IPM Stratergies for Kiwi

  Kiwi Diseases Root rot, collar rot and crown rot Bacterial leaf spot and blossom blight Fungal Leaf spot Storage Rot Rhizoct...

 

Kiwi Diseases

1. Root rot, collar rot and crown rot
2. Bacterial leaf spot and blossom blight
3. Fungal Leaf spot
4. Storage Rot
5. Rhizoctonia stem Rot
6. Sclerotinia rot
7. Disease cycles
8. IPM for Kiwi

Root rot, collar rot and crown rot

Disease symptoms

• Reduced shoot growth. Leaves are small and chlorotic.
• Vines may collapse suddenly or show a gradual decline in productivity over several seasons.
• Red-brown discoloration of roots and root crowns which is visible when root is cut in two.

Survival and Spread

• The pathogen survives as oospores on the affected plant tissues in soil and on weed hosts.

Favourable conditions

• Atmospheric temperature in the range of 10-20 °C and relative humidity 90% favours disease development.

Bacterial leaf spot and blossom blight

Disease symptoms

• Symptoms include angular shaped spots, often associated with a halo, although not all leaf spots clearly exhibit the halo, brown discolouration of buds and, in advanced stages of infection, the leakage of red-rusty gum. Not all symptoms appear at the same time.

Survival and spread

• Disease is spread via windborne pollen, strong winds and heavy rainfalls. It is also believed to be spread by footwear, vehicles and orchard tools, animals and humans.

Favourable conditions

• Favourable conditions are cool temperatures, persistent rains and high humidity. It temperature sensitive and active between 10 to 20 degrees.

Fungal Leaf spot

Disease symptoms

• Vines may completely collapse; white mycelial mats may be present under bark close to the soil line; cortical tissue has a dark discoloration and white mycelial strands are present; rootlike rhizomorphs extend from roots into soil.

Survival and spread

• The fungal pathogen survives on diseased wood and roots below ground for many years

Favourable conditions

• Disease emergence favored by continually damp soil

Storage Rot

Disease symptoms

• Symptoms of decay and signs of the pathogen develop as shriveled fruit that may have gray fungal growth mostly at the stem end and occasionally around the sepals or over the entire surface of the fruit. Diseased internal fruit tissues appear water-soaked and dark green. In advanced stages of the disease black, irregular-shaped sclerotia of the fungus up to about 0.2 inch (5 mm) in diameter may form on the infected fruit.

Survival and spread

• This disease is more severe when rainy weather occurs during bloom or especially at harvest.

Favourable conditions

• The pathogen requires wetness for spore germination and infection.

Rhizoctonia stem Rot

Disease symptoms

• The pathogen causes a reddish brown dry cortical root rot that may extend into the base of the stem. Later in the season, infections at the base of the plant (cortical rot) may result in plants snapping off during high winds. Foliar symptoms yellowing or wilting of leaves.

Survival and spread

• Pathogen survives on infected crop debris and soil which are source of primary inoculums.

Favourable conditions

• The disease is more prevalent during rainy season.
• High soil moisture and moderate temperature along with high humidity leads to the development of the disease.

Sclerotinia rot

Disease symptoms

• Infected fruit and stem first appear water soaked.
• Fluffy white cottony fungal growth is seen on infected area.
• Small hard black fungal structures known as sclerotia eventually develop embedded in the cottony mold.
• Fruits are often infected through the blossom end and became rotted and watery sclerotia may be inside these rotted fruits.

Survival and Spread

The pathogen survives as mycelium in dead or live plants and as sclerotia in infected plant parts or on the soil surface or with seed as contaminant.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity (90-95%) and average temperature (18-25 oC) along with wind current favours the disease development.

Disease cycles

IPM for Kiwi

To know the IPM practices for Kiwi, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.18   

 

39 ratings

Kiwi Beneficial Insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Egg parasitoids
2. Larval parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Kiwi

Natural Enemies of Kiwi Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Egg parasitoids

Larval parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Kiwi

To know the IPM practices for Kiwi, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.9   

 

31 ratings and

Kiwi Insect Pests

1. Brown headed leaf roller
2. Green headed leaf roller
3. Greedy scale
4. Passion vine Hopper
5. Two spotted spider mite
6. Thrips
7. Root knot Nematode
8. IPM for Kiwi

