Turmeric: Diseases, Symptoms and Pest Management

  Turmeric: Diseases and Symptoms Rhizome rot Leaf spot Leaf blotch Dry rot Bacterial wilt IPM for Turmeric Rhizome rot...

 

Turmeric: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Rhizome rot
2. Leaf spot
3. Leaf blotch
4. Dry rot
5. Bacterial wilt
6. IPM for Turmeric

Rhizome rot

The disease is soil-borne and rhizomes borne and occurs with the onset of monsoon. This disease mostly occurs during the months of June to September.

Disease symptoms

• The infection starts at the collar region of the pseudostem and progresses upwards as well as downwards.
• The collar region of the affected pseudostem becomes water soaked and the rotting spreads to the rhizome resulting in soft rot.
• At a later stage root infection is also noticed.
• Foliar symptoms appear as light yellowing of the tips of lower leaves which gradually spreads to the leaf blades.
• In early stages of the disease, the middle portion of the leaves remain green while the margins become yellow.
• Later, the yellowing spreads to all leaves of the plant from the lower region upwards and is followed by drooping, withering and drying of pseudostems.

Survival and spread

• The disease is soil-borne. The fungus multiplies with buildup of soil moisture with the onset of south west monsoon.
• The fungus can survive in two ways: (a) in diseased rhizomes kept for sowing and (b) through resting structures like chlamydospores and oospores that reach the soil from infected rhizomes.
• Favourable conditions
• Younger sprouts are the most susceptible to the pathogen. Nematode infestation aggravates rhizome rot disease.
• Temperature above 30° C and high soil moisture are the important predisposing factors favouring the disease.
• Water logging in the field due to poor drainage increases the intensity of the disease.

Leaf spot

Disease is soil-borne noticed on the leaves from July to October.

Disease symptoms

• Symptom appears as brown spots of various sizes on the upper surface of the young leaves.
• The spots are irregular in shape and white or grey in the centre.
• Later, spots may coalesce and form an irregular patch covering almost the whole leaf.
• The centre of spots contains fruit head shaped fruiting structures.

Survival and spread

• Disease is soil borne and survives in plant debris.
• The disease spreads through rain splashes during intermittent showers. The incidence of the disease is severe in turmeric grown under exposed conditions

Favourable conditions

• High soil moisture, temperature 25° C and leaf wetness.

Leaf blotch

Disease symptoms

• Disease symptom appears as small, oval, rectangular or irregular brown spots on either side of the leaves which soon become dirty yellow or dark brown.
• The leaves also turn yellow.
• In severe cases the plants present a scorched appearance and the rhizome yield is reduced.

Survival and spread

• Soil and seed borne and survive in soil on infected plant debris.

Favourable conditions

• High soil moisture, temperature 25^O C and leaf wetness

Dry rot

Disease symptoms

• The disease causes root rot and rhizome rot resulting in typical dry rot of rhizomes from October onwards.
• The affected rhizomes appear soft and shrunken to start with, later dry up and become hard.
• Foliar yellowing and drying up of foliage which are the normal symptoms of maturity of the crop during October - November would be indistinguishable from the symptoms of the disease affected clumps.
• When infected rhizomes are cut open, the infected zones typically appear as dull brown and dark.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen is facultative parasites and lives as a saprophyte on the organic matter in the soil for several years.
• It spreads from vulnerable plants

Favourable conditions

• The disease is favoured by 35° C soil temperature, 15-20 per cent soil moisture and alluvial or sandy soils.

Bacterial wilt

Disease symptoms

• Rapid wilting and death of the entire plant without any yellowing or spotting of leaves are the characteristic symptom.
• All branches wilt at about the same time.
• When the stem of a wilted plant is cut across, the pith has a darkened, water-soaked appearance.
• Greyish slimy ooze comes out on pressing the stem.
• In later stages of the disease, decay of the pith may cause extensive hollowing of the stem.

Favourable conditions

• The bacterium is especially destructive in moist soils at temperatures above 24° C.
• High soil temperature and moisture are favourable for disease.

IPM for Turmeric

To know the IPM practices for Turmeric, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

154 ratings

Turmeric Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
1. Major Kharif
2. Major rabi
4. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
5. Animal and rodent pests
6. IPM for Turmeric

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Shoot borer: Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Rhizome scale: Aspidiella hartii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Diseases

• Rhizome rot: Pythium graminicolum or P. aphanidermatum (Edson)
• Leaf spot: Colletotrichum capsici Syd.
• Leaf blotch: Taphrina maculans E. J. Butler

Weeds

Major Kharif

Broad leaf

• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
• Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
• Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)

Grassy

• Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
• Crab grass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd. (Poaceae)
• Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
• Chinese lovegrass: Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees. Ex Steud. (Poaceae)
• Goose grass: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

Major rabi

Broad leaf

• Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parvifl ora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophyllaceae)

Grassy

• Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Bihar hairy caterpillar: Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
• Rhizome fly: Mimegralla coeruleifrons Macquart (Diptera : Micropezidae)
• Leaf roller/Skipper: Udaspes folus Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hesperidae)
• White grub: Holotrichia spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Lacewing bug: Stephanitis typicus Distant (Hemiptera: Tingidae)
• Thrips: Stenchaetothrips indicus (L.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Leaf beetle: Lema praeusta. Fab., L. signatipennis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Diseases

• Bacterial wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum (C. Martin and E. R.. French)
• Dry rot: Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taubenh. and E.J. Butler)

Nematodes

• Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne sp
• Burrowing nematode: Radopholus similis
• Lesion nematode: Pratylenchus spp.

Animal and rodent pests

In some areas, rodents damage the turmeric crop by making holes in the turmeric fields. Sometimes, monkeys, buff aloes, wild boar and other grazing animals also destroy the turmeric cultivation by grazing or trampling over it.

IPM for Turmeric

To know the IPM practices for Turmeric, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

133 ratings

Turmeric: Insect and Nematode Pests Management

1. Shoot borer
2. Rhizome scale
3. Thrips
4. Bihar hairy caterpillar
5. Lacewing bug
6. Leaf roller/skipper
7. White grubs
8. Root knot, burrowing and lesion nematodes
9. IPM for Turmeric

Shoot borer

The pest population is higher in the field during September-October. The pest is most active from July to October.

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are pink, oval, flat laid singly or in group on leaves and other soft and the tender part of the plant. The eggs hatch in about a week.
• Larva: The larvae pass through 4–5 in stars and are full-fledged in 2–3 weeks. Fully grown larvae are light brown with sparse hairs.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the seed or sometimes in the grass that collects after feeding. Pupation takes place in lose silken coccon in larval tunnel. The pupal stage lasts about one week.
• Adult: It is a medium sized moth with a wingspan of about 20 mm; the wings are orange-yellow with minute black spots.

The life cycle is completed in 4– 5 weeks and three generations are completed in a year.

Favourable conditions

• Temperature range 30 - 33 °C and relative humidity range 60 - 90%.

Damage symptoms

• The larvae bore into pseudostems and feed on internal tissues resulting in yellowing and drying of leaves of infested pseudostems.
• The presence of a bore-hole on the pseudostem through which frass is extruded and the withered and yellow central shoot is a characteristic symptom of pest infestation.

Rhizome scale

• Occurrence: The rhizome scale infests rhizomes in the field (at later stages) and in storage.
• Female: scales are circular (about 1mm diameter) and light brown to gray and appear as encrustations on the rhizomes.
• Male: Male is orange coloured with transparent wings, distinct head, thorax and abdomen

Damage symptoms

• Adult (female) scales feed on sap and when the rhizomes are severely infested, they become shriveled and desiccated affecting its germination.
• In initial stage of infestation, the white coloured scales are seen scattered on rhizomes and later they congregate near the growing buds.
• When the infestation is severe the rhizome and buds shrivel and ultimately the entire rhizome dries.

Thrips

Biology

• Egg: Thrips reproduce by laying eggs.
• Nymph: Nymphs emerge from the eggs. It takes between 7 and 12 days to develop from eggs into adult thrips.
• Adult: Thrips are very small, have elongated abdomens and are yellowish or blackish in color. Although the adults have wings, these insect pests do not usually fly. They are often found on plants throughout all growth stages, from sprout development to tuber maturation.

