IPM Stratergies for Litchi

Litchi Beneficial insects Parasitoids Egg parasitoids Nymphal/larval and adult parasitoids Predators IPM for Litchi N...

Litchi Beneficial insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Egg parasitoids
2. Nymphal/larval and adult parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Litchi

Natural Enemies of Litchi Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Egg parasitoids

Nymphal/larval and adult parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Litchi

To know the IPM practices for Litchi, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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0 ratings and

Litchi crop stage-wise IPM

1. Pre-planting
2. Planting
3. Vegetative (1-5 year onward)
4. Flowering and Fruiting/maturity stage
5. Post harvest

Management	Activity
Pre-planting
	Common cultural practices: Timely planting should be done. Orchard sanitation Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations Sow the ecological engineering plants · Sow the intercrops as per the season
Nutrients	Nutrient should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone. Prepare land by ploughing and harrowing. The pits are dug in summer about a fortnight before planting and left undisturbed. Pits of about 1m x 1m x 1m at a distance of 8 to 10 meter in square system of planting. Pits are filled with top soil mixed with manures and fertilizers @ 20-25 kg FYM, 2 kg bonemeal and 300 g muriate of potash per pit.
Weeds	Plough the orchard before first planting to destroy the existing weed in the orchard. Remove existing weeds in and around the pits at the time of planting.
Resting stages of soil borne pathogens (root rot), pests	Cultural control: Deep summer ploughing of orchard s to control soil borne pathogens and subsequently reduces their initial population build up.
Planting
	Common cultural practices: Use resistant/tolerant planting material/seedlings Follow proper plant spacing Use healthy, certified and weed seed free planting material. Common mechanical practices: Remove new sprouts emerging from root stock at frequent intervals. Shift the grafts frequently from one place to another to prevent them from striking roots into the ground.
Nutrients	Planting is done in pits already filled with top soil and farm yard manure during the months of August-September. A basket of soil taken from old litchi orchard is added to each pit to ensure mycorrhizal association with litchi roots. Pits are then watered so that the soil settles down
Weeds	Use fibrous mulch of wheat or barley straw and pea nut shells to reduce the weed problems and conserve the soil moisture. Adopt the intercropping of recommended crops between the rows of litchi depending upon the stage of orchard
Pests, soil-borne pathogens	Cultural Control: Well decomposed farm yard manure coupled with Trichoderma viride/harzianum should be used. Nursery beds should be raised. Nursery beds should be fumigated with 4% formalin
Termites	Cultural control Copious irrigation and drenching nurseries or basin of transplanted seedlings. Apply well rotten FYM only to discourage the termite infestation. Avoid late planting. Destroy the residue which is the source of infestation. Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is mostimportant in termite management. Light irrigation at weekly intervals may be done. Termite kills small and young litchi plants. Biological control Spray Neem oil 5% (50 ml/l) once on the base and upto 2 m height of the trunk for effective control
* Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens for seed, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative (1-5 year onward)
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy crop debris Provide irrigation at the critical stages of the crop Avoid water logging Avoid water stress during flowering stage Follow judicious use of fertilizers Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical pesticide spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed in the crops orchard. Common mechanical practices: Collect and destroy disease infected and insect infested plant parts. Collect and destroy eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages of plants Hand pick the gregarious caterpillars and cocoons which are found on stem/branches and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use yellow sticky trap for monitoring whitefly@4-5 traps/acre Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm. Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Weeds	Deep hoeing is recommended during the first year to check weed growth. Weeding should be done on regular basis especially around the plants. Earthing up is done before or after the onset of monsoon to avoid water-logging and also to help the plants to stand erect. To suppress the weeds between rows, leguminous crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops in the first 6 to 7 years. Use straw or plastic mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period.
Nutrients	Apply fertilizers according to the age of plant as mentioned below; The fertilizers should be applied in 20-30 cm deep and 30cms wide trench along the drip line of the tree.