Brown headed leaf roller

Biology

• Eggs: Females lay eggs in smooth masses composed of up to 150 individual eggs. egg development period is about 9 days.
• Larva: Early instar larvae web together shoot tips or roll leaves. Later instars feed on leaves, buds, and fruit of the host plant. Larval period is about male 32 and female 36 days. Larvae exhibited 5 or 6 instars.
• Pupa: Pupation occurs in the larval nest. prepupal period is about male 3 and female 3.5 days; pupal period is about male 16.4 and female 13.8 days. Late instar larvae are approximately 20 mm in length with conspicuous pinacula. The head is dark brown to reddish brown and may be marked with faint red mottling. The prothoracic shield has dark shading on the lateral and posterior margins. Earlier instars have a black head and prothoracic shield.
• Adults: Adults are brown to brownish gray with a variable wing pattern. Most individuals have several dark markings along the costa, including a remnant of the median fascia. Hind wings are mottled in both males and females. It completes 4-6 overlapping generations per year.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms

• They web together leaf edges or leaves and fruit to form a shelter to live in often rolling the leaves into a tube. The caterpillars eat leaves and fruit

Natural enemies of brown headed leaf roller

• Predators: Predatory mite, Predatory Wasp
• Larval parasitoids: Trigonospila brevifacies, Braconid wasp, Dolichogenidea tasmanica, Goniozus jacintae

Green headed leaf roller

Biology

• Eggs: Females lay eggs in masses that contain an average of 54 individual eggs. Egg masses of P. excessana have an opaque coating Egg development, 11 days;
• Larva: Last instar larvae are approximately 25 mm long and entirely green. The head is transparent light brown to green and may have faint brown mottling. The prothoracic shield is pale green with no lateral shading. Ananal comb is present with 10-12 teeth. Larval period for male. 4 and female 54 days;
• Pupa: Pupation takes place within the webbed foliage Pupal period for male and female 18 days;
• Adults: Forewings are pale orange brown to dark reddish brown. Males are generally darker than females. Most individuals lack prominent wing markings except for a dark spot in the distal one-third of the forewing. Some individuals have a series of faint dark spots covering the wing and/or a white or pale spot in the basal one-third of the wing. Males have a forewing costal fold. Adult life span, .male. 20, .female. 18 days; 90% eggs laid in 10 days.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms:

They web together leaf edges or leaves and fruit to form a shelter to live in often rolling the leaves into a tube. The caterpillars eat leaves and fruit

Natural enemies of green headed leaf roller:

• Predators: Predatory mite, Predatory Wasp
• Larval parasitoids: Trigonospila brevifacies, Braconid wasp, Dolichogenidea tasmanica, Goniozus jacintae

Greedy scale

Biology

• Eggs: Eggs are laid under the armor of the female where they develop and hatch.
• Crawlers: The crawler stage is short, and crawlers do not feed. Crawlers may stay under the maternal armor several hours until outside conditions, especially temperature and humidity, are good. After they leave the cover, they wander for a period ranging from minutes to days, but usually a few hours.
• Nymphs: Newly settled nymphs insert their piercing, sucking mouthparts into plant tissue and start feeding on plant juices. Female nymphs shed their skin twice as they grow and develop. Males have a 5 stage development and do not feed during the last two stages. The cast skins, called exuviae, are incorporated into the armor forming a dot near the center. The armor is nonliving and is made of cast skins, threads, and liquid, all produced by the insect.

• Adults: Female greedy scales appear larvae-like. They remain under armor in one place throughout their lives to feed and reproduce. Males are tiny, winged creatures with eyes and legs. When mature they emerge from the armor in the late afternoon. They do not feed, living only a few hours to mate. Mate-finding is probably aided by pheromones secreted by females. Because of the late emergence and short life of males, they are rarely found in the vineyard.

Damage symptoms

• Infestations are spread by the mobile, young scale nymphs or ‘crawlers’ older nymphs and adults are sedentary. Scale insects attack the bark and fruit of kiwi.
• Heavy infestations affect the vigor of the plant and result in the presence of scales on fruit, causing it to be off grade

Natural enemies of Greedy scale

• Parasitoids: Aphytis wasps, Encarsia sp.
• Predators: Green lacewings, Minute pirate bugs, and Ladybird beetle, Chilocorus bipustulatus, Chilocorus infernalis, Chilocorus cacti

Passion vine Hopper

Biology

• Eggs: The Passion Vine Hopper population grows at the rate of one generation a year. They overwinter as an egg, with this stage lasting about six months. The eggs are inserted in plant stems, with relatively soft, dead or dying stems seem to be preferred.
• Nymph: The nymph stage lasts about three months. They are greenish with a fluffy tail - visible around October.
• Adult: The adult stage lasts about 3-5 months look for light brown small moths 8-10 mm around December.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms

They suck sap from succulent shoots and the result is distortion of fruit and leaves. Plants will get stunted, wilted and dieback overall. Because of the copious production of honeydew the likelihood of sooty mould is very high.

Natural enemies of Passion vine Hopper

• Parastioids: Egg parasitoids: Scolypopa australis
• Predators : Spider, birds

Two spotted spider mite

Biology

Each female T. urticae mite lays 10-20 eggs per day, 80-120 altogether during its lifetime of up to 4 weeks. They are mostly attached to the silk webbing. The six-legged larvae hatch after 3-15 days. They molt three times within 4-5 days, towards protonymph, then deutonymph and at last adult. These instars all have eight legs. Before each molt there is a short quiescent stage. At favorable conditions the life cycle can be completed in about 1-2 weeks, including a pre oviposition period of 1-2 days. Often a change towards hot and dry weather leads to a very rapid increase of population density.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms

It penetrates plant cells, preferably on the undersides of leaves, and ingests their contents. Each minute 1-2 dozen cell can be destroyed this way. The first visible symptoms are small whitish speckles, mainly around the midrib and larger veins. When these spots merge, the empty cells give areas of the leaf a whitish or silvery-transparent appearance.

Natural enemies of two spotted spider mite

Predators of two spotted spider mite: Scolothrips sexmaculatus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Stethorus punctillum

Thrips

Biology

• Eggs: White, elongate and banana-shaped. Females insert eggs inside plant tissues above the soil surface. The eggs are microscopic.
• Larva: Two larval instars, pre-pupa (3rd instar), and pupa (4th instar). Mature larvae approximately 1 mm (0.04 in.) in length. Whitish larval stage with red eyes; turn yellowish in color with maturity but retain red eyes. Pre-pupa and pupa are whitish to slightly yellow. Larvae resemble adults, but wingless. The larval abdomen is up-turned and has a dot of excrement on it. The excrement can cause spotting on the leaves.
• Adults: 1.3 - 1.7 mm in length. Blackish-brown body with lighter posterior abdominal segments and white legs. Abdomen golden in newly emerged adults. Four translucent wings with numerous fringes surrounding each wing, folded back over the thorax and abdomen when at rest. Antennae have eight segments.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms

Thrips uses its mouth-parts to rasp the leaf surface, rupture the epidermal cells, and feed on exuding cell contents. Feeding spots turn yellow then brown, and the surrounds become silvery where air enters the emptied cells

Natural enemies of thrips

• Larval parasitoids: Thripobius semiluteus
• Predators: Predatory mite, predatory thrips, hover fly, mirid bug etc.

Root knot Nematode

Biology

• Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and the adult male and female.
• Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first molt occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
• Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature.
• Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 70 to 80°F.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms

• Formation of galls on host root system is the primary symptom
• Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a ‘beard root’ symptom
• Infected roots become knobby and knotty
• In severely infected plants the root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent. The roots are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and transport of water and nutrients
• Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted
• Nematode infection predisposes plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens

Survival and spread

• Primary: Egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculums.
• Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water dispersed.

Favourable conditions: Loamy light soils.

IPM for Kiwi

To know the IPM practices for Kiwi, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

40 ratings and

Kiwi Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematodes
2. Major weeds
1. Broad leaf Weeds
2. Grassy weeds
3. Sedges
3. Rodents
4. IPM for Kiwi

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

• Brown headed caterpillar: Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae)
• Green headed caterpillar: Planotortrix excessana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
• Greedy Scale: Hemiberlasia rapax (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• Passion vine hopper: Scolypopa australis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae)
• Two spotted mite: Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Arachnida:Tetranychidae)
• Thrips: Heliothrips spp. (Bouché) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Diseases

• Root rot, collar rot and crown rot: Phytophthora spp.
• Leaf spots: Altemaria spp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp. and Phoma sp. etc.
• Sclerotinia rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
• Storage rot: Botrytis cinerea (de Bary) Whetzel
• Bacterial leaf spot and blossom blight: Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder) Dowson
• Stem rot: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn

Nematodes

• Root Knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chit.

Major weeds

Broad leaf Weeds

• Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet pimpernel Anagallis arvensis L (Primulaceae)
• Creeping wood sorrel Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
• Goat weed Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Pigweeds: Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Nettle leaf goosefoot: Chenopodium murale L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Congress grass Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Horseweed plants: Conyza canadensis L. (Asteraceae)
• Spurge: Euphorbia hirta (L.) Millsp, E. geniculate Orteg. (Euphorbiaceae)
• White clover: Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae)

Grassy weeds

• Burmuda Grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
• Bluegrass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
• Cogon grass Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae)
• Knot grass Paspalum distichum L. (Poaceae)
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor L. (Poaceae)
• Johnson grass: Sorghum halepens L. (Poaceae)
• Hairy crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis L. (Poaceae)

Sedges

·  Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

·  Yellow nutsedge: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae)

Rodents

• Indian mole rat: Bandicota bengalensis Gray
• Soft furred vineyard rat: Millardia meltada Gray
• Vineyard mouse: Mus booduga Gray

IPM for Kiwi

To know the IPM practices for Kiwi, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage