148 ratings Redgram: Diseases and Symptoms Wilt Pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease Stem blight Mung bean mosaic disease Dry root ...
148 ratings
Redgram: Diseases and
Symptoms
- Wilt
- Pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease
- Stem blight
- Mung bean mosaic disease
- Dry root rot
- IPM for Redgram
Wilt
Disease symptoms
- Symptoms can appear 4 to 6
weeks after sowing. The initial visible symptoms are loss of turgidity in
leaves, and slight interveinal clearing.
- The foliage shows slight
chlorosis and sometimes becomes bright yellow before wilting.
- Leaves are retained on wilted
plants. The initial characteristic internal symptom of wilt is the
browning of the xylem vessels from the root system to the stems.
- The xylem gradually develops
black streaks, and brown or dark purple bands appear on the stem surface
of partially wilted plants extending upwards from the base.
- When the bark of such bands is
peeled off , browning or blackening of the wood beneath can be seen. in
wilt-tolerant genotypes these bands are confined to the basal part of the
plant.
- Sometimes, especially in the
later stages of crop growth, the branches dry from the top downwards, but
symptoms are not seen on the lower portions of the main stem or branches.
- Small branches on the lower
part of the plant also dry.
- When the main stem of such
plants is split open, intensive blackening of the xylem can be seen.
- In humid weather, a pinkish
mycelial growth is commonly observed the basal portions of the wilted
plants.
- Partial wilting is usually
associated with lateral root infection. Tap root infection results in
complete wilting.
Survival and spread
- The fungus is soil borne and
survive in the soils. Fungus spreads about 3 m through the soil in one
season, apparently along roots.
- The fungus was found to survive
in infected plant stubble for 2.5 years Vertisols and 3 years in Alfisols.
Favourable conditions
- Low soil temperature and
increasing plant maturity favours wilt.
- Fungal population is highest at
30% soil water-holding capacity and at the soil temperatures between20 and
30° C.
Pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease
Disease symptoms
Bushy
and stunted appearance of the infected plants due to reduction in the size
of the leaves and proliferation of the branches.- Light and dark green mosaic
pattern on the infected leaves of younger plants.
- Partial or complete sterility
of the plant resulting in low or no flowering and podding.
- When infections occurs at 45
days after emergence or later only some parts of the plant may show
disease symptoms, while the remaining parts appear normal.
- Leaves become small and cluster
near branch tips.
- Diseased plants are pale green
and bushy in appearance, without of flowers and pods.
- Diseased plants are usually in
groups.
- Sometimes a plant may not show
symptoms in the first flush, but when ratooned the new growth shows clear
symptoms and tend to disappear as the plants mature.
Survival and spread
- A single eryophid mite (A.
cajani) (vector) is sufficient to transmit the disease.
- Perennial and volunteer pigeon
pea and the ratooned growth of harvested plants provide reservoirs of the
mite vector and the pathogen.
Favourable conditions
- Shade and humidity encourage
multiplication of the virus.
Stem blight
Damage symptoms
- This cause seedling to die
suddenly.
- Water soaked, irregular lesions
on the leaves often cause blighting of the leaf/leaflets and younger
plant.
- Infected leaves loss turgidity
and become dessicated.
- Brown sunken lesions on the
stem and branches causing girdling and makes the infected stem weak and
leads to breakage and drying of the plant/branches.
- Infection mostly confined to
basal portion of the stem.
Survival and spread
- The fungus is soil borne.
- The fungus survives as dormant
mycelium in soil and on infected plant debris.
Favourable conditions
- Soils with poor drainage
- Low lying areas
- Heavy rain.
- Temperature 28-30o C.
Mung bean mosaic disease
Disease symptoms
This
disease was probably reported first from Sri Lanka.- The disease first appears in
the form of yellow, diff used spots scattered on the leaf lamina, not
limited by veins and veinlets.
- Such spots slowly expand and in
later stages of disease development, affected leaflets show broad, yellow
patches alternating with green colour.
- Sometimes the entire lamina
turns yellow.
- Leaf size is conspicuously
reduced in early infections.
- In peninsular India, disease
incidence is relatively higher in late-sown pigeon pea.
- The vector is whitefly (Bemisia
tabaci)
Survival and spread
- A single whitefly vector is
sufficient to transmit the disease.
- Perennial and volunteer pigeon
pea and the ratooned growth of harvested plants provide reservoirs of the
vector and the pathogen.