Litchi mite	Cultural control Deep ploughing of the field and exposing the soil to sun (MayJune and Sept-October) helps to minimize the incidence. Layers should be prepared only from non-infested plants. The leaves should be checked regularly for symptoms over summer and autumn. All trees in an orchard are not to be flushed or infested at the same time. Therefore, branches infested with the mite should be cut off and burnt. After harvesting in June, infested branches must be removed. Infested leaves should be gathered and burnt or buried deeply into the ground. In December-January, just before flush/flower buds, the affected shoots must be removed Chemical control: Dicofol 18.5% EC@ 2700-4050 ml in 1000-5000 l of water/ha and observe waiting period of 15-20 days Biological control: Follow common biological practices.
Leaf roller	Cultural control: The damage caused by leaf rollers is tolerated as long as it is restricted to the foliage and unlikely to affect flower initiation. The rolled leaves that contain larvae may be removed manually during light infestations
Bark Eating caterpillar	Cultural control: The caterpillars can be killed by inserting an iron spoke into the tunnels made on the stem. This insect has also been successfully controlled by injecting kerosene oil into the tunnel by means of a syringe and then sealing the opening of the tunnel with mud. Remove the webs from tree trunks
Shoot borer	Cultural control: The attacked shoots may be clipped off and destroyed.
Nut borer	Follow common mechanical practices.
Mealy bug	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Deep ploughing of orchard in the month of June kill the eggs. Ploughing of orchard in November. Raking of soil around tree trunk to expose the eggs to natural enemies and sun, removal of weeds Fastening of alkathene sheet (400 gauge)/grease band of 25 cm wide afterwards mud plastering of trunk at 30 cm above the ground in the middle of December. In July –August destruction of infested fallen leaves with scales Biological control: Raking of soil around tree trunk to expose the eggs to natural enemies and sun, removal of weeds and releasing 10-15 grubs · Releasing 10-15 grubs of cocinellid predator, C. montrozieri per tree.
Whitefly	Cultural control: Field sanitation and rogueing of alternate hosts. A regularly maintained program of hedging and topping can help avoid whitefly problems For others see common practices. Biological control: See common biological practices.
Leaf cutting weevil	The grubs of these weevils feed on organic matter in the soil below the canopy, hence, ploughing and exposing these grubs reduces the problem. Hand picking of the adult weevils reduces their problem to some extent.
Leaf miner	Ploughing of the orchard and timely application of nutrients and water so that new leaves emerge before September. After emergence of flush spray 5% NSKE at interval of 7 days.
Litchi semilooper	Follow common cultural and biological practices. Spray 5% NSKE
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: Follow proper spacing during planting. Spraying at full bloom needs to be avoided. Mechanical control: Prune diseased leaves and malformed panicles harbouring the pathogen to reduce primary inoculum load.
Anthracnose	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Diseased leaves, twigs, gall midge infected leaves and fruits, should be collected and burnt. Avoidance of overcrowding of trees and branches in orchard. Pruning of affected plants and burning has been suggested to minimize the chances of fresh infections. The rates of latent infection of the fruits could be evidently controlled by integrated management of the disease in the growing season, and the post-harvest decay and browning of the fruits are effectively reduced. The effect of storage can be improved when the measure is applied to control the latent infection of anthracnose on litchi fruit before harvest.
Dieback	Cultural Control: Scion wood selected for propagation should be free from infection Every care should be taken to prevent introduction of disease in newly planted orchards. Mechanical control: Any infected portion should immediately be pruned, followed by spraying/ pasting of copper oxy-chloride or pasting with cow dung at the cut ends. Pruning should be done in such a way that some healthy portion is also removed, to ensure complete eradication of pathogen (3 “below the infection site).
Leaf rust	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. If vigour of plant is maintained by balanced nutrients, the disease is less.
Armillaria rot	As water stress predisposes litchi plants to Armillaria rot, excess of water should be avoided in the plantations. Infected part should be removed and soil drenching with a good fungicide should be given.
Flowering and Fruiting/maturity stage
Nutrients	Apply recommended micronutrients, if symptoms are observed. Litchi fruits are deformed under boron deficiency. To avoid boron deficiency, apply H2BO3 (0.1%) as foliar spray.
Weeds	Remove weeds around the plants. Use straw or plastic Mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period.
Fruit/shoot borer	Cultural control: Attacked shoots should be clipped off and destroyed. Clean hole and pour kerosene/petrol/crude oil or formalin into the stem borer hole and subsequently close entrance of the tunnel by plugging with cotton wool and paste the mud. Biological control: To minimize the population of fruit borer, use Trichogramma @ 20,000 eggs/acre
Anthracnose fruit rot	Covering the fruits on tree, 15 days prior to harvest with news or brown paper bags.
Other insect pests and diseases	Same as vegetative stage.
Post harvest
Fruit rot	Physical control: Hot water treatment at 520C for 4-5min. Fruits should be sprayed with the mixture of bio-inoculants. Botanical control: Post harvest dip treatment of fruits with botanical fungicides could also control the diseases during storage.

 

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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31 ratings

Litchi Diseases

1. Anthracnose
2. Fruit rot
3. Root rot
4. IPM for Litchi

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms:

• Attacks both the leaves and the fruit, which are sensitive from
  flowering to the midgrowth stage.
• Most of the rot found in mature fruit comes from the infection of young fruit.
• The small spots develop into large, brown spots indicative of fruit rot.
• Finally, a white mycelium appears on the fruit during storage

Fruit rot

Disease symptoms:

• Fruit rot of litchi has been a serious problem. Litchi is host to a range of post-harvest pathogens, often with quite different modes of infection.
• Several fungi have been found to be associated with diseases
• Usually large water soaked lesions appear on the surface of fruits.
• Initially the disease symptoms are perceptible on injured portion of the fruits.
• With the advance of the disease the decayed areas get depressed.
• The rot gradually penetrates deep into the pulp.
• Ultimately rind of infected fruits cracks off exposing the pulp which subsequently is covered with thick Cottony mycelium.
• Such affected fruits emit an odour of fermentation.

Root rot

Disease symptoms:

• A slow decline and a sudden death of plant have been recorded in litchi. It can affect the whole tree or just one or two branches.
• The symptoms include a sudden branch wilt that is followed by the decline of new growth on the affected branch over a period. In other situations, the tips die without wilting.
• The tree or branch may recover temporarily, but subsequently dies. Parts of the tree flush and grow, while other sections die.
• In some parts of litchi belt, trees are killed by the root rot.
• One side of the tree’s crown may be perfectly sound and the other totally necrosis.
• Leaf shed never occurs (it does in the case of a nematode attack) and the internal parts of the roots are characteristically red in colour
• No method has been found to save the tree once it has become infected.

IPM for Litchi

To know the IPM practices for Litchi, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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33 ratings

Litchi Insect Pests

1. Lithi mite
2. Litchi fruit borer
3. Bark eating caterpillar
4. Mealy bug
5. Whitefly
6. IPM for Litchi

Lithi mite

Biology

• The adults start multiplying from the end of March and the peak activity is noticed around July.
• The female adults lay eggs singly at the base of the hair on the lower surface of the leaves.
• The eggs hatch within 2-3 days and newly emerged nymphs feed on soft leaves.
• Both nymphs and adults damage the leaves, inflorescence and young developing fruits

Damage symptoms:

• The mites puncture and lacerate the tissues of the leaf and suck the cell sap
• They attack the young leaves causing hairy blister like gall on the upper side of the leaves
• The leaves become thickened wrinkled and distorted
• The leaves may ultimately fall off
• The mite also attack and cause malformation of inflorescence

Natural enemies of mite:

Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowii sillemi, anthocorid bug, predatory mite (Amblyseius fallacis), coccinellid (Stethorus punctum) etc.

Litchi fruit borer

Biology

Egg: Female lays eggs singly on the under surface of the leaf or near the calyx of litchi fruits.

Larvae: milky white, slender with distinct light brown head. The newly emerged larvae start boring into the fruits and feed on its pulp.

Damage Symptoms

The young larvae make mine in the lamina and bore into mid-rib of young leaves and tunnel through it, as a result branches wither and drop

Natural enemies of litchi fruit borer

• Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis
• Predators: Mirid bug (Campyloneura sp), lady bird beetles (Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Coccinella septempunctata-seven spotted, Brumoides suturalis-three striped), lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea), King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.

Bark eating caterpillar

Biology

• Egg: Female moths deposit eggs below loose bark, in forks in the older wood, or where twigs have broken off or been badly pruned. Egg hatch 8-10 days after being laid
• Larvae: 50-60 mm and have pale brown bodies with dark brown heads. Caterpillars eat the bark and bore inside the tree, feeding for 9-11 months.
• Adults: Adults are active at the beginning of the wet season in May-June. They are 35-40 mm in size, pale brown or grey in colour

Damage symptoms

• Several caterpillars may attack the same tree at different locations with serious injury to the bark and the death of small branches.
• The holes left on the trunk may lead to infestation by other insects or plant pathogens. Affected trees also break at the points of attack.
• A severe infestation may arrest the growth of the tree and the fruiting capacity

Mealy bug

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are deposited as white cottony masses called ovisacs. The glossy, light yellow eggs are oval and approximately 0.3 mm long. A female lay 300 to 600 eggs in a life period, which are deposited in groups of 5 to 20.
• Nymph: Nymphs emerge from the ovisacs and typically settle along midribs and veins on the underside of leaves and young twigs. Wax and honeydew secreted by crawlers are visible indicators of infestations. The nymphs are yellow, oval-shaped with red eyes, and covered with white waxy particles The female nymphs resemble the adult female in appearance, while male nymphs are more elongated. Female nymphs have four instars.
• Adult: Adult size ranges in length from 3 mm (females) to 4.5 mm (males). The females are wingless, white to light brown in color, with brown legs and antennae. The body of adult females is coated with white wax and bears a characteristic faint gray stripe along their dorsal side. Short waxy filaments can be seen around the margins of their oval body with a slightly longer pair of filaments present at the rear end of their body.

Life Cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Young plants – susceptible for heavy infestation.
• Infest tender branches, nodes, leaves, spikes, berries and roots
• Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves.
• Severe infestation - Chlorotic leaves, aborted flower buds and small berries
• Honey dew excrete – development of sooty mould fungus (affects photosynthesis)

Natural enemies of mealybugs:

• Parasitoid: Leptomastix dactylopii etc.
• Predators: Ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, spider, reduviid etc.

Whitefly

Biology:

• Egg: The females mostly lay eggs near the veins on the underside of leaves. They prefer hairy leaf surfaces to lay more eggs. Each female can lay about 300 eggs in its lifetime. Eggs are small (about 0.25 mm), pear-shaped, and vertically attached to the leaf surface through a pedicel. Newly laid eggs are white and later turn brown. The eggs are not visible to the naked eye, and must be observed under a magnifying lens or microscope. Egg period is about three to five days during summer and 5 to 33 days in winter.
• Nymph: Upon hatching, the first instar larva (nymph) moves on the leaf surface to locate a suitable feeding site. Hence, it is commonly known as a “crawler.” It then inserts its piercing and sucking mouthpart and begins sucking the plant sap from the phloem. The first instar nymph has antennae, eyes, and three pairs of well developed legs. The nymphs are flattened, oval-shaped, and greenishyellow in color. The legs and antennae are atrophied during the next three instars and they are immobile during the remaining nymphal stages. The last nymphal stage has red eyes. This stage is sometimes referred to puparium, although insects of this order (Hemiptera) do not have a perfect pupal stage (incomplete metamorphosis). Nymphal period is about 9 to 14 days during summer and 17 to 73 days in winter (David 2001). Adults emerge from puparia through a T-shaped slit, leaving behind empty pupal cases or exuviae.
• Adult: The whitefly adult is a soft-bodied, moth-like fly. The wings are covered with powdery wax and the body is light yellow in color. The wings are held over the body like a tent. The adult males are slightly smaller in size than the females. Adults live from one to three weeks.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Both the adults and nymphs suck the plant sap and reduce the vigor of the plant. In severe infestations, the leaves turn yellow and drop off. When the populations are high they secrete large quantities of honeydew, which favors the growth of sooty mould on leaf surfaces and reduces the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants.

Natural enemies of whitefly:

• Parasitoids: Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus sp, Chrysocharis pentheus
• Predators: Mirid bug (Dicyphus hesperus), dragonfly, hover fly, spider, robber fly, praying mantis, fire ants, coccinellids, lace wings, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp) etc.

IPM for Litchi

 

 

To know the IPM practices for Litchi, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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32 ratings

Litchi Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Postharvest diseases:
2. Weeds
1. Broad leaf
2. Grassy weeds
3. Sedge
3. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect Pest
2. Diseases
4. IPM for Litchi

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Fruit borer: Conopomorpha sinensis (Hendel), (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
• Litchi mite: Aceria litchi (Acari: Eriophyidae)
• Leaf roller: Statherotis discana (Felder & Rogenhofer) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
• Litchi bug: Tessaratoma javanica (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae)
• Mealy bug: Planococcus litchi Cox. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Diseases

• Fruit rot: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.
• Powdery mildew: Odium spp.
• Leaf rust: Cephaleuros virescens Kunze.

Postharvest diseases:

• Aspergillus rot: Aspergillus niger van Teighem, A. flavus Link, A. variecolor (Vuillemin) Tiraboschi,
• Botryodiplodia rot: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.
• Colletotrichum rot: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.

Weeds

Broad leaf

• Tick weed: Cleome viscosa L. (Capparidaceae)
• Coat buttons: Tridax procumbens L. (Fabaceae)
• Congress grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Horse Purslane: Trainthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
• Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Joyweed: Alternanthera sesilis (Amranthaceae)

Grassy weeds

• Crab grass Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
• Yellow foxtail Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae)
• Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
• Torpedo grass Panicum repens L. (Poaceae)

Sedge

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect Pest

• Bark eating caterpillar: lndarbela quadrinotata Walker (Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae)
• Shoot borer: Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae)
• Litchi nut borer: Blastobasis sp (Lepidoptera: Blastobasidae)
• Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
• Leaf cutting weevil: Myllocerus undatus Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• Leaf miner: Acrocercops heirocosma Meyrice (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
• Litchi semilooper: Anisodes illepidaria Guenée ( Lepidoptera : Geometridae)

Diseases

• Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.
• Root rot: Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Dennis, Pythium sp. Fusarium sp.
• Dieback: Phomopsis sp.
• Leaf spots: Pestalotia pauciseta Sacc., Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.

IPM for Litchi

To know the IPM practices for Litchi, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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32 ratings and 0

Loquat Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
1. Broadleaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
3. Rodents
4. IPM for Loquat

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

• Fruit fly: Bactrocera dorsalis (Hend.) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
• Bark eating caterpillar: Indarbela quadrinotata Walker (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)
• Scale: Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
• Aphid: Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Thrips: Heliothrips spp. Bouché (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Chafer beetle: Adoretus duvauceli Blanchard (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Grey weevil: Myllocerus discolor Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• Pomegranate butterfly: Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Diseases

• Shoot/fruit blight and bark canker: Phoma glumerata (Corda) Wollenw Hochapfel
• Crown rot: Phytophthora spp. (Mont.) de Bary
• Root rot/ white rot: Polyporus paustis P. Micheli ex Adans
• Wither tip: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc.
• Collar rot: Sclerotium sp. Sacc. & Diplodia spp. Fr.
• Twig blight and canker: Cytospora chrysosperma Pers
• Die back: Cytospora eriobotryae Curzi
• Leaf spot: Entomosporium sp
• Fire Blight: Erwinia amylovora (Burrill 1882) Winslow
• Scab: Spilocaea spp., Venturia spp

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Lambs quarter: Chenopodium spp. L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Creeping wood sorrel: Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
• Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Coat buttons: Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae)
• Congress grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Tropical spiderwort: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae)
• Painted spurge: Euphorbia geniculata Ortega (Euphorbiaceae)
• False Mallow: Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke (Malvaceae)

Grasses

• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. (Poaceae)
• Cogon grass: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae)
• Large crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis L. (Scop.) (Poaceae)
• Knot grass: Paspalum distichum L. (Poaceae)
• Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd (Poaceae)
• Yellow foxtail: Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Rodents

• Indian mole rat: Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) (throughout India)
• Soft furred field rat: Millardia meltada (Gray) (throughout India)
• Vole: Alticola spp.

IPM for Loquat

To know the IPM practices for Loquat, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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32 ratings and

Loquat Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing / Pre-Planting
2. Planting stage
3. Vegetative state
4. Reproductive/maturity stage

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing / Pre-Planting
	Common cultural practices: Timely planting should be done. Orchard sanitation Destroy the alternate host plants Take proper soil sample and get soil test report prior to planting.
Nutrients	Nutrient should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone. Pits of 0.75 cubic meter size are dug in summer at a distance of 6 to 8 m and left exposed to sunlight. Pits are filled with a mixture of 30 cm top soil, 40-50 kg farmyard manure and 200 g Single Super Phosphate.
Weeds	Deep ploughing during summer Ploughing the orchard before planting to destroy existing weeds in the orchard
Soil borne pathogens, resting stages of insects	Cultural control: Grow resistant/tolerant varieties. Deep summer ploughing of orchards to control resting stages of insect pests. Avoid excessive watering and provide proper drainage in the orchard.
Planting stage
	Common cultural practices: Use healthy, certified and weed-free seeds for raising nursery.
Nutrients	Planting is done in mid-August or mid-February in pits already filled with farm yard manure and top soil. Add mycorrhiza culture @ 50 grams per pit or a basket of soil taken from old Loquat orchard to ensure mycorrhiza association with seedling roots. Nutrient should be provided as per soil test recommendations.
Weeds	Use weed free seedlings for planting. Remove weeds from the pits before planting. Intercropping with short duration cover crops should be done to suppress weeds between rows.
Vegetative state
	Common cultural practices: Destroy crop debris Provide irrigation at critical stages of the plant Avoid water logging Avoid water stress condition. Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages The infested plant parts collect and destroyed
	Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	Loquat needs heavy fertilization for luxuriant growth and bumper fruiting. A fertilizer dose of 750g N, 300g P and 750g K per year to a young plant should be given upto 3 years age. Full dose of FYM, Phosphorous and Potash and half dose of N should be applied. Nitrogen should be applied in the month of February. The nutrients should be applied in 20-30 cm deep and 30 cm wide trench along the drip line of the tree.
Weeds	Mulching tree basin in April with plastic or straw mulch helps control weeds and conserves soil moisture. Green manuring and leguminous vegetables crops like bean, pea, red clover and white clover should be grown to control weeds between vine rows as well as to improve soil texture and fertility. Whenever intercrop not grown between the rows of trees, slashing and mowing of weed may be adopted.
Fruit fly	Cultural control: Hoeing of the tree basins should be done to expose the pupae to their natural enemies. Collect the infected fruits and dump in deep pits.
Aphid	Cultural control: Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts Maintain adequate aeration by proper training and pruning Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-10 traps /acre
Pomegranate butterfly	Cultural control: The fruits if screened with polythene or paper bags may escape infestation. Removal and destruction of all the affected fruits. Mechanical control: Remove weeds of compositeae family Detect and remove early infestation by periodically looking for drying branches.
Thrips	Cultural control: Sprinkle water over the seedlings to check the multiplication of thrips
Scale insects	Cultural control: Collect and destroy damaged leaves Apply well rotten sheep manure @ 4 t/ acre in two splits or poultry manure in 2 splits Control ants and dust which can give the scale a competitive advantage.
Chafer beetle	Mechanical control: Collection and destruction of adults beetle by handpicking in day time Setup light trap in the night
Shoot/ fruit blight and bark canker	Mechanical control: The canker should be removed and the dead bark decorticated along with 2 cm of healthy bark. The dead-wood and prunings should be destroyed. The wounds should be covered with a disinfectant solution
Crown rot	Cultural control: Remove the severely infested trees and use them as fire wood. Remove the diseased bark during the dry season by extending the cut an inch beyond the diseased zone on all sides. Control of the disease is reliant on good water management. Loquat should be planted in well-draining soils where water does not pool after rain or irrigation; Plants should be allowed to dry out between irrigations
Root rot/ white rot	Cultural control: Do not allow irrigation water to come in contact with the stem. Mechanical control: Digout decayed roots and cut them completely right from the collar region Treat the cut end of the roots immediately with disinfectant solution Avoid deep hoeing and interculture to obviate injuries to the roots, through which fungus attacks.
Collar rot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Wither tip	Cultural control: Avoid planting susceptible varieties. Mechanical control: Prune dead twigs before flowering, and regularly remove infected fruit and dead leaves.
Leaf spot	Cultural control: Remove and dispose of spotted leaves Do not water overhead as this spreads the fungus spores and favors infection. Reduce humidity around plants by providing adequate space between them and by pruning lower branches. Removing groundcovers beneath shrubs and mulching or maintaining bare soil instead.
Fire Blight	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Scab	Cultural control: Clean cultivation Apply urea (2 Kg/acre at pre-leaf fall stage spring and dolomitic lime (2.5ton/acre) in autumn over fallen leaves to accelerate decomposition. Mechanical control: Collection and destruction of fallen leaves and pruned materials in winter to prevent the sexual cycle. Collect and burn the infected plant debris. Follow proper trimming and pruning of twigs and branches followed by burning
Reproductive/maturity stage
Nutrients	In the bearing orchards, apply 50 kg FYM per plant every year along with other fertilizers. A fertilizer dose of 1kg N, 0.5 kg P and 0.5 kg K per plant per year should be given. Fertilizers should be applied in basins away from the tree trunk on drip line. Apply recommended micronutrients, if deficiency symptoms are observed. Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular micronutrient.
Weeds	Remove weeds around the plants. Use straw or plastic Mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period. Remove left over weeds from the orchard to avoid further spread of weed seeds.
Fruit fly	Cultural control: Prior to harvest (30-40 days) collect and disposed off infested and fallen fruits to prevent further multiplication and carry-over of population. Ploughing of orchard during November-December to expose pupae to sun’s heat which kills them. If infestation is heavy, bait splash on the trunk only, once or twice at weekly interval is recommended. To prepare bait splash, mix 100 gm of jaggery in one litre of water and add 1 ml of deltamethrin by using an old broom. Managing fruit flies also reduces anthracnose disease and prevents late fruit fall. Mechanical control: Male annihilation technique: Set up fly trap using methyl eugenol. Prepare methyl eugenol 1 ml/l of water + 1 ml of malathion solution. Take 10 ml of this mixture per trap and keep them at 25 different places in one ha between 6 and 8 am. Collect and destroy the adult flies. Physical control: Hot water treatment of fruit at 48 ± 1 ºC for 4-5min. Biological control: Use methyl eugenal pheromone trap@4/acre
Bark eating caterpillar	Cultural control: Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of the tree Remove alternate host, silk cotton and other hosts
Shoot/ fruit blight and bark canker,Crown rot, Root rot/white rot, Collar rot,Wither tip, Leaf spot, Fire Blight, Scab	Same as in vegetative stage

Source : NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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