39 ratings Lablab Diseases Anthracnose Rust Powdery mildew Bacterial leaf spot Lablab bean Mosaic virus Ashy stem blight ...
39 ratings
Lablab Diseases
- Anthracnose
- Rust
- Powdery mildew
- Bacterial leaf spot
- Lablab bean Mosaic virus
- Ashy stem blight
- Disease cycles:
- IPM for Lablab
Anthracnose
Disease
symptoms:
- Bean pods with black, sunken
lesions or reddish-brown blotches
caused
by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. - Black, sunken lesions about ½
inch in diameter develop on stems, pods and seedling leaves (cotyledons)
but are most prominent on pods.
- A salmon-colored ooze on
lesions and the veins on lower leaf surfaces turns black. On lima beans,
symptoms are sooty- appearing spots on leaves and pods.
- Anthracnose develops primarily
during the spring and fall when the weather is cool and wet, and not
during hot, dry summers. Lima beans are particularly susceptible.
Survival
and spread:
- The fungus survives in the
winter primarily in bean seed. Survival in soil or in plant residue varies
greatly, depending on environmental conditions.
- The fungal spores are easily
carried to healthy plants in wind-blown rain and by people and machinery
moving through contaminated fields when the plants are wet.
Favourable
conditions:
- The disease is favored by warm
(20o C to 24o C) weather and infection will only take place if the leaves
remain wet for 18 to 24 hours.
Rust
Disease
symptom:
- Bean rust is mainly a disease
of leaves that causes rust-colored spots formation on the lower leaf
surfaces.
- Severely infected leaves turn
yellow, wilt, and drop off the plant.
- Stems and pods may also be infected.
- It affects most types of beans
under humid conditions.
Survival
and spread:
- The pathogen survives in the
volunteer Lablab bean plants and in infected plant debris in the soil as
teliospores.
- The disease spreads by
wind-borne uredospores from infected crop.
Favourable
conditions:
- Day temperature of 25.5° to
30.5°C with relative humidity of 86 to 92 per cent enhances intensity of
rust.
Powdery mildew
Disease
symptom:
Leaves are covered with patches of a whitish to grayish
powdery growth.- New growth appears contorted,
curled or dwarfed and may turn yellow and drop. Pods are dwarfed and
distorted.
- This is mostly a problem of all
beans. Powdery mildew is spread by wind and rain.
Survival
and spread:
- The primary sources of inoculum
are oospores present in the soil.
- Secondary infection is by air
Favourable
conditions:
- The disease is more under dry
conditions at the end of the winter months.
Bacterial leaf spot
Disease
symptom:
- There are two widespread
bacterial blights that affect most types of beans, common blight
(Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli) and halo blight (Pseudomonas syringae
pathovar phaseolicola).
- The stems, leaves and fruits of
bean plants can be infected by either disease. Rain and damp weather
favour disease development.
- Halo blight occurs primarily
when
temperatures are cool. - Light greenish-yellow circles
that look like halos form around a brown spot or lesion on the plant. With
age, the lesions may join together as the leaf turns yellow and slowly
dies. Stem lesions appear as long, reddish spots.
- Leaves infected with common
blight turn brown and drop quickly from the plant.
- Common blight infected pods do
not have the greenish-yellow halo around the infected spot or lesion.
Common blight occurs mostly during warm weather.
Survival
and spread:
- The bacteria overwinter in dead
plant material, but do not survive for long in water or soil.
- Bacteria are weak pathogens and
need a natural opening (stomata’s and lenticels) or an injury (mechanical,
insect or another disease) to infect. The disease is spread by splashing
water and by implements or workers in the field when the plants are wet.
Favourable
conditions:
- Warm temperature (24- 30°C)
along with sprinkler irrigation or heavy rains favour disease development.
Lablab bean Mosaic virus
Disease
symptom:
- Infected leaves show sharply
defined
patches
of unusual coloration. - The causal agents of these
symptoms may be nutrient imbalance or herbicide injury or result
from infection by one of several viruses. Southern beans can be infected
by Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic virus and several
others.
- It is not possible to
distinguish between the viruses based on symptoms alone.
- Laboratory tests (ELISA) are
required to identify the viruses and confirm that they may be responsible
for the mosaic symptoms.
Survival
and spread:
- Virus spreads through
transmission by thrips.
- Weed hosts serve as natural
virus reservoirs.
- Long and continuous dry spell
increases the disease incidence.
Ashy stem blight
Disease
symptom:
- Symptoms may appear after
soil-borne mycelia or
sclerotia
germinate and infect seedling stems near the soil line at the base of
developing cotyledons. - The fungus produced black,
sunken, cankers which have a sharp margin and often contain concentric
rings.
- The plant’s growing tip may be
killed or the stem broken where it is weakened by the canker. Infection
may continue into the hypocotyl and root region or the primary leaf
petioles.
- Older seedling and plant
infections may cause stunting, leaf chlorosis, premature defoliation, and
plant death [Schwartz, 1989].
Survival
and spread:
- M. phaseolina survives as
microsclerotia in the soil and on infected plant debris.
- The microsclerotia serve as the
primary source of inoculum.
- Wind-borne conidia cause
secondary spread.
- Seeds may also carry the fungus
in the seed coat.
Favourable conditions:
- Germination of the
microsclerotia occurs throughout the growing season when temperatures are
between 28°C and 35°C.
Disease cycles:
Anthracnose
Rust
Powdery
mildew
Bacterial
leaf spot
Mosaic
virus
Ashy stem
blight
IPM for Lablab
To know
the IPM practices for Lablab , click here.
Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection,
Quarantine Storage
31 ratings
Lablab Insect Pests
- Jassid
- Pod borer
- Pod borer
- Bean aphids
- Red spider mite
- Whitefly
- Stem fly
- Pod bug
- Root-knot nematode
- IPM for Lablab
Jassid
Biology:
- Egg: Female inserts eggs into leaf veins on the
underside. Eggs hatch in 6-10 days
- Nymph: Nymphs are pale greenish almost translucent and
walk diagonally. Nymphal period is 6-10 days.
- Adult: Adults are greenish yellow, wedge shaped with a pair of
black spots on vertex and a black spot on each of the forewings. Adult
stages last for 35-50 days depending upon weather conditions. There are a
total of 7-8 generations in a year.
Life
cycle:
Damage
symptoms:
- The infected leaves show pale
yellow coloration.
- In case of heavy infestation,
the leaves curl .
- The leaf edges turn light
pinkish brown.
- Stunted growth of plant, cupped
and crinkled leaves, burnt appearance of leaf margins are symptoms of
damage.
Pod borer
It is a
polyphagous and polymorphous pest infesting, pea, lablab, safflower, sunflower,
chillies, pulses, groundnut, tobacco, cotton etc.
Biology:
- Egg: The spherical, yellowish eggs are laid singly on
tender parts and buds of plants. The egg period lasts for 2-5 days.
- Larva: Caterpillars vary in colour, initially brown and
later turn greenish with darker broken lines along the side of the body.
The larval period lasts for 18-25 days. Body covered with radiating hairs.
When full grown, they measure 3.7 to 5 cm in length. The full grown
caterpillar pupates in the soil in an earthen cell and emerges in 16-21
days.
- Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage lasts
7-15 days.
- Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/greyish
forewings with a dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near
costal margins, with a wing expanse of 3.7cm.
Life
cycle:
Damage
symptoms:
- Young larva feeds on flower and
flower buds and then attacks pods. Internal tissues are eaten severely and
completely hollowed out. While feeding the caterpillar typically thrust
its head inside leaving the rest of the body outside.
- Infested pods can be easily be
identified by bores with round holes.
Natural
enemies of pod borer:
- Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp, Tetrastichus spp, Chelonus spp, Telenomus spp, Bracon spp, Ichneumon spp, Carcelia spp,Campoletis spp, Senometopia illota
- Predators: Lacewing, lady beetle, spider, fire ant, dragon
fly, robber fly, reduviid bug, preying mantid, black drongo, wasp, common
mynah
Pod borer
It is a
serious pest of leguminous vegetables viz., cowpea, red gram, mung bean, urd
bean, lablab, French bean etc.
Biology:
- Egg: The eggs of are laid either singly or in small
batches on flowers, flower buds, tender pods. The eggs hatch in 3- 7 days depending
up on weather conditions.
- Larva: Neonate larvae initially may be found in-group on
flowers, later they disperse moving from one flower to another so that
each larva damages number of flowers, flower buds. They also f
eed on the young pods and
thereby making them unfit for human consumption. The larval stage lasts
for 13-17 days. - Pupa: There is a brief pre-pupal for 1-2 days and the
pupal stage takes about 6-7 days.
- Adult: Moth in medium sized with brownish-black wings.
Fore wings have a conspicuous transverse white elongate marking.
Damage symptoms:
- During flowering stage, it
feeds on the flower buds and flowers and causing premature flower
dropping.
- At later stage they feed on the
seeds of the tender pods resulting in economic loss. The damaged pod has a
large emergence hole made by the pupating larva.
Natural enemies of pod borer:
- Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp,Tetrastichus spp, Chelonus spp,
Telenomus spp, Bracon spp,Ichneumon spp, Carcelia spp,Campoletis spp,
Senometopia illota
- Predators: Lacewing, lady beetle, spider, fire ant, dragon
fly, robber fly, reduviid bug, preying mantid, black drongo, wasp, common
mynah
Bean aphids
Biology:
- Nymph: Aphids are mostly viviparous and reproduce
thorough parthenogenesis. There are four nymphal stages (instars). The
general appearance of each stage is similar except for increase in size
during subsequent instars. The first, second, third and fourth
nymphal stages generally last for 1-2, 2, 2 and 3 days respectfully.
- Adult: Aphids are small, soft-bodied, pear-shaped
insects that have a pair of cornicles (wax-secreting tubes) projecting out
from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. Wingless (apterous) female
aphids are black or blackish brown with a white waxy bloom covering the
body. The aphid attacks generally during 2nd and 3rd week of December and
continues till March.
Life
cycle:
Damage
symptoms:
- Both nymph and adults suck the
sap from leaves, buds, flowers and pods.
- Curling may occur for infested
leaves and at advanced stage plants may wither and die.
- Plants remain stunted and sooty
molds grow on the honey dew excreted by these insects.
Natural enemies of bean
aphids:
- Parasitoids: Diaeretiella
rapae, Aphelinus abdominalis etc.
- Predators: Lacewing, lady bird beetle, hover fly etc.
Red spider mite
Biology:
The red
spider mite normally completes its life-cycle from egg to adult in about a
week. All stages of this mite are present throughput the year. Reproduction is
most favorable when the weather is hot and dry.
- Egg: Eggs are spherical, shiny, straw colored, and
hatch in 3 days. They are only about 1/254 inch in diameter. They are laid
singly on the underside of the leaf surface or attached to the silken webs
spun by the adults.
- Larva: Larvae are slightly larger than the egg, pinkish,
and have three pairs of legs. This stage lasts a short time, perhaps a
day.
- Nymph: There are two nymphal stages, the protonymph and
deutonymph. The nymphal stage differs from the larval stage by being
slightly larger, reddish or greenish, and having 4 pairs of legs. This
nymphal stage lasts about 4 days.
- Adult: Adult females are about 1/50 inch long, reddish,
and more or less elliptical. The males are slightly smaller and wedge
shaped. They have a black spot on either side of their relatively
colorless bodies. The adult female may live for up to 24 days and lay 200
eggs.
Life
cycle:
Damage
symptoms:
- Red spider mite feeds on
leaves.
- Severe mite injury produces
browning and loss of colour in the leaves i.e. yellowing, bronzing and
curling of leaves.
Natural enemies of red spider mite:
Predators: Coccinellid,
lace wing, predatory mite
Whitefly
Biology:
Nymphs
are oval, scale like and remain attached to the leaf surface. Adults are tiny,
moth like with yellowish body and wings coated with milky white waxy powder.
- Egg: Pear shaped, light yellowish Stalked
- Nymph: On hatching Oval, scale-like, greenish white
- Adult: White, tiny, scale-like adult
Life
cycle:
Damage
symptoms:
- Nymphs and adults suck sap and
excrete honeydew.
- A secondary infection develops
when a black sooty mould fungus grows on the sticky honeydew.
- There are no visible damage
symptoms with low numbers of whiteflies.
- Under very heavy infestations,
plants lose vigour and damage is manifested under severe moisture stress,
causing leaf wilting and failure to set seed.
Favourable conditions:
- Warm weather conditions are
favourable for multiplication.
Natural enemies of whitefly:
- Parasitoids: Encarsia
formosa, Chrysocharis pentheus, Eretmocerus spp.
- Predators: Mirid bug, green lacewing, lady beetle, big-eyed
bugs
Stem fly
Biology:
- Egg: The stem fly inserts eggs on the underside of
young leaves on tender stems. Ovipositing sites present as pale pinprick
spots when infested leaves are held up to the light.
- Larva: The larvae are apodus, whitish, cigar -shaped
maggots that reach little more than 2mm. Larva pupate after 8-11 days.
Before pupation, which takes place inside the stem, the larva makes an
exit hole for the emergence of the adult.
- Pupa: Pupae are smooth, light brown to pale brown,
cylindrical in shape with rounded ends. Pupal stage lasts 6–12 days.
- Adult: Adult flies are shiny black and about 2mm long with a
pair of clear wings of wingspan 4-5 mm.
Life
cycle:
Damage
symptoms:
- Infected stems are often red
inside (sometimes pale) and a distinct zig-zag tunnel filled with frassy
excreta may be observed with maggots or pupae inside. Apart from the exit
holes, the plants may apparently appear healthy from outside.
- Severe infestations (3 or more
maggots per plant) may cause wilting, yellowing, drying and finally
pre-mature plant death, especially in younger plants particularly if
damage occurs in the plant’s hypocotyl (basal stem) region.
Natural enemies of stem fly:
Parasitoids: Tiny
wasps
Pod bug
Biology:
Pod bugs
are serious pests in many parts of the country particularly
Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal etc.
Egg: Adult
lays eggs in small batches of 8-15 mostly on pods. Incubation period ranges
from 3-6 days depending upon weather condition.
Nymph: Nymphs
are smaller in size and devoid of wings, nymphal period completes within 8-17
days.
Adults: Adult
legs are bigger in size and with two pairs of wings.
Damage symptoms:
- Both the nymphs and adults
sucks the sap from seeds of developing pods through pod wall.
- Affected pods show clear brown
spots on the pods, seeds become shrivelled and lose viability
Root-knot nematode
- The life cycles root-knot
(Meloidogyne sp.), its sedentary endoparasites.
- The invasive or second stage
juvenile (J2) hatches from the egg and seeks a feeding site within a root.
- The juvenile moults to the J3
and begins enlarging as the reproductive system develops. Nematodes which
become females are no longer able to leave the root.
- They continue to enlarge as
they go through the J3 and J4 stages. Root-knot nematode, galls will
typically develop on the root.
- Upon becoming adults, root-knot
nematodes will begin to lay eggs (up to several hundred) which are
contained in a gelatinous matrix at the posterior end of the body.
- The egg mass may be within the
root or partly or wholly exposed on the root surface while the swollen
body of the female remains within the root.
- Eggs in matrices often remain
attached to root fragments in the soil after the female dies.
- Root-knot egg and juvenile
populations decline by up to 70 to 90 percent during winter in the absence
of reproduction.
Life
cycle:
Life
stages are microscopic in size
Damage symptoms:
- Infections by root-knot
nematode cause decline in the host, and under some conditions, may kill
the plant.
- Infected plants may be stunted
and chlorotic, usually wilt easily, and are not productive. However, the
extent of damage caused by root-knot nematode infections varies with host,
timing of infection, and cultural conditions. Root-knot nematode infection
often is easy to identify because of the swellings in roots that look like
“knots.”
- The swellings become large and
easy to see on some hosts such as squash, but may be smaller and less
conspicuous on others such as chile pepper.
- Multiple infections on one root
result in a swollen, rough appearance. Root-knot nematodes are very small
and can only be observed using a microscope.
Survival and spread:
- Primary: Cysts and egg masses in infected plant debris and
soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and
Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculum
- Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also
be water dispersed
Favourable conditions:
Loamy
light soils
IPM for Lablab
To know
the IPM practices for Lablab , click here.
Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection,
Quarantine & Storage
31 ratings
Lablab Pests
Insect and mite Pests
- Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera:
Aphididae)
- Jassids: Empoasca fabae Harris (Hemiptera:
Cicadellidae)
- Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
- Red spider mite: Tetrancychus cinnabarinus Dufour (Trombidiformes:
Tetranychidae)
- Hairy caterpillar: Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
- Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseolina Tryon (Diptera:
Agromyzidae)
- Pod borers: Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Maruca vitrata Geyer (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae)
- Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris Fabricius, Clavigralla
gibbosa Spinola (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and Nezara viridula
Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Diseases
- Anthracnose : Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc.
and Magnus) Briosi and Cavara
- Ashy stem blight: Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid
- Powdery mildew: Erysiphe polygoni DC
- Rust: Uromyces fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.)
- Mosaic virus
- Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Pammel)
Dowson
Weeds
Grasses
- Crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium L. Willd (Poaceae)
- Burmuda Grass: Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers (Poaceae)
- Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli L.
Beauv.(Poaceae)
- Hairy crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
(Poaceae)
Broad
leaf
- False daisy: Eclipta alba L. Hassk. (Asteraceae)
- Asthma herb: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)
- Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L.
(Asteraceae)
- Slender Amaranth/Green
Amaranth: Amaranthus viridis L
(Amaranthaceae)
- Lamb's Quarters: Chenopodium album L (Amaranthaceae)
- sweet clover: Meliolotus indica L (Fabaceae)
- Scarlet/red pimpernel : Anagallis arvensis L (Primulaceae)
Sedges
- Purple nut sedge: Cyperus rotundus L (Cyperaceae)
Nematode
- Root knot Nematode: Meloidogyne incognita Göldi (Tylenchida:
Meloidogynidae)
IPM for Lablab
To know
the IPM practices for Lablab , click here.
Source
: NIPHM, Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
32 ratings
Lablab Crop Stage Wise
IPM
|
Management |
Activity |
Pre-sowing
|
|
|
Common cultural practices:
|
|
|
Nutrients |
|
|
Weeds |
|
|
Stem blight, Nematode, Pod borer |
Cultural control:
Chemical control:
|
Sowing/ seedling
|
|
|
Common cultural practices:
|
|
|
Nutrient |
|
|
Weed management |
|
|
Nematodes |
Cultural control:
|
|
Bean mosaic virus |
Mechanical control:
|
|
Note: Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum
and Pseudomonas fluorescens for treatment of
seed/seedling/planting materials in the nurseries and field application (if
commercial products are used, check for label claim and date of expiry.
However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their
fields, registration is not required). |
|
Vegetative stage
|
|
|
Common cultural practices:
Common mechanical practices:
Common biological practices:
|
|
|
Nutrient |
|
|
Weed |
|
|
Bean aphid |
Cultural control:
Mechanical control:
Biological control:
|
|
Red spider mite |
Cultural control:
Biological control:
|
|
Mosaic virus |
Cultural practices:
|
|
Bacterial leaf spot |
Cultural control:
|
|
Powdery Mildew |
Cultural control:
Chemical control:
|
|
Ashy stem blight |
Cultural control:
|
|
Anthracnose and Rust |
Cultural control:
Mechanical control:
Chemical control:
|
Flowering stage
|
|
|
Nutrients |
|
|
Weeds |
|
|
Bean Aphid |
|
|
Jassid |
|
|
Pod borers |
Cultural control:
Mechanical control:
Biological control:
|
|
Anthracnose |
|
|
Mosaic virus |
|
|
Powdery mildew |
|
Fruiting stage
|
|
|
Anthracnose |
|
|
Mosaic virus |
|
Source: NIPHM, Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
33 ratings
Lablab Beneficial
Insects
Natural
Enemies of Lablab bean Insect Pests
Parasitoids
Egg parasitoids
Egg-larval parasitoid
Larval parasitoids
Predators
IPM for Lablab
To know
the IPM practices for Lablab , click here.
Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
COMMENTS