Favourable conditions
- Shade and humidity encourage
multiplication of the virus.
Dry root rot
Disease symptoms
Typical
symptoms include root and basal stem rot with a large number of minute,
fungal sclerotia visible under the bark.- Plants dry prematurely,
particularly when they face drought stress.
- Disease incidence severe in off
-season, irrigated, summer crops in several parts of India, and it is a
minor one in the normal-season crop. The pathogen is both soil- and seed
borne.
IPM for Redgram
To know
the IPM practices for Redgram, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
120 ratings
Redgram Pests
Pests of National Significance
Insect pests
- Pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae)
- Podfly: Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch (Diptera:
Agromyzidae)
- Leaf webber: Grapholita critica Meyr (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae)
- Spotted pod borer: Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
- Plume moth: Exelastis atom osa Walsingham (Lepidoptera:
Pterophoridae)
- Pulse beetle: Callosobruchus chinensis Linn., C. maculatus Fab.
(Coleoptera: Bruchidae )
Diseases
- Wilt: Fusarium udum E.J. Butler
- Pigeon pea sterility mosaic: Pigeon pea sterility mosaic virus
- Stem blight: Phytophthora draschalari f.sp. cajani Mahendra
Pal, Grewal & Sarbhoy
Weeds
Broadleaf
- Horse purslane: Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
- Tick weed: Cleome viscose L. (Capparidaceae)
- Coat buttons: Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae)
- Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
- False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
- Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
- Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
Grasses
- Crab grass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
- Yellow foxtail: Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae
- Goose grass: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner (Poaceae)
- Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
- Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium L. Willd. (Poaceae)
Sedges
- Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
- Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)
Nematode
- Pigeonpea cyst nematode: Heterodera cajani Koshy (Tylenchida:
Heteroderidae)
Pests of Regional Significance
Insect pests
- Bihar hairy caterpillar: Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
(U.P, Bihar, Haryana)
- Red headed hairy caterpillar: Amsacta moori B, A. albistriga W. (Lepidoptera:
Arctiidae) (Rajasthan)
- Blister beetle: Mylabris pustulata Thunberg (Coleoptera:
Meloidae) (Meghalaya, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa, Punjab )
- Pod bug: Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
(Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Haryana, Orissa, Gujarat)
- Grey weevil: Myllocerus undecimpustulatus Faust (Coleoptera:
Curculionidea) (Uttar Pradesh)
- Cowbug: Otinotus oneratus W, Oxyrachis tarandus F.
(Hemiptera: Membracidae) (West Bengal)
- Aphid: Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
(Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka)
- Pod weevil: Ceuthorrhynchus asperulus (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) (Karnataka)
- Scale: Ceroplastodes cajani Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae
) (Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat)
- Mealybug: Phenacoccus solenopsis T, Coccidohystrix insolita
Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Diseases
- Mungbean yellow disease: Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha)
- Dry root rot: Macrophomina phaseolina Tassi Goid (Uttar
Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Delhi )
Nematodes
- Lance nematode: Hoplolaimus spp (Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh)
- Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp. (Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,
Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh)
- Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira
(Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh)
To know
the IPM practices for Redgram, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
163 ratings
Redgram: Insect and
Mite Management
- Gram pod borer
- Spotted pod borer
- Pod fly
- Leaf webber
- Blister beetle
- Plume moth
- Root-knot nematode
- IPM for Redgram
Gram pod borer
Biology
It is a
polyphagous pest, infesting gram, lablab, safflower, chillies, groundnut,
tobacco, cotton etc.
Egg: Spherical,
yellowish eggs are laid singly on tender parts and buds of plants. The egg
period lasts for 2-4days.- Larva: Caterpillars are of varying colour, initially
brown and later turn greenish with darker broken lines along the side of
the body. Body covered with radiating hairs. When full grown, they measure
3.7 to 5 cm in length. The larval period lasts for 18-25 days. The full
grown caterpillar pupates in the soil.
- Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil in an
earthen cell. Pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
- Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/greyish
forewings with a dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near
costal margins, with a wing expanse of 3.7 cm.
Damage symptoms
- Defoliation in early stages
- Larva’s head alone thrust
inside the pods and the rest of the body hanging out.
- Pods with round holes
Favourable conditions
- Warm weather conditions
followed by light rains and dry spells are favourable for multiplication.
Natural enemies of gram pod borer
- Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Tetrastichus spp., Chelonus
spp., Telenomus spp., Bracon spp., Ichneumon spp., Carcelia spp.,
Campoletis sp etc.
- Predators: Lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant,
dragonfl y, robber fl y, reduviid bug, praying mantis, black drongo,
common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle,
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata) etc.
Spotted pod borer
It is a
polyphagous pest, infesting gram, lablab, safflower, chillies, groundnut,
tobacco, cotton etc.
Egg: Eggs
are laid on the under surface of leaves, terminal shoots and flower buds.
The freshly laid eggs are milky white in colour and oval in outline,
dorsoventraly flattened and glued to the surface.- Larva: Larvae are greenish white with brown head. Larval
period is 15-20 days
- Pupa: Pupation takes place in dry leaves and debris
- Adult: Adults have brown forewings and white hind wings
Damage symptoms
- Bore holes on the buds, flowers
or pods
- Infested pods and flowers are
webbed together
Natural enemies of spotted pod borer
- Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Tetrastichus spp., Chelonus
spp., Telenomus spp, Bracon spp. etc.
- Predators: Lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant,
dragon fly, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis etc.
Pod fly
It is
widely distributed in India and causes major economic losses in northern parts
of India causing significant losses especially in long duration varieties. This
pest alone accounts for 70-80% of the total pod damage by pod borer complex.
The infected seeds do not germinate.
Biology
Egg: The
adult female oviposits in the tender pods. Eggs measure about 0.97 mm in
length and 0.15 mm in breadth.- Larva: The freshly enclosed maggots are transparent,
Mature larvae are white and up to about 3.5 mm long.
- Pupa: Pupal cases are orange-brown, about 3 mm long, with a
pair of closely spaced anterior spiracles projecting forward, and a pair
of prominently projecting posterior spiracles on tubercles that are joined
basally.
- Adult: Both sexes are 2-3 mm long, and may appear black
to the naked eye, but the thorax and abdomen have a distinct, green
metallic sheen if examined under magnification. The head has a prominent
ocellar triangle, also metallic green that extends to the lunule (recessed
crescent above the antennae). The wings are clear. The female has an
unusually long, black ovipositor sheath.
Damage symptoms
- Dark brown encrustation on the
pod wall
- Dry pods showing pin head size
hole
- Seeds shriveled, striped and
partially eaten.
Natural enemies of pod fly:
- Parasitoids: Euderus lividus,
Eurytoma spp., Senegalella spp., Ormyrus orientalis etc.
- Predator: Spiders, reduviid
bug, robber fly, dragonfly etc.
Leaf webber
Biology
Egg: Adult
female lays eggs on the leaf buds and young leaves.- Larva: The larva is creamy-yellow in colour,
- Pupa: The fully-grown larvae pupate within web.
- Adult: The moth of G. critica is small brown in colour.
Damage symptoms
- Larvae often found binding
leaves together and feeds on the chlorophyll while remaining inside the
web.
- Leafl ets are webbed together
with silk and the larva feeds within the web.
- As the web often includes the
terminal bud, further growth of that shoot is prevented.
- Infestation starts at the
seedling stage and may persist to the reproductive stage when the larvae
feed inside flower buds and in young pods.
- If infestation starts at the
seedling stage, the crop is severely affected and infestation remains
throughout the crop season and may affect the flower buds also.
Blister beetle
The
beetles are found to occur throughout the year in redgram, cowpea, green gram
and black gram. Peak incidence is generally observed during September, causing
a maximum flower damage of 95 per cent.
Biology
Egg: Adults
lay eggs in the soil at the base of the plant.- Larva: The immature stages (larvae) do not feed on
plants. They live in the soil and eat grasshopper eggs, and are therefore
beneficial.
- Pupa: The larva pupates in the soil.
- Adult: The adults are medium to large (2.5 cm in
length), usually black with large yellow spots and a red band across the
abdomen, which some times changes into yellow spots. The antennae are
orange or yellow.
Damage symptoms
- Adults feed on the flowers,
tender pods and young leaves resulting in fewer pods.
- In locations where pigeon pea
is grown over large areas, blister beetles cause little damage.
- However, in small plots that
are in the flowering stage during the period of peak adult activity
(August-October in southern India), most of the flowers may be eaten by
the beetles and crop losses may be substantial.
Plume moth
The pest
is active throughout the year depending on the availability of the host plants.
Apart from redgram, it is also recorded in horse gram and lablab.
Biology
Egg: The
female lays green oval eggs singly on buds and pods. Each female can lays
60 green coloured eggs on the tender developing pods. The egg period is
48-96 hours.- Larva: The larvae are green in colour with spine like
hairs all over the body and are spindle shaped. The larva feeds on the
developing parts/tender seeds.
- Pupa: The pupa which appear like a larva, is often
found attached to the pod surface or on the pedicel.
- Adult: The plume moths usually appear at flowering time
of the crop or sometimes in pre-flowering stage. The adults have brown,
plume like wings. One generation can be completed in about 4 weeks.
Root-knot nematode
Biology
- Most species of plant parasitic
nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four
larval stages and the adult male and female.
- Development of the first stage
larvae occurs within the egg where the first molt occurs. Second stage
larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases
foliar tissues.
- Under suitable environmental
conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life
cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature.
- Nematode development is
generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 70 to 80°
F.
Damage symptoms
- Infected plants in patches in
the field
- Formation of galls on host root
system is the primary symptom
- Roots branch profusely starting
from the gall tissue causing a ‘beard root’ symptom
- Infected roots become knobby
and knotty
- In severely infected plants the
root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent. The
roots are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and transport of
water and nutrients
- Plants wilt during the hot part
of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted
- Nematode infection predisposes
plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens
Survival and Spread
- Primary: Egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or
collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and Leguminaceous
plants act as sources of inoculum.
- Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also
be water dispersed.
Favourable conditions
- Loamy light soils
IPM for Redgram
To know
the IPM practices for Redgram, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
114 ratings
Redgram: Crop
Stage-wise IPM
|
Management |
Activity |
Pre- sowing*
|
|
|
Common cultural practices: |
|
|
Nutrients |
• Nutrients should be applied based on the soil
test report and recommendations for the particular agro-climatic zone. |
|
Weeds |
• At the time of fi eld preparation, adopt stale
seed bed technique i.e. pre sowing irrigation followed by shallow tillage
after emergence of weeds. |
|
Soil borne pathogens nematodes and resting stages
of insects |
Cultural control: |
Seed sowing/seedling*
|
|
|
Common cultural practices: |
|
|
Nutrients |
• Seed treatment should be done with Rhizobium and
VAM (AMF)/PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ) cultures each @ 240 g/acre. |
|
Weeds |
• Always use certified and weed free seeds. |
|
Wilt, stem blight, dry root rot |
Cultural control: |
Vegetative stage*
|
|
|
Common cultural practices: |
|
|
Nutrients |
• Correct micronutrient deficiency if any in
standing crop. |
|
Weeds |
• The crop should be maintained weed free initially
for 6-8 weeks by following timely hoeing and weeding by using power hand
tiller/ or manual tools, twice at 20 and 45 days after sowing. |
|
Leaf webber |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Bihar hairy caterpillar** |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Aphid** |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Mealybug** |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Scale** |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Dry root rot**, wilt, stem blight |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Pigeon pea sterility mosaic (PSM), mung bean yellow
disease** (MBYD) |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
Flowering
|
|
|
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
|
Gram pod borer, spotted pod borer |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Pod fly |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Leaf webber |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Bihar hairy caterpillar** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Blister beetle** |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
White bug** |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Scale** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Mealybug** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease, mung bean
yellow disease** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
Reproductive (pod development)
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately
after harvest. |
|
Weeds |
• Remove left over weeds before shedding of seeds
to prevent weed seed spread in field. |
|
Gram pod borer |
• Same as in flowering stage |
|
Pod fly |
• Same as in flowering stage |
|
Leaf webber |
• Same as in flowering stage |
|
Spotted pod borer |
• Same as in flowering stage |
|
Plume moth |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Bihar hairy caterpillar** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Blister beetle** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
White bug** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Pod weevil** |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Pod sucking bug** |
• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and
biological practices |
|
Scale** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Mealybug** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease, mung bean
yellow disease** |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Note: The
pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume sprayer. |
|
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
145 ratings
Redgram: Natural
Enemies
Natural Enemies of Redgram Insect Pests
Parasitoids
Predators
Resistant/tolerant varieties
|
Pest/disease |
Tolerant/
resistant variety* |
|
Phytophthora blight |
BDN1, ICPL 150, ICPL 288, ICPL 304 and
KPBR 80-1-4 |
|
Pigeon pea sterility mosaic |
ICPL 157, NP(WR)15, Bahar |
|
*For detailed and updated information
nearest KVK/state Department, SAU / ICAR Institute may be contacted |
|
IPM for Redgram
To know
the IPM practices for Redgram, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
133 ratings
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