Favourable conditions

• Warm and humid weather

Damage symptoms

• Thrips damage the undersides of leaves by sucking their plant sap.
• They damage young and soft parts of plants such as new leaves and shoots.
• Leaves become rolled up, and turn pale and gradually dry-up
• Severe infestation causes young leaves to wilt and dry out.

Bihar hairy caterpillar

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are light green spherical in clusters on the underside of leaves. The eggs hatch after about 6-9 days.
• Larva: The larvae are covered with long yellowish to black hairs and are up to 5 cm long. Larval stages lasted within 34-45 days.
• Pupa: The pupa forms a thin silken cocoon by interwoven shed hairs of the larvae. Pupal stages lasted within 16- 22 days. Pupation takes place in the soil under dry foliage and debris where the pupae over wintering.
• Adult: Bihar hairy caterpillar moth is brown with a 40-50 mm wing span and a red abdomen. Female lays 533- 1287 eggs. A total life cycle is of 59-76 days.

Damage symptoms

• Young larvae feed gregariously on the under surface of the leaves and cause loss by way of defoliation.
• Sometimes, after defoliated the crop larvae feed on the capsules.
• In severe cases only stems are left behind.
• They also severely damage other oilseeds such as sunflower.

Lacewing bug

• Small, whitish lacewing bug found in colonies on the foliage, causing a sickly and spotted appearance of the plant. The pest infestation is more common during the post monsoon period especially in drier regions of the country

Damage symptom

• The foliage of infested plants turns pale or yellow and dries up.

Leaf roller/skipper

Biology

• Egg: Pinkish oval flat eggs are laid singly or in groups or 2 or 3 on leaves. The egg, period last for 3-4 days.
• Larva: There are five larval instars, fully grown larvae are dark green with black head and constricted neck. The pest is abundant in the field during August - October. The larval period last for 12-21 days
• Pupa: Pupation takes place on the same plant within a cell. The pupa is long and cylindrical, watery green in colour. It has a long conical projection in front of the head. The most striking characteristic of the pupa is its proboscis. The pupal period last for 6-7 days
• Adult: Adults are medium sized with brownish black wings with eight white spots on forewings and one large patch on hind wing.

Favourable conditions

• Temperature 26- 35° C, relative humidity 41 - 100%

Damage symptom:

• The larvae cut and fold the leaves, remain within and feed on them, pupate inside the leaf.

White grubs

Biology

• Egg: The females lay eggs singly on the main stem. The eggs are white, almost round in shape
• Larva: The larvae are C shaped, slow movers having globular head and elongated, dorsoventrally flattened body. The young grubs are translucent, white and 5 mm long
• Pupa: Population takes place in the larval tunnel.
• Adult: Adults of Holotrichia spp. are about 18-20 mm long and 7-9 mm wide.

Damage symptoms

• Grubs are polyphagous and both adults and larvae are damaging stages.
• The grubs live in soil and remain active, feed on the functional roots of the plant, leaving behind only tap root.
• They also burrow into the pseudostem, close to the soil surface and kill the plant.
• Grub infested plants turn pale, leaves and branches drop down, the plant withers and can be easily uprooted.
• It ultimately dies off resulting in patchy crop growth.
• Root grubs occasionally feed on tender rhizomes, roots and base of pseudostems causing yellowing and wilting of shoots.

Favourable conditions

• Warm and humid weather

Root knot, burrowing and lesion nematodes

Damage symptoms

• Root-knot nematode feed on tender rhizomes, roots and base of pseudostem causing stunting, chlorosis, poor tillering and necrosis of leaves are the common aerial symptoms.
• Characteristic root galls and lesions that lead to rotting are generally seen in roots.
• The infested rhizomes have brown, water soaked areas in the outer tissues.
• Nematode infestation aggravates rhizome rot disease

Survival and spread

• Nematodes survive in soil and infected rhizomes as primary inoculum.
• Therefore, tissues from infected crops remaining in the fi eld serve as a reservoir of the fungus.
• It spreads from infected plants or through soil.

Favourable condition:

• Warm, moist soil are favourable conditions

IPM for Turmeric

To know the IPM practices for Turmeric, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

Turmeric: Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing*
2. Planting/ seedling stage*
3. Vegetative & rhizome development stage
4. Reproductive /maturity
5. Harvesting & storage
6. IPM for Turmeric

Management	Activities
Pre-sowing*
Nutrients	• Turmeric crop requires clean cultivation and fi ne tilth. • Turmeric needs very heavy manuring during the four months period after planting. Crop requires 120 Kg N, 50 Kg P2O5 and 80 Kg K 2O per acre in organic and inorganic forms. • The NPK requirement has to be applied in two or three splits. The first dose of N has to be applied before planting through inorganic sources. • Use 10 t/ acre Farmyard manure or 4 t / acre vermicompost at the time of field preparation. • Apply castor or neem cake @ 200 Kg/ acre. • Incorporate manure / compost in soil at 2 -3 weeks before planting. • Use coir compost @ 1 t/acre combined with FYM, biofertilizers (Azospirillum). • Use leguminous green manure crops like pigeon pea, black gram, cowpea, cluster bean and French bean and incorporate in soil before planting.
Weeds	• Deep summer ploughing and solarisation during summer reduces weed infestation, soil borne diseases, nematodes, etc. • Use raised beds (30 cm with 1 meter width). • At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique to minimize weeds menace in field.
Pests, nematode, soil borne pathogens and other diseases	Cultural control: • Deep summer ploughing during summer. • Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil borne pests. Biological control: • At the time of planting, apply 25 g powdered neem cake and mix well with the soil in each pit taken at a spacing of 20-25 cm within and between rows or application of neem cake @ 2 t/ acre is also desirable.
Rhizome rot/ soft rot	Cultural control: • Use of resistant varieties to rhizome wilt/ rot. • Crop rotation with maize, cotton, soybean. • Planting of disease-free seed rhizomes. • Use raised beds of 30 cm height. • Flooding treatment for 30 days, soil solarisation during hottest months for 60 days • Treat the rhizomes with hot water at 51° C for 10 minutes. • Rhizomes treatment can be done by keeping them under clear polythene sheet under direct sunlight for raising the temperature 48o C and this temperature is retained for 30 minutes. • Use bio-fumigation using cabbage and mustard plant refuses. • Use raised beds of 15-30 cm height, 1 m width and of convenient length may be prepared giving at least 50 cm spacing between beds. Biological control: • Planting of perennial / seasonal flowering plants like basil, marigold, fennel, sunflower etc. along the border to attract and enhance the population of biocontrol agents for managing pests/disease. • Application of pine needle and neem cake powder treatments @ 100 Kg/ acre (in two splits) • Application of oil cakes made from Azadirachta indica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Pongamia glabra, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Brassica campestris @ 0.8 tonnes/ acre
Bacterial wilt**	Cultural control: • Soil solarisation for 60 days during summer • Planting of disease-free seed rhizomes. • Use crop rotation with non-host crops like ragi, paddy, maize, sorghum etc. • Avoid crop rotation with tomato, potato, chillies, brinjal and peanut, as these plants are hosts for the wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. • Rhizome treatment with hot water 47oC for 3 minutes. • Use bio-fumigation using cabbage and mustard plant refuses. • Avoid over irrigation, and flood irrigation in disease affected areas. • It is sensitive to high pH (alkaline soils).
Planting/ seedling stage*
Nutrients	• The NPK requirement has to be applied in two or three splits. The first dose of N has to be applied before planting through inorganic sources. • Apply P2O5 @ 24 Kg/acre as basal dose at the time of planting/ sowing. • Apply K2O @ 16 Kg/acre as basal dose at the time of planting/ sowing. • In zinc deficient areas, apply zinc sulphate @ 8 Kg/acre.
Weeds	• Green mulching: The first mulching is done at the time of planting with green leaves @ 4.8- 6 tones /acre. Mulching is to be repeated @ 3 tones /acre at 45 and 90 days after planting, immediately after weeding, application of fertilizers and earthing up.
Rhizome rot/soft rot	Cultural control: • Maintain proper drainage by using 30 cm raised bed and avoiding the water stagnation • Adopt phyto sanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted and destroyed. • Adopt crop rotation with non-host crops like ragi, paddy, maize, sorghum etc. • Mulching with green leaves (Lantana camara and Vitex negundo) @ 4- 4.8 t/acre at the time of planting. (It is repeated @ 5 t/acre 40 and 90 days after planting). Biological control: • Foliar application of neem oil @ 0.5% twice at fortnightly interval. • Cow dung slurry or liquid manure may be poured on the bed after each mulching to enhance microbial activity and nutrient availability Use Fermented Plant Extract (FPE) prepared by using (garlic + onion leaves + Canabis sp + wild poisonous plant) + (cow urine) + (EM solution) + (extract after washing polished rice) + (alcohol) + (water) (1:1:1:1:1:15), sufficient for 1.0 ha for seed treatment against soft rot. • FPE to be applied after every fortnight by using watering can for next 2 month i.e. up to July end.
Rhizome-scale	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy severely infested rhizomes. • Collect and destroy damaged leaves • Select healthy rhizomes free from scale infestation for using sowing purpose
Vegetative & rhizome development stage
Nutrients	• Top dressing of N in three splits is done at regular periods just after each weeding at monthly intervals. • Apply castor or neem cake @ 200 Kg/ acre (if not applied at sowing) along with 24 Kg of Nitrogen through urea near the rhizomes at 40 days after planting. • Apply 24 Kg nitrogen and 16 Kg potash/ acre at 80 days after planting. • The final dose of 20 Kg nitrogen and 14 Kg potash/ acre should be applied at 120 days after planting followed by eating up of the crop. • Fertilizer application should be completed within 120 days from the time of planting. • Chemical fertilizers should be applied along with FYM and organic cakes. • As and when micro-nutrient deficiencies like zinc, manganese etc., are observed, it should be corrected by foliar spray. • Spray ferrous sulphate @ 5.0 g along with lime salt @ 1.0 g per litre of water to control ‘Fe’ deficiency. • To control ‘Zn’ deficiency, zinc sulphate @ 5.0 g + 0.5 ml sticking agent per litter of water.
Weeds	• Hand hoeing and weeding are necessary at 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting in light soils. Immediately the plants have to be earthed up. • In black soils where ridge and furrow method of planting and wider spacing are adopted country plough can be worked for earthing up and removal of weeds and followed by weeding in the lines.
Shoot borer	Cultural control: • Plant the ecological engineering plants to attractant, augment and conserve natural enemies. • Destroy the infested shoots and destroy them to kill harbouring caterpillars • Place light traps @ 1 /acre and operate between 6 and 10 pm to attract and trap the adult moths. Collect and kill the trapped moths. • Mulching with green Lantana camara and Vitex negundo leaves @ 2 t/ acre at 40 and 90 days after planting. Biological control: • Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 40,000/acre. • Conserve and augment entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) such as Rhabditis /Oscheius turmerici . • Conserve natural enemies such as Angitia (Dioctes) tronchanterata; Xanthopimpla australis, Theromia inareolata, Bracon hebetor, B. brevicornis, B. nosatoi, B. lasus, Phanerotoma hendecasisella, Myosoma sp, Apanteles sp, Brachymeria euloeae, mermethid nematode, earwigs, robber flies and spiders, ladybird beetle, spiders, chrysopids, Trichogrammatids etc. • Spray neem oil (0.5%) at fortnightly intervals.
Rhizome fly**	Cultural control: • Destroy stray plants in off season • Select and plant healthy rhizomes. • Remove and destroy rotting rhizomes along with the maggots from the field after the harvest of the crop. • Ecological engineering in turmeric with paddy reduces pest attacks. Biological control: • Conserve and/or inundate the natural enemies such as ladybird beetle, spiders, chrysopids, Trichogrammatids etc.
Leaf roller/ Bihar hairy caterpillar**	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy the egg masses and larvae • Remove alternate weed hosts near the field Biological control: • Conserve the natural enemies such as ladybird beetle, spiders, chrysopids, Bracon sp, fire ants, dragon fly, praying mantis, ground beetle and Trichogrammatids etc. • Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 20,000/acre.
Leaf spot	Cultural control: • Pluck and remove the infested leaf and uproot the infested plants and destroy them. • Use proper green mulching to reduce soil splashes. Biological control: • Use of plant extracts such as garlic extracts is effective against foliar pathogens. • Spray of an extract of asafoetida, turmeric and water pathogens including nematodes.
Leaf blotch	Cultural control: • Use proper green mulching to reduce soil splashes. Biological control: • Use of plant extracts such as garlic extracts is effective against foliar pathogens.
Soft rot/ rhizome rot	Cultural control: • Maintain proper drainage by using 30 cm raised bed and avoiding the water stagnation • Adopt phyto sanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted and destroyed. • Adopt crop rotation with non-host crops like ragi, paddy, maize, sorghum etc.
Taphrina leaf blotch	Cultural control: • Maintain proper drainage by using 30 cm raised bed and avoiding the water stagnation • Adopt phyto sanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted and destroyed. • Adopt crop rotation with non-host crops like ragi, paddy, maize, sorghum etc. • Mulching with green leaves (Lantana camara and Vitex negundo) @ 4- 4.8 t/acre is at the time of planting. (It is repeated @ 2 t/ acre 40 and 90 days after planting). Biological control: • Use Fermented Plant Extract (FPE) prepared by using (garlic + onion leaves + Canabis sp + wild poisonous plant) + (cow urine) + (EM solution) + (extract after washing polished rice) + (alcohol) + (water) (1:1:1:1:1:15), sufficient for 1.0 ha for seed treatment against soft rot. • FPE to be applied after every fortnight by using watering can for next 2 month i.e. up to July end
Taphrina leaf blotch	Cultural control: • Field sanitation should be practiced. • Follow crop rotation with cereal and legume crops to reduce the inoculum build up.
Colletotrichum leaf spot	Cultural control: • Field sanitation should be practiced. • Follow crop rotation with cereal and legume crops to reduce the inoculum build up.
White grub**	Cultural control: • Uproot the infested plants, collect and destroy the infected plant along with larvae. • Use well decomposed FYM
Lacewing bug**	Cultural control: • Destroy all volunteer plants and old neglected plantations. • Use healthy and pest free rhizomes for planting. Apply hot water treatment prior to planting.
Nematodes**	Cultural control: • Uproot and destroy the infested plants. • Treat infested rhizomes with hot water (50 OC) for 10 minutes, using nematode free seed rhizomes and solarizing turmeric beds for 40 days. • Intercropping of marigold • Deep ploughing or solarized beds of infested fields during summer. • Follow crop rotation with cereal crops, marigold, Chrysanthemum, Sesbania, Crotalaria spp., gaillardia, castor bean and Desmodium spp., (parasitic nematodes) • Border crops: Strips of rye grass, cover crops and mulch beds (rove beetle) Biological control: • An extract of asafoetida, turmeric and water is eff ective against several plant pathogens including nematodes. • Application of neem (Azaradirachta indica) seed cake 100 Kg/acre before planting • Pochonia chlamydosporia, a nematode bio control agent can be incorporated in turmeric beds (20 g/bed at 106 cfu/g) at the time of sowing.
Rodents	Cultural control: • Traps are used to catch and kill rodents. • If possible cultivate turmeric in sloping and steep areas, as the crop will be protected from grazing animals and rodent pests.
Reproductive /maturity
Nutrients	• Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest
Weeds	• Remove left over weeds to prevent weed seed spread in fi eld.
Dry rot**	Cultural control: • Field sanitation should be practiced. • Follow crop rotation with cereal and legume crops reduce the inoculum build up.
Leaf spot/ leaf blight/ rhizome rot	• Same as in vegetative stage.
Harvesting & storage
	Cultural control: • Store the harvested rhizomes free from pest/disease in pits dug under shade, the floor of which is lined with sand or saw dust. • Cover the pits with coconut fronds. • Destroy the soft rot/ bacteria rot infected rhizomes
Note: The pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume sprayer. * Apply Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens as rhizome/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required). ** Pests of regional significance

IPM for Turmeric

To know the IPM practices for Turmeric, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.04   

 

156 ratings

Turmeric: Natural Enemies

1. Natural Enemies of Turmeric Insect Pests
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
2. Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests
3. IPM for Turmeric

Natural Enemies of Turmeric Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Predators

Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Natural enemies	Attractant/Repellent/Trap plants
Shoot borer:
• Parasitoids: Bracon sp (larval), myosoma sp (larval), Apanteles sp (larval) , Xanthopimpla sp (larval and pupal) etc., • Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, coccinellids, king crow, wasp, dragonfly, spiders, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantids, fire ants Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) of the genus Rhabditis/ Oscheius and Hexamermis sp.	• Attractant plants for natural enemies: Carrot family, sunflower family, buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, shrubs (minute pirate bug, lacewing and ladybird beetle). • Nectar rich plants with small flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill, parsley, mustard, sunflower, buckwheat and cowpea (braconid wasp) • Maintaining hedgerows around the turmeric plantation also helps to maintain a population of ladybird beetle, spiders, etc. • Mulching with green leaves @ 4–4.5 t/acre at the time of planting. It is repeated @ 2 t/acre at 40 and 90 days after planting. • Use of Lantana camara and Vitex negundo as mulch at the time of planting may reduce the infection of shoot borer. • EPN, Rhabditis/Oscheius as biopesticides for management of the shoot borer and other insect pests of turmeric.
Leaf roller:
• Parasitoids: Apanteles sp, Sympiesis sp, Brachymeria oxodentata • Parasite: Ceromyia sp.	• Attractant plants for natural enemies: Carrot family, sunflower family, buckwheat, cowpea, alfalfa, corn, shrubs (Apanteles sp, Sympiesis sp, Brachymeria oxodentata & Ceromyia sp). • Nectar rich plants with small flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill, parsley, mustard, sunflower, buckwheat and cowpea (Apanteles sp, Sympiesis sp, Brachymeria oxodentata)
Rhizome / soft rot:
	• Incorporation of neem cake and pine needle in the soil. • Different types of cropping systems cropping like maize, chili, brinjal, papaya, cucumber, pumpkin, yam, tree tomato, tapioca and different types of leguminous crops. • Application of oil cakes made from Azadirachta indica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Pongamia glabra, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Brassica campestris • Intercrop turmeric with maize and pineapple.
Root-knot nematode:
	• Intercropping with marigold @ 5:1 • Repellant plants for nematodes: Marigold, Gliricidia, Asparagus, Dahelia etc. • Crop rotation: Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Sesbania, Crotalaria spp., Gaillardia, cluster bean and Desmodium spp., • Border crops: Strips of ryegrass, cover crops and mulch beds (rove beetle) • Soil incorporation of Gliricidia compost, neem seed cake.

IPM for Turmeric

To know the IPM practices for Turmeric, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

154 ratings

Nutritional Deficiencies/Disorders of Turmeric

1. Nitrogen
2. Potassium
3. Iron
4. IPM for Turmeric

Nitrogen

Pale or yellow green leaves (chlorosis) symptoms appear first in the older leaves. Reddish tints gradually appear at the leaf margins spread toward the midrib or central vein. Leaves are small in size. Overall growth is markedly reduced. Deficiency results in reduction of rhizome yield.

Correction measure: Foliar spray of urea 1% or DAP 2% twice at weekly interval.

Potassium

Since potassium is very mobile within the plant, symptoms only develop on young leaves in the case of extreme deficiency. Reduced growth, shortened internodes, marginal burn or scorch (brown leaf edges), necrotic (dead) spots in the leaf, reduction of lateral breaks and tendency to wilt readily

Correction measure: Application of K @ 36 Kg/acre in four splits (basal, 60, 90 and 120 DAP) or foliar spray of K₂SO₄ @ 1% at fortnightly interval.

Iron

The deficiency of iron shows up first in the young leaves of plants, which develop interveinal chlorosis and it progresses rapidly over the entire leaf. In severe cases, the leaves turn completely white.

Correction measure: Soil application of FeSO₄ @ 12 Kg/acre followed by foliar spray of FeSO₄ @ 0.5%during 3rd, 4th and 5th months.

IPM for Turmeric

To know the IPM practices for Turmeric, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage