brown with short hairs and whitish patches all over the body and 2 cm long. Larva: Larval period is about 18 to 47 days.
• Pupa: Pupation inside the fruit or on fruit stalk, pupal period is about 7-34 days.
• Adults: Medium sized, males are bluish violet while females are brownish violet with orange patch on forewings Life cycle: 1-2 months. No. of generation are 4 per year. Pest is active throughout the year.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Caterpillars bore the fruits, feed on pulp and seeds.
• Damaged fruits subsequently get infected by bacteria resulting in rotting of fruits.
• Such rotten fruit gives offensive smell and fall down.
• The excreta of the larva around the entry holes are seen.

Favourable condition:

• Attack of this insect occurs during September-October, coinciding well with the fruiting

Leaf miner

Biology:

• Eggs: Females lay eggs in the evening and at night. Each egg looks like a water droplet. Immediately after hatching (2 – 10 days depending on weather conditions), larva immediately enters the leaf tissue and begin feeding.
• Larva: Fully developed larvae are minute (1/8" or 3 mm), translucent greenish yellow, and located inside the leaf mine.
• Pupa: Larvae go through four stages of moults (instars) and development to pupa takes from 5 – 20 days. Pupal stage lasts 6 – 22 days.
• Adults: Adults generally are too minute to be easily noticed. Active dusk to dawn. Life cycle takes 2 – 7 weeks to complete, depending on temperature & other weather conditions.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Newly emerged leaves are preferred feeding sites
• Larvae may also form mines in succulent stems and sometimes fruit.
• Larvae feed by creating mines on the underside of young leaves
• Severely damaged leaves typically become curled and distorted

Natural enemies of leaf miner:

Parasitoids: 1. Pnigalio spp. 2. Closterocerus spp

IPM for Amla

To know the IPM practices for Amla, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

32 ratings

Amla pests

1. Pests of National Significance in Amla
1. Insect Pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
2. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect Pests
2. Diseases
3. Disorders
4. Rodents
5. Birds
3. IPM for Amla

Pests of National Significance in Amla

Insect Pests

• Bark eating caterpillar: Inderdela tetraonis Moore (Lepidoptera: Metarbalidae)
• Apical twig gall maker: Betonsa stylophora Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae)
• Mealy bug: Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Homoptera: Coccidae)
• Aphids: Setaphis bougainvilleae Theob. (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Diseases

• Leaf rust: Phakopsora phyllanthi Diet.
• Ring rust: Ravenelia emblicae Stydlia.

Weeds

• Purple nut sedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cypraceae)
• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers (Poaceae)
• Tridax: Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae)
• Large crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis L. (Poaceae)
• Yellow foxtail: Setaria glaucae L. (Poaceae)
• Tick weed: Cleome viscose L. (Capparidaceae)
• Torpedo grass: Panicum repens L. (Poaceae)
• Horse purslanes: Trainthema monogyne L. (Aizoaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect Pests

• Pomegranate butterfly: Virachola isocrates Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
• Fruit sucking moths: Achaea sp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Hairy caterpillar: Euproctis sp. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
• Leaf roller: Gracillaria theivora Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
• Leaf miner: Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
• White fly: Aleurolobus barodensis Maskell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Diseases

• Soft rot: Phomopsis phyllanthi Punith

Disorders

• Internal necrosis

Rodents

• Lesser bandicoot (Bandicota benglesis Gray)
• Soft furred field rat (Melordia meltada Gray)
• House rat (Ratus rattus L.)

Birds

• Rose ringed parakeet

IPM for Amla

To know the IPM practices for Amla, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

28 ratings

Insect Pest os Aonla in Hot Arid Region

1. Aonla mealy bug (Nipaecoccus viridis)
2. IPM for Amla

Aonla mealy bug (Nipaecoccus viridis)

• Found in several countries in the Afro-tropical, Asian (including Hawaiian islands), Oriental and Palearctic regions.

Host Range

• It is highly polyphagous pest in India. It mainly infects aonla, citrus, cotton, jute etc

Nature of Damage

• Primarily occurring on foliage and fruit of host.
• The attacked new shoots are found bending and twisting with yellowing of leaves.

• In case of severe infestation, twigs become leafless and dry.
• Excessive excretion of honeydew is noticed.
• Flowers dry up and drop

Description

• Body round or broadly oval; somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally; purple or blue green; covered by thick white, creamy, or pale yellow wax.
• Ovisac covering dorsum; probably with 5 or 6 pairs of lateral wax filaments.

• Apparently oviparous, eggs purple.
• Dorsum probably with waxy filaments.
• Ventral multilocular pores usually on all abdominal segments and on head.

Source: Insect Pest of Arid Fruit Crops

IPM for Amla

To know the IPM practices for Amla, click here.

 

2.94   

 

18 ratings and

Apple Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematode
4. Weeds
2. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. IPM for Apple

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

• San-Jose-scale: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• Woolly apple aphid: Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Apple leaf folder and fruit scrapper: Archips termias (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
• Root borer: Dorysthenes hugelli Redtenbacher (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
• Apple stem borer: Apriona cinerea Cheverlot (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
• Indian gypsy moth: Lymantria obfuscate Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae)
• Blossom thrips: Thrips fl avus Schrank (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Spider mites: Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina : Tetranychidae)
• European red mite: Panonychus ulmi Koch (Acarina : Tetranychidae)

Diseases

• Apple scab: Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint
• Marssonina leaf blotch (pre mature leaf fall): Marssonina coronaria Ellis & Davis
• Black rot and canker: Botryosphaeria obtuse Schw.
• Collar rot: Phytophthora cactorum Lebert & Cohn
• Powdery mildew: Podosphaera leucotricha Ellis & Everh
• Sooty blotch and fly speck: Gloeodes pomigena Schwein., Schizothyrium pomi (Mont. & Fr.) Arx
• Apple mosaic and other virus diseases: Apple mosaic virus, Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus

Nematode

• Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.

Weeds

Broad leaf weeds

• Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parvifl ora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophyllaceae)
• Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Creeping wood sorrel: Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
• Musk rose/rosehip: Rosa moschata Herrm. (Rosaceae)
• Brambles: Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)
• European barberry: Berberis spp. (Berberidaceae)
• Garden spurge: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)
• Lantana: Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)
• Common sorrel: Rumex spp. (Polygonaceae)
• Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)

Grassy weeds

• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Apple fruit moth: Argyresthia conjugella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) (Himachal Pradesh)
• Codling moth: Cydia pomonella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh)
• Tent caterpillar: Malacosoma indica Walker (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) (Jammu & Kashmir)
• Apple maggot: Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Diseases

• Alternaria leaf spot/blight: Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali (Fr.) Keissl. (Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh)
• Core rot: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link , Fusarium spp. etc.
• Brown rot: Monilinia spp. (Delhi)
• White root rot: Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
• Seedling blight: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

IPM for Apple

To know the IPM practices for Apple, click here.

Source: NIPHM, and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.04   

 

148 ratings

Apple: Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre planting*
2. Planting*
3. Vegetative stage 1st year onwards
4. Reproductive
5. Tight cluster stage
6. Pink bud stage
7. Petal fall/pea stage
1. Fruit development (20 days after walnut stage)
2. Fruit development (20 days after above stage)
3. Pre-harvest stage (20-25 days before harvest)
8. Post-harvest
1. Dormant stage

Management	Activity
Pre planting*
Nutrients	• Pits of 1 meter cube are dug in square system during summer season and kept open for controlling soil born pests. • Soils of different horizons should be analysed to know the inherent fertility and soil condition of the field. • The fertilizer dose should be based upon soil fertility, type of soil, kind and age of trees, cultural practices, climate and crop load. • Application of manures and fertilizers start right from planting of an orchard at the time of filling of pits. • In an orchard of optimal fertility, N, P and K may be applied in the ratio 70: 30: 70 g/year/tree.
Weeds	· Deep ploughing followed by cross harrowing the field before planting to destroy existing weeds in the field.
Planting*
Nutrients	• Pits should be filled with a mixture of pond silt, red soil and farmyard manure. • Two-three kilos of bone meal or super phosphate per pit should be applied.
Weeds	·  Adopt intercropping and recommended agronomic practices.
Pests, nematode, soil borne pathogens and other diseases	• Grow resistant/tolerant varieties viz.,: Emra, Red Free, Ambstraking, Ambroyal, Ambrich and Ambred in the endemic areas for controlling scab and Maharaji Chunth and Golden Chinese (apple cultivars),Yantarka Altaskya, Dolgoe (crab apple cultivars) for controlling powdery mildew disease
Scab and powdery mildew	• Use healthy infestation-free plants. • Aphids usually spread through infested stocks, avoid planting infested stocks.
Woolly apple aphid	• Use resistant root-stocks belonging to Malling Merton series. • Ecological engineering with buckwheat attracts parasitoid, Aphelinus mali
Vegetative stage 1st year onwards
Nutrients	• The dose should be stabilized (700: 350: 700 g N: P: K/tree) after 10 years of age. These applications may be supplemented with FYM @10 Kg per tree in the first year and increase as the age of the tree with a maximum of 100 Kg. • In off years, the fertilizer dose of NPK may be reduced to 500 g, 250 g and 400 g, respectively. In bearing trees, FYM along with P and K should be applied during December-January. Nitrogen is applied during February-March, 2 to 3 weeks before bud break. The Nitrogen can be applied in two split doses, first dose 2-3 weeks before bud break and the second one, one month after flowering. • The fertilizers should be broadcasted in the tree basins 30 cm away from the tree trunk up to the canopy drip line and mixed well in the soil.
Weeds	Cultural control: • Regular weeding should be done in the tree basin. • Regular mowing of weeds between tree rows should be done to check the weeds. • Ploughing between tree rows. Chemical control: • Apply paraquat dichloride 24% SL @ 1300 ml in 280-400 l of water/acre as post-emergence and direct between rows at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds to control grasses and broad-leaved weeds in the orchards.
White rot/root rot**	Chemical control: • For root rot, make 5-10 trunk injections @ 2 g/tree
Reproductive
Nutrients	• In case of any nutritional deficiency observed at flowering and fruiting, it should be corrected immediately by foliar application of that particular nutrient.
Weeds	• Keep the orchard weed free by adopting cultural practices as stated in vegetative stage.
Tight cluster stage
San Jose scale	Cultural control: • Grow attractant flowers for natural enemies: viz., sunflower family, carrot family plants, buckwheat Mechanical control: • Pruning of infested branches and twigs • Collection and destruction of pruned infested material. Biological control: • Parasitoids such as Encarsia perniciosi and Aphytis diaspidis cause effective parasitization. • Coccinellid predators such as Chilocorus infernalis, Chilocorus rubidus, Pharoscymnus fl exibilis check the pest infestation to some extent. Chemical control: • Spray malathion 50% EC @ 600-800 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or oxydemetom-methyl 25% EC @ 1680-2240 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or lime sulphur 22% SC @ 800-2000 ml/acre (use 2% pre-blossom and 1% postblossom in conventional sprayers)
Phytophagous apple mites	Biological control: • Conserve predators such as Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, anthocorid bug, predatory mite (Amblyseius fallacis), coccinellid (Stethorus punctum) etc. Chemical control: • Spray bifenthrin 8% SC @ 200 ml in 160 l of water/acre or fenazaquin 10% EC @ 160 ml in 400 l of water/acre or hexythiozox 5.45% W/W EC @ 0.4 ml/l of water and use spray fl uid of 10 l/tree or malathion 50% EC @ 600-800 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or propargite 57% EC @ 0.5-1 ml/l of water and use spray fl uid of 10 l/tree or spiromesifen 22.9% SC @ 120 ml in 400 l of water/ acre
Stem borer	Cultural control: • Keeps the orchard healthy following good agricultural practices. • Kill the stem borer larvae by inserting a flexible wire inside the hole and plug the hole with the cotton wick soaked in petrol and seal it with mud. Mechanical control: • Prune and burn all attacked shoot and branches during winter. Chemical control: • Spray dimethoate 30% EC @ 594-792 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre
Lepidopteran caterpillars (Indian gypsy moth)	Mechanical control: • Egg mass covered with yellowish hair which is easily visible should be hunted and destroyed (between August-March). • Put a burlap at the base of tree trunk to provide shelter for larvae during day time and examine frequently to destroy the larvae underneath the burlap
Scab	Cultural control: • Clean cultivation, collection and destruction of fallen leaves and pruned materials in winter to prevent the sexual cycle. • Collect and burn the infected plant debris • Follow proper trimming and pruning of twigs and branches followed by burning. • Apply urea (2 Kg/acre at pre-leaf fall stage spring and dolomitic lime (2.5 ton/acre) in autumn over fallen leaves to accelerate decomposition. Chemical control: • Spray bitertanol 25% WP @ 0.75 g/l of water and use spray fl uid of 10 l/tree or captan 50% WP @ 1000 g in 300-400 l of water/acre or captan 75% WP @ 666.8 g/ acre in water required to distribute 10-20 l/tree or carbendazim 50% WP @ 1000 g/acre and 10 l spray fl uid/tree or chlorothalonil 75% WP@ 200 g in 100 l of water and 10 l of spray fl uid/tree (recommended for use immediately after dormancy up to greentip stage) or difenaconazole 25 EC @ 15 ml in 100 l of water (spray volume depending upon the tree size and spray equipment used) or dithianan 75% WP @ 720 g in 920 l of water/acre or dodine 65% WP @ 0.75 g/l and use spray fl uid of 10 l of spray fluid/tree or fenarimol 12% EC @ 40 ml in 100 l of water and 10 l of spray fl uid/tree or fl usilazole 40% EC @ 0.1 ml/l of water and 10 l of spray fluid/acre or hexaconazole 5% EC @ 50 ml/100 l of water (spray volume depending upon the tree size and spray equipment used) or mancozeb 75% WG @ 3 g/l of water and use spray fl uid of 10 l/tree or myclobutanil 10% WP @ 0.4 ml/l of water and use spray fl uid of 10 l/tree or penconazole 10% EC @ 50 ml in 100 l of water and 10 l of spray fl uid/tree or sulphur 80% WG @ 750-1000 g in 300-400 l of water/acre or thiophanate methyl 70% WP @ 286 g in 300-400 l of water/acre or zineb 75% WP @ 600-800 g in 300-400 l of water/acre or ziram 80% WP @ 600- 800 g in 300-400 l of water/acre
Pink bud stage
Scab and core rot	•        Same as above
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: • Sanitation of orchard • Resistant varieties • Removal of over wintering infected terminals by pruning (6-8” below the infection) is good for reducing the inoculum. • Practice trimming and pruning to reduce the humidity. Chemical control: • Spray aureofungin 46.15% w/v SP @ 0.5 ml/l of water and use spray fluid of 10 l/tree or dinocap 48% EC @ 3 ml/l of water and 10 l of spray fluid/tree or lime sulphur 22% SC @ 800-2000 ml/acre (use 2% pre-blossom and 1% postblossom in conventional sprayers) or sulphur 80% WP @ 1000-2000 g in 300- 400 l of water/acre
Mites, blossom thrips and Lepidopteran insects	Cultural control: • Apart from aforesaid practices, regular monitoring is mandatory for moths, • For codling moth: Use synthetic codlemone for mating disruption at a height of 6-8 feet or Dispensers should be deployed within 1 meter of the top of the canopy prior to spring emergence during late may to 3rd week of July. . Biological control: • Conserve coccinellids, anthocorids, lygaeid, predatory thrips etc. Chemical control: • For thrips, spray thiacloprid 21.7% SC @ 0.4-0.5 ml/l of water (spray fluid depends on the size of tree) • For mites, same as above
Petal fall/pea stage
Scab, powdery mildew and Alternaria blight	•        Same as above
San Jose scale, mites	•        Same as above
Fruit development (Walnut size)
Scab, Marssonina blotch and Alternaria blight	•        Same as above
Phytophagousmites	•        Same as above
Fruit development (20 days after walnut stage)
Woolly apple aphid	Biological control: • Conserve parasitoids such as Aphelinus mali • Conserve predators such as Coccinella septumpunctata, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Syrphus confrator Chemical control: • Apply carbofuran 3% CG @ 166 g/tree or phorate 10% CG 100-150 g/tree or spray chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 1500-2000 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or malathion 50% EC @ 600-800 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or oxydemetommethyl 25% EC @ 600-800 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or quinalphos 25% EC @ 1200-1600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
Scab, Marssonina blotch and Alternaria blight	•        Same as above
Phytophagous-mites,	•        Same as above
Fruit development (20 days after above stage)
Phytophagous-mites,	•        Same as above
Pre-harvest stage (20-25 days before harvest)
Fruit scrapping caterpillar, other caterpillars, and mites	Cultural control: • Regular monitoring Chemical control: • Pre-harvest spray should be conducted 25 days before harvesting. • For mites, same as above.
Scab, Marssonina blotch, Alternaria blight, Sooty blotch and fly speck, Bitter rot and brown rot	• Cultural practices same as above Chemical control: • For sooty blotch, spray mancozeb 75% WG @ 3 g/l of water and use spray fluid of 10 l of spray fluid/tree • For fl y speck, spray captan 75% WP @ 666.8 g/acre in water required to distribute 10-20 l/tree • For bitter rot, spray captan 75% WP @ 666.8 g/acre in water required to distribute 10-20 l/tree or difenoconazole 25 EC @ 15 ml in 100 l of water (spray volume depending upon the tree size and spray equipment used)
Post-harvest
Scab, other diseases	•        Same as above
Bitter rot, Brown rot	•        Same as above
Woolly apple aphid	•        Same as above
Dormant stage
Scab and other foliar diseases	•        Same as above
Black rot/Canker	Mechanical control: • Proper pruning should be done to avoid mechanical injury. Biological control: • Use Trichoderma viride or T. harzianum with neem cake
White rot/Root rot	Chemical control: • For root rot, make 5-10 trunk injections @ 2 g/tree
San Jose scale	•        Same as above
Woolly apple aphid	•        Same as above
Stem borer	•        Same as above

• For root borer management install light traps @ 1 trap/acre and operate between 6 and 10 pm in the field to trap adults from May end to July.

Note: The pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume spray.

* Apply Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens as root stock/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).

** Pests of regional significance

Source: NIPHM, and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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