Ginger: Diseases, Symptoms and Pest Management

  Ginger: Diseases and Symptoms Soft rot Bacterial wilt Leaf spot Storage rot Fusarium yellows/ yellow disease Sheath blight...

 

Ginger: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Soft rot
2. Bacterial wilt
3. Leaf spot
4. Storage rot
5. Fusarium yellows/ yellow disease
6. Sheath blight / leaf blight
7. Dry rot
8. IPM for Ginger

Soft rot

Disease symptoms

• The infection starts at the collar region of the pseudo stem and progresses upwards as well as downwards.
• Affected pseudo stem becomes water soaked and the rotting spreads to the rhizome resulting in soft rot. At a later stage root infection is also noticed.
• Foliar symptoms appear as light yellowing of the tips of lower leaves which gradually spreads to the leaf blades.
• In early stages, the middle portion of the leaves remain green while the margins become yellow.
• The yellowing spreads to all leaves of the plant from the lower region upwards and is followed by drooping, withering and drying of pseudo Stems.

Survival and spread

• The disease is soil-borne.
• The fungus can survive in two ways: (a) in diseased rhizomes kept for seed, and (b) through resting structures like chlamydo spores and oospores that reach the soil from infected rhizomes.
• The fungus multiplies with buildup of soil moisture with the onset of south west monsoon.

Favourable conditions

• Younger sprouts are the most susceptible to the pathogen. Nematode infestation aggravates rhizome rot disease.
• A high temperature above 30° C and high soil moisture are the important predisposing factors favouring the disease.
• Waterlogging in the field due to poor drainage increases the intensity of the disease.

Bacterial wilt

Disease symptoms

• Water soaked spots appear at the collar region of the pseudo stem and progresses both side upwards and downwards.
• The first conspicuous symptom is mild drooping and curling of leaf margins of the lower leaves which spread upwards.
• Yellowing starts from the lowermost leaves and gradually progresses to the upper leaves.
• In the advanced stage, severe yellowing and wilting symptoms occurs.
• The vascular tissues of the affected pseudo stems show dark streaks.
• The affected pseudo stem and rhizome when pressed gently extrudes milky ooze from the vascular strands. Ultimately rhizomes get rotted.

Survival and spread

• Bacterial wilt is a soil and seed borne disease that occurs during south west monsoon.
• The bacteria are spread through soil, water, infected or contaminated rhizomes.
• The bacteria enter the plant through wounds made in the roots during transplanting, through agricultural equipment’s, nematodes and insects.

Favourable conditions

• Relatively high soil moisture and soil temperature
• Disease, occurs during south west monsoon.

Leaf spot

Disease symptoms

• The disease starts as water soaked spot and later turns as a white spot surrounded by dark brown margins and yellow halo.
• The lesions enlarge and adjacent lesions coalesce to form necrotic areas.

Survival and spread

• Spread through wind and rain splashes.

Favourable conditions

• Disease is soil-borne; Noticed on the leaves from July to October; high humidity and temperature.

Storage rot

Disease symptom

• Initially, disease appear as light yellowing of the tips of lower leaves which gradually spreads down to the leaf blade and leaf sheath along the margin.
• The middle portion of the lamina remains green while the margins become yellow.
• The yellowing spreads to all the leaves of plant from bottom upwards and is followed by drooping, withering and drying.
• The collar region of the pseudo-stem shows pale translucent brown colour which becomes water soaked, due to destruction of parenchymatus tissues.
• The infected plants can be easily pulled out from the rhizomes, the infection from the collar spreads to the rhizome gradually.
• The rhizome has a discoloured appearance before rot sets in the fi bro vascular strands are not affected.

Survival and spread

• The fungus has been reported to be carried in seed-pieces or soils which are the source of primary infection.
• Secondary infection occurs by conidia

Favourable conditions

• High rainfall and poor drained soil favour in development of disease

Fusarium yellows/ yellow disease

Disease symptoms

• The infected plants remain yellow and stunted in growth.
• The yellowing start from lower leaves.
• From infection to total collapse is gradual.
• Infected plants produce shriveled tubers and brown ground tissue.

Survival and spread

• Infected seed pieces and soil are source of primary inoculum.
• Resting spores i.e. chlamydo spores present in soil are source of secondary infection.

Favourable conditions

• High rainfall and poor drained soil favour in development of disease.

Sheath blight / leaf blight

Disease symptoms

• The lesions are usually observed on the leaf sheaths although leaf blades may also be affected.
• Initially, lesions are small, ellipsoid or ovoid, and greenish-gray and usually develop near the water line in lowland fields.
• Under favorable conditions, they enlarge and may coalesce to form bigger lesions with irregular outline and grayish-white center with dark brown borders.
• The presence of several large spots on a leaf sheath usually causes the death of the whole leaf.

Survival and spread

• Fungus survives in the soil for many years in the form of sclerotia and spreads through soil & infected rhizomes

Favourable conditions

• The pathogen prefers warm wet weather and outbreaks typically occur in the early summer months most symptoms of the pathogen do not occur until late summer.

Dry rot

Disease symptoms

• Symptom includes discolouration of rhizome surface by fungal mycelia accompanied by dry rotting.

Survival and spread

• Soil and infected rhizome pieces are source of primary inoculum.
• The fungus also produces resting structures (Chlamydospores) in the decomposing tissues of infected rhizomes. Therefore, tissues from infected crops remaining in the field serve as a reservoir of the fungus.

Favourable conditions

• The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather, coupled with high soil moisture.

IPM for Ginger

To know the IPM practices for Ginger, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

143 ratings

Ginger Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
1. Major kharif
2. Major rabi weeds
4. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematodes
4. Animal and rodent pests
5. IPM for Ginger

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Shoot borer: Conogethes punctiferalis (Guen.,) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Rhizome scale: Aspidiella hartii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Diseases

• Rhizome soft rot: Pythium sp.
• Bacterial wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum (C. Martin and E. R. French)
• Leaf spot: Phyllosticta zingiberi (T.S. Ramakr.)
• Storage rot: Pythium spp., Fusarium spp. Verticillium spp.
• Fusarium Yellows: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi (Foz)

Weeds

Major kharif

Broad leaf

• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
• Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
• Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Horse purslane: Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)

Grassy

• Crab grass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd. (Poaceae)
• Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
• Chinese lovegrass: Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees. Ex Steud. Poaceae
• Goose grass: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

Major rabi weeds

Broad leaf

• Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parvifl ora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophylliaceae)

Grassy

• Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• White grub: Holotrichia spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Leaf roller/Skipper: Udaspes folus Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
• Thrips: Stenchaetothrips indicus (L.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Rhizome fly: Mimegralla coeruleifrons Macquart (Diptera: Micropezidae)

Diseases

• Sheath blight / Leaf blight: Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn)
• Dry rot: Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.)

Nematodes

• Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.
• Burrowing nematode: Radopholus similis (Cobb.)
• Lesion nematode: Pratylenchus spp.

Animal and rodent pests

In some areas, rodents damage the ginger crop by making burrows in the ginger fi elds. Sometimes, monkeys, buffaloes, wild boar and other grazing animals also destroy the ginger cultivation by grazing or trampling over it.

IPM for Ginger

To know the IPM practices for Ginger, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.02   

 

189 ratings

Ginger: Insect and Nematode Pests Management

1. Shoot borer
2. Rhizome scale
3. Leaf roller / skipper
4. Thrips
5. White grubs
6. Rhizome fly
7. Root knot, burrowing and lesion nematodes

Shoot borer

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are pink, oval, flat laid singly or in group on leaves and other soft and tender part of the plant. The eggs hatch in 2-6 days.
• Larva: The larvae pass through 4–5 in stars and are full-fledged in 12- 16 days. Fully grown larvae are light brown with sparse hairs.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the seed or sometimes in the grass that collects after feeding. Pupation takes place in lose silken cocoon in larval tunnel. The pupal stage lasts about 7-10 days.
• Adult: It is a medium sized moth with a wingspan of about 20 mm; the wings are orange-yellow with minute black spots. Three generations are completed in a year.

Damage symptoms

• The larvae bore into pseudo stems and feed on internal tissues resulting in yellowing and drying of leaves of infested pseudo stems.
• The presence of a bore-hole on the pseudo stem through which frass is extruded and the withered and yellow central shoot is a characteristic symptom of pest infestation.
• Favourable conditions:
• Temperature range 30-33°C and relative humidity range 60-90%.
• The pest population is higher in the field during September-October. The pest is most active from July to October.

Rhizome scale

Biology

• Female: Scales are circular (about 1mm diameter) and light brown to gray and appear as encrustations on the rhizomes.
• Male: It is orange coloured with transparent wings, distinct head, thorax and abdomen

Damage symptoms

• Adult (female) scales feed on sap and when the rhizomes are severely infested, they become shriveled and desiccated affecting its germination.
• In initial stage of infestation, the white coloured scales are seen scattered on rhizomes and later they congregate near the growing buds.
• When the infestation is severe the rhizome and buds shrivel and ultimately the entire rhizome dries.

Favourable condition

• Dry weather

Leaf roller / skipper

Biology

• Egg: The female normally lays a single egg on undersides of leaves. The egg is reddish, smooth and dome shaped. When about to hatch it turns white with a red top
• Larva: The larva is greenish, sluggish & constructs its leaf shelter and comes out to feed only at night. Soon after hatching, the caterpillar does not consume the eggshell completely and it makes itself a spacious cell and hides inside it. It is smooth green with black head. Even when disturbed it is reluctant to leave its cell. Caterpillar of grass demon (threat) on turmeric
• Pupa: Pupation takes place on the same plant within a cell. The pupa is long and cylindrical, watery green in colour. It has a long conical projection in front of the head. The most striking characteristic of the pupa is its proboscis. It is long and thin generally extending up to and a little beyond the tip of the abdomen. The pupa is the same color of the larva and unmarked. It is covered in a thin layer of white powder. The body band is neither too tight nor too loose and allows the pupa to wriggle if disturbed.
• Adult: The adult moth are brownish black. It has forewings with a white spots and hind wing with a large white patch, emerge in February or March and lay eggs before they die.

Damage symptoms

• Leaves become folded or rolled longitudinally.
• Complete defoliation takes place in severe condition

Favourable conditions

• Temperature 26-35 °C, relative humidity 41-100%

Thrips

Biology

• Egg: Thrips reproduce by laying eggs.
• Nymph: Nymphs emerge from the eggs. It takes between 6-9 days to develop from eggs into adult thrips.
• Adult: Thrips are very small, have elongated abdomens and are yellowish or blackish in color. Although the adults have wings, these insect pests do not usually fly. They are often found on plants throughout all growth stages, from sprout development to tuber maturation.

Damage symptoms

• Thrips damage the undersides of leaves by sucking their plant sap.
• They damage young and soft parts of plants such as new leaves and shoots.
• Leaves become rolled up, and turn pale and gradually dry-up
• Severe infestation causes young leaves to wilt and dry out.

Favourable conditions

• Warm and humid weather

White grubs

Biology

• Egg: The females lay eggs singly on the main stem. The eggs are white, almost round in shape.
• Larva: The larvae are ‘C’ shaped, slow movers having globular head and elongated, dorsoventrally flattened body. The young grubs are translucent, white and 5 mm long.
• Pupa: Population takes place in the larval tunnel.
• Adult: Adults are about 18-20 mm long and 7-9 mm wide.

Damage symptoms

• Root grubs occasionally feed on tender rhizomes, roots and base of pseudostems causing yellowing and wilting of shoots.
• The grubs make large holes in rhizomes and reduce market value of produce.

Favourable conditions

• Warm and humid weather

Rhizome fly

Biology

• Egg: The eggs are small, white, cigar shaped, tapering at either side. The full grown larva is creamy white in colour, apodous and measures 9.5mm in length and 1.95 mm in breadth. Female fliers lay eggs singly or in clusters of 6-10 near the base of the plants under small lumps of soil, in cracks and on the surface or soil. The incubation period lasts for 2-5 days.
• Larva/ maggot: The larval period lasts for 13-18 days. The full-grown maggots pupate into rotten rhizomes.
• Pupa: The pupal period lasts for 10-15 days. The pupal period is for 10-15 days. The total period of life cycle is about 4 weeks.
• Adult: The flies are fairly large with slender body and long legs. The body is black in colour and wings are transparent with ashy spots. The wing expansion of flies varies from 13 to 15mm.

Damage symptoms

• The maggots feed on the rhizome as a result of which yellowing of plants and rotting of rhizomes takes place.
• Dead hearts due to primary injury, wilting and drying of aerial plants, can be seen.
• Rotting of rhizomes due to invasion of fungus, Pythium sp. through feeding injuries occurs.

Favourable conditions

• Warm and humid weather

Root knot, burrowing and lesion nematodes

Damage symptoms

• Root-knot nematode feed on tender rhizomes, roots and base of pseudostem causing stunting, chlorosis, poor tillering and necrosis of leaves are the common aerial symptoms.
• Characteristic root galls and lesions that lead to rotting are generally seen in roots.
• The infested rhizomes have brown, water soaked areas in the outer tissues.
• Nematode infestation aggravates rhizome rot disease.

Survival and spread

• Nematodes survive in soil and infected rhizomes as primary inoculum.
• Therefore, tissues from infected crops remaining in the field serve as a reservoir of the fungus.
• It spreads from infected plants or through soil.

Favourable conditions

• Warm, moist soil are favourable conditions

Source: NIPHM, NCIPM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

Ginger: Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre planting*
2. Sowing*
3. Vegetative stage
4. Rhizome development stage

Management	Activity
Pre planting*
Nutrients	• Use 20 t/ acre FYM or 8 t / acre at the time of field preparation incorporate in soil at 2 -3 weeks before planting. Use Leguminous green manure crops like pigeon pea, black gram, cowpea, cluster bean and French bean. • Wood ash can be added in the field as this increases the potash content of the soil
Weeds	• Deep ploughing, solarization during summer (also reduce soil borne diseases, nematodes) • At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique to minimize the weeds menace in field.
Resting stages of diseases & pests and nematodes	Cultural control: • Deep summer ploughing during summer • Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil borne pests. • Apply neem cake @ 8 qt/ acre. Chemical control: • Treat rhizomes with mancozeb @ 240 g/acre in 120 liter of water for 4.8-5.6 quintal rhizome for controlling yellow disease.
Soft rot/yellows	Cultural control: • Use of resistant/tolerant varieties to rhizome wilt/ rot. • Crop rotation with maize, cotton, soybean. • Plant disease free seed rhizomes. • Use raised beds. • Flooding treatment for 30 days, soil solarization during hottest months for 60 days • Treat the rhizomes with hot water at 47° C for 30 minutes. • Use bio-fumigation using cabbage and mustard plant refuses. Biological control: • Planting of perennial /seasonal flowering plants like basil, marigold, fennel, sunflower etc. along the border to attract and enhance the population of biocontrol agents for managing pests/disease. • Application of pine needle or neem cake powder treatments @ 0.8t/acre Chemical control: • Drench affected and surrounded beds with mancozeb 0.3% to reduce the spread of the yellow disease.
Bacterial wilt	Cultural control: • Soil solarisation for 60 days during summer • Planting of disease-free seed rhizomes. • Use crop rotation with non-host crops like ragi, paddy, maize, sorghum etc. • Avoid crop rotation with tomato, potato, chillies, brinjal and peanut, as these plants are hosts for the wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. • Rhizome treatment with hot water 47oC for 3 minutes. • Use bio-fumigation using cabbage and mustard plant refuses.
Rhizome fly**	Cultural control: • Use preventive measures like destruction of stray plants in off season, selection of healthy rhizome for planting. • Removal and destruction of rotting rhizomes along with the maggots from the field after the harvest of the crop may help to check the breeding of the pest. • Intercropping ginger with paddy or other crops reduces or lessens pest attacks.
Leaf roller**	Cultural control: • Intercropping ginger with paddy or other crops reduces or lessens pest attacks.
Nematodes**	Cultural control: • Intercropping of marigold • Deep ploughing or solarized beds of infested fields during summer. • Grow repellant plants: Marigold, Gliricidia, Asparagus, Dahelia
Sowing*
Nutrients	·  Apply P2O5 @ 24 Kg/acre as basal dose at the time of planting/ sowing.
Weeds	·  The beds are mulched immediately after planting.
Vegetative stage
Nutrients (should be based on soil analysis report)	• Apply 12 Kg of nitrogen and 12 Kg of potash/ acre near the rhizomes at 40th day after planting. • Apply 24 Kg nitrogen and 24 Kg potash/ acre at 80th day. • The final dose of 12 Kg nitrogen and 12 Kg potash/acre should be applied at 120th day. • As and when micro-nutrient deficiencies like zinc, manganese etc., are observed, it should be corrected by foliar spray. • Foliar application of 0.05% zinc sulphate (60 and 90 DAP), 0.2% of borax (60 and 90 DAP) and 1.0% of ferrous sulphate (60 and 90 DAP) should be done for correcting deficiency of these micronutrients.
Weeds	• Field is hand weeded three or four times and plants earthed up once or twice. • The rainfed crop is given second and a third leaf mulch at the time of weeding, hoeing and earthing up. • Green mulching: The first mulching is done at the time of planting with green leaves (Vitex nigundo etc.) @ 4-4.8 tonnes/acre. Mulching is to be repeated @ 3 tonnes/acre at 45 and 90 days after planting, immediately after weeding, application of fertilizers. Weeding is done just before fertilizer application and each mulching; 2-3 weeding are required depending on the intensity of weed growth
Soft rot	Cultural control: • Ensure proper drainage. Adopt phytosanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted and destroyed. • Mulching with green leaves (Vitex negundo)@ 4-4.8 t/acre is at the time of planting (it is repeated @ 2 t/acre 40 and 90 days after planting). Biological control: • Cow dung slurry or liquid manure may be poured on the beds after each mulching to enhance microbial activity and nutrient availability..
Bacterial wilt	Cultural control: • Ensure proper drainage. • Ensure crop rotation with cereal crops
Rhizome scale	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy damaged leaves • Apply well rotten sheep manure @ 4 t/ acre in two splits or poultry manure in 2 splits
Rhizome development stage
Shoot borer	Cultural control: • Use the attractant plant for natural biocontrol conservation. • Cut open the shoot and pick out the caterpillar and destroy. Spray neem oil (0.5%) at fortnightly intervals if found necessary. • Mulching with green Vitex negundo leaves @ 2 t/acre at 40 and 90 days after planting. Biological control: • Conserve the natural bioagents such as ladybird beetle, spiders, Chrysopids, Trichogrammatids, Bracon sp (larval), myosoma sp (larval), Apanteles sp (larval) , Xanthopimpla sp (larval and pupal) etc., • Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 40000/ acre.
Rhizome fly**	Cultural control: • Destroy stray plants in off season • Select and plant healthy rhizomes. • Remove and destroy rotting rhizomes along with the maggots from the field after the harvest of the crop. • Ecological engineering in ginger with paddy reduces pest attacks. Biological control: • Conserve or inundate the natural bio agents such as ladybird beetle, spiders, Chrysopids, Trichogrammatids etc
Skipper/ leaf roller**	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy the larvae, egg masses • Do not allow the weed host to grow near the field Biological control: • Conserve the natural bioagents such as ladybird beetle, spiders, Chrysopids, Trichogrammatids, Bracon sp (larval), myosoma sp (larval), Apanteles sp (larval) , Xanthopimpla sp (larval and pupal) etc., • Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 20,000 per acre.
Shoot borer & rhizome Scale	· Same as Skipper/leaf roller
Leaf spot	Cultural control: • Pluck and remove the leaf and or uproot the infected plants and destroy it. • Use proper green mulching to reduce soil splashes. • Provide shade 30-40% to minimize the disease
Soft rot	Cultural control: • Maintain proper drainage • Adopt phytosanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted and destroyed. • Mulching with green leaves (Vitex negundo)@ 4-4.8 t/acre is at the time of planting. (It is repeated @ 2 t/acre 40 and 90 days after planting).
White grub**	Cultural methods • Up root the infested plants, collect and destroy the infected plant along with larva. • Use well decomposed FYM • Installing light traps immediately after first monsoon showers • Tilling of the soil during land preparation and solarisation practices that can reduce the chances of insect pests, particularly in controlling white grubs which get exposed at the time of tilling and are foraged by the birds. Biological control • EPN Steinernema sp. can be mixed in the FYM and can be applied in the field
Nematodes**	Cultural control: • Uproot and destroy the infested plants. • Intercropping with marigold • Deep ploughing or solarized beds of infested fi elds during summer. • Grow Repellant plants: Marigold, Gliricidia, Asparagus, Dahelia • Follow crop rotation with cereal crops, marigold, Chrysanthemum, Sesbania, Crotalaria spp., Gaillardia, castor bean and Desmodium spp. (parasitic nematodes) • Border crops: Strips of rye grass, cover crops and mulch beds (rove beetle) Biological control: • An extract of asafoetida, turmeric is effective against several plant pathogens including nematodes. • Application of neem (Azaradirachta indica) seed cake 0.8 t/acre before planting.
Harvesting & storage	Cultural control: • Select healthy rhizomes from pest & disease free beds • Store the harvested rhizomes free from pest/disease in pits dug under shade, the floor of which is lined with sand or saw dust. • It is advisable to spread layers of leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Panai). • Cover the pits with coconut fronds. • Destroy the soft rot/ bacterial rot infected rhizomes.
Note: The pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume sprayer. * Apply Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens as rhizomes/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (If Commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required). ** Pests of regional significance

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

187 ratings

Ginger: Natural Enemies

1. Natural Enemies of Ginger Insect Pests
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
2. Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests
3. IPM for Ginger

Natural Enemies of Ginger Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Predators

Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Natural enemies	Attractant/Repellent/Trap plants
Shoot borer:
• Parasitoids: Bracon sp (larval), myosoma sp (larval), Apanteles sp (larval) , Xanthopimpla sp (larval and pupal) etc., • Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, coccinellids, king crow, wasp, dragonfly, spiders, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantids, fire ants Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) of the genus Rhabditis/Oscheius and Hexamermis sp.	• Attractant plants for natural enemies: Carrot family, sunflower family, buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, shrubs (lacewing and ladybird beetle). • Nectar rich plants with small flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill, parsley, mustard, sunflower, buckwheat and cowpea (braconid wasp) • Maintaining hedgerows around the turmeric plantation also helps to maintain a population of ladybird beetle, spiders, etc. • Mulching with green leaves @ 4–4.5 t/acre at the time of planting. It is repeated @ 2 t/acre at 40 and 90 days after planting. • Use of Lantana camara and Vitex negundo as mulch at the time of planting may reduce the infection of shoot borer. • EPN Rhabditis/Oscheius as biopesticides for management of the shoot borer and other insect pests of turmeric.
Soft rot:
	• Incorporation of neem cake and pine needle in the soil. • Different types of cropping systems cropping like maize, papaya, cucumber, pumpkin, yam, tapioca and different types of leguminous crops. • Application of oil cakes made from Azadirachta indica, Calophyllumino phyllum, Pongamia glabra, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Brassica campestris • Intercrop ginger with maize and pineapple.
Bacterial wilt:
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)	• Raised bed 30 cm with 1 meter width. • Crop rotation with maize, cotton, and soybean. • Incorporation of Pseudomonas spp. AM and other BCAs @ 1Kg/per acre with well decomposed FYM • AM fungi
Fusarium wilt or yellows:
	• Raised bed. • Practice Biodisinfestation procedures like soil incorporation of cruciferous plants, soil solarisation during hottest months for 60 days. • Apply pine needle and neem cake powder soil treatments.
Root-knot nematode:
	• Intercropping with marigold @ 5:1 • Deep ploughing or solarized beds of infested fields during summer. • Repellant plants for nematodes: Marigold plantation, Gliricidia, Asparagus, Dahelia etc. • Crop rotation: Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Sesbania, Crotalaria spp., Gaillardia, castor bean and Desmodium spp., • Border crops: Strips of rye grass, cover crops and mulch beds (rove beetle) • Soil incorporation of Gliricidia compost, neem cake 0.8 t / acre

IPM for Ginger

To know the IPM practices for Ginger, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.04   

 

148 ratings

Nutritional Deficiencies/Disorders of Ginger

1. Nitrogen
2. Potassium
3. Iron
4. IPM for Ginger

Nitrogen

Pale or yellow green leaves (chlorosis) symptoms appear first in the older leaves. Reddish tints gradually appear at the leaf margins spread toward the midrib or central vein. Leaves small in size. Overall growth is markedly reduced. Deficiency results in reduction of rhizome yield.

Correction measure: Foliar spray of urea 1% or DAP 2% twice at weekly interval.

Potassium

Since potassium is very mobile within the plant, symptoms only develop on young leaves in the case of extreme deficiency. Reduced growth, shortened internodes, marginal burn or scorch (brown leaf edges), necrotic (dead) spots in the leaf, reduction of lateral breaks and tendency to wilt readily

Correction measure: Application of K @ 3.7 Kg/acre in four splits (basal, 60, 90 and 120 DAP) or foliar spray of K₂SO₄ @ 1% at fortnightly interval.

Iron

The deficiency of iron shows up first in the young leaves of plants, which develop interveinal chlorosis and it progresses rapidly over the entire leaf. In severe cases, the leaves turn completely white.

 

 

IPM for Ginger

To know the IPM practices for Ginger, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage