Pea Pests and their Management

  Pea Diseases Downy mildew Powdery mildew Pea rust Ascochyta blight White rot Root rot Wilt Root knot nematodes Life ...

 

Pea Diseases

1. Downy mildew
2. Powdery mildew
3. Pea rust
4. Ascochyta blight
5. White rot
6. Root rot
7. Wilt
8. Root knot nematodes
9. Life cycles of diseases
10. IPM for Pea

Downy mildew

Disease symptoms:

• A grayish white, moldy growth appears on the lower leaf surface, and a yellowish area appears on the opposite side of the leaf.
• Infected leaves can turn yellow and die if weather is cool and damp.
• Stems may be distorted and stunted.
• Brown blotches appear on pods, and mold may grow inside pods.

Favourable conditions:

• High humidity and low temperatures (5- 15°C) for few days are ideal for infection and development of disease.

Survival and spread:

• Primary infection by soil, seed and water Secondary infection by sporangia through rain splash or wind

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms:

• It attacks leaves first producing faint, slightly discolored specks from which grayish white powdery growth of mycelium develop.
• Powdery growth spread over leaf, stem and pod.
• The leaves turn yellow and die.
• The fruits do not either set or remain very small.
• It causes defoliation.
• Later stages, powdery growth also covers the pods.

Survival and spread:

• Powdery mildew spores are carried by air and once active, will continue to spread in dry conditions.

Favourable conditions:

• Warm (temperature 15-25°C), humid (over 70% relative humidity) conditions for 4-5 days late in the growing season, during flowering and pod filling, favour disease development

Pea rust

Disease symptoms:

• Leaves of infected plants exhibit many small, orange-brown pustules usually at the lower surface.
• Severely infected leaves wither and may drop from the plant.
• Larger pustules occur on the stems and isolated pustules may be found on the pods.
• Severe infection may result in reduced seed size and may cause yield losses of up to 30%,

Survival and spread:

• Euphorbia and infected vegetation residues are sources of the infection.
• The agent is not transferred by seeds.

Favourable conditions:

• Frequent precipitations, plentiful dews and air temperature of 20-25°Cpromote development.
• Dry and hot weather restrains the disease development

Ascochyta blight

Disease symptoms:

• Early symptoms are most commonly observed under the plant canopy, on lower leaves, stems, and tendrils, where conditions are more humid.
• Symptoms first appear as small, purplish-brown and irregular flecks.
• Under continued humid conditions, the flecks enlarge and coalesce, resulting the lower leaves becoming completely blighted.
• Severe infections may lead to girdling of the stem near the soil line, which is known as foot rot.
• Foot rot lesions are purplish-black in colour and may extend above and below the soil line.
• Foot and stem lesions girdle and weaken the stem, leading to crop lodging and yield loss.
• Disease lesions develop on pods under prolonged moist conditions or if the crop has lodged.
• Pod lesions are initially small and dark, but may become extensive and lead to early pod senescence.
• Severe pod infection may result in small, shrunken or discoloured seed; or alternatively, seed may show no symptoms

Survival and spread:

• Ascospores carried long distances by wind.
• The asexual conidia travel short distances to new hosts via water splashes from rain.
• Infection originates from diseased seed or from spores growing on debris in the soil near pea plants.

Favourable conditions:

• Favorable conditions are warm humid conditions with a temperature is about 15o C to 25o C.

White rot

Disease symptoms:

• The infection may occur at any part of the foliage, mainly the stem or branches.
• The maximum infection develops at the flowering stage of the crop, when petals fall on ground and these catch infection immediately and mycelial growth of fungus invades the stem and branches.
• At the point of infection, a dry discolored spot develops.
• It gradually girdles the entire stem and also progresses up and down.
• As a result of tissue necrosis, the portion of the plant beyond the point of infection wilts
• If the infection is at the base of the main stem, the entire plant wilts.
• If it occurs on branches, partial wilting occurs.
• The diseased tissues become whitish and may be shredded

Survival and spread:

• The infection caused by hard sclerotia left in soil or in plant debris.

Favourable conditions:

• When adequate moisture is available and temperature ranges between 4 and 20°C. However, light is essential for stimulation of apothecial production.

Root rot

Damage symptoms:

• Reddish brown to black streaks appear on primary and secondary roots.
• These streaks coalesce at later stages, leading to girdling of lower stem.
• Red discoloration of the vascular system can be seen, especially near cotyledon attachment.
• Stunted growth, yellowing and necrosis appear on the basal foliage

Survival and spread:

• Primary infection by soil, seed and water
• Secondary infection by conidia through rain splash or wind

Favourable conditions:

• Cool, wet weather conditions.
• Favourable conditions are higher soil temperatures 25° to 30°C and moderate soil moisture

Wilt

Disease symptoms:

• Symptom of the disease is more pronounced in 3 to 5 week old plants. In young seedlings, cotyledons droop and wither.
• Yellowing of lower leaves and stunting of plants.
• The xylem vessels develop brown discoloration and get distorted.
• Leaflet margins curl downward and inward.
• The stem may be slightly swollen and brittle near the soil.
• Internal woody stem tissue often is discolored, turning lemon brown to orange brown.
• Externally, the root system appears healthy; however, secondary root rots are likely to occur on plants wilted for long periods.
• Eventually, wilted plants may die.

Survival and spread:

• Primary infection by Soil, Seed, Water
• Secondary infection by Conidia through rain splash.

Favourable conditions:

• A soil temperature of 23° to 27°C is most favourable for Fusarium wilt.
• Hot weather and warm soils.

Root knot nematodes

Damage symptoms:

• Root-knot nematode feed on tender roots and base of pseudostem causing stunting, chlorosis, poor tillering and necrosis of leaves are the common aerial symptoms.
• Characteristic root galls and lesions that lead to rotting are generally seen in roots.
• The infested roots have brown, water soaked areas in the outer tissues.
• Nematode infestation aggravates root rot disease

Survival and spread:

• Nematodes survive in soil and infected roots as primary inoculums.
• Therefore, tissues from infected crops remaining in the field serve as a reservoir of the fungus.
• It spreads from infected plants or through soil.

Favourable conditions:

• Warm, moist soil are favourable conditions

Life cycles of diseases

Downy mildew

Powdery mildew

Pea rust

Root rot

Ascochyta blight

White rot

Fusarium wilt

Root knot nematode

IPM for Pea

To know the IPM practices for Pea, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.19   

 

31 ratings

Pea Insect Pests

1. Pea pod borer
2. Pod borer
3. Stem fly
4. Pea Weevil
5. Pea aphid
6. Leaf miner
7. IPM for Pea

Pea pod borer

Etiella zinckenella Treitschke

Biology:

• Eggs: Development of egg lasts 4-21 days depending on weather conditions. Average fecundity is about 100-300, maximum 600 eggs.
• Larva: Coloration of larvae is variable, from dirty greenish-gray to reddish; body length 15- 22 mm and larval period is about 19-40 days depending upon weather conditions.
• Pupa: Pupa is brilliant, brown, fine punctured, to 7-10 mm in length; cocoon is thick, white, and usually covered with soil particles. Pupal period is about 12-18 days. Number of generations per year reaches three, though the third generation can be facultative. Overwinters as larva.
• Adults: Body length 8-11 mm, wingspan 19-27 mm. Wings longer than abdomen, folding as roof. Forewing is yellow- or greyish-brown with characteristic light stripe along fore edge, with orange spot on basal third, and with dark fringe. Hind wings are light gray, with dark venation and dark double line near fringe; the fringe is long and light in colour. Top of abdomen with a tuft of golden-yellow hairs. Life span of adult is 20 days

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Dropping of flowers and young pods
• As the larva develops within the pod, faeces accumulate causing soft, rotten patches on the pod.
• Seeds are either partially or entirely eaten, and considerable frass and silk are present.
• Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered

Parasitoids:

• Egg parasitoids: Trichogrammatoidea armigera.
• Larval parasitoids: Bracon hebetor, Phanerotoma sp., Tetrastichus sp, Phanerotoma

Pod borer

Helicoverpa armigera Hübner

Biology:

• Egg: Gravid females lay eggs singly mostly on tender parts of the plants. Eggs are globular and shinning greenish yellow in colour. Incubation period ranges from3- 9 days depending upon weather conditions.
• Larva: Full grown larva is about 3.5 cm long. Larvas vary in colour, initially brown and later turn greenish with darker broken lines along the side of the body. The larval period lasts for 13- 19 days. Body covered with radiating hairs.
• Pupa: The full grown caterpillar pupates in the soil in an earthen cell and emerges in 16- 21 days. Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
• Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/grayish forewings with a dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near costal margins, with a wing expense of 3.7

Life cycle

Damage symptoms:

• At early stage they feed on the foliage and sometime cause serious defoliation.
• During reproductive stage they bore the developing pod and feed on the seeds with its head typically thrust inside and most of the part of the body outside.
• Damaged pods are unfit for human consumption

Stem fly

Helicoverpa armigera Hübner

Biology:

• Egg: The female lays 14-64· elongate, oval and white eggs singly into the leaf tissue with the help of its elongated ovipositor. The eggs hatch in 2-4 days
• Larva: Larva pass through three instars and the larval development is completed in 6-12 days.
• Pupa: The larva pupates within its gallery and the pupal period lasts 5-19 days.
• Adult: The adult flies are metallic black. They are active in summer and mate 2-6 days after emergence The female flies live for 8-22 days and the males for 11 days. The pest completes 8-9 generations.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms:

• The maggots bore into the stem thereby causing withering and ultimate drying of the affected shoots, thus reducing the bearing capacity of the host plants.
• The adults also cause damage by puncturing the leaves, and the injured parts turn yellow.
• The damage is more severe on seedlings than on the grown up plants.

Parasitoids of stem fly: Braconid wasp

Pea Weevil

Biology:

• Egg: The egg is yellow, cigar-shaped and measures 1.5 mm by 0.6 mm.
• Larva: The larva is a legless, curled, cream grub which grows to about 5- 7 mm long.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in inside the pods. The pupal stage lasts1-3 weeks depending upon season.
• Adult: The adult is a chunky beetle about 5 mm long, generally brownish flecked with white, black and grey patches. The tip of the abdomen extends beyond the wing covers and is white marked with two black oval spots.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The larvae burrow straight through the pods to feed on the seed, so are not readily found for identification until seed is mature (above) and it is too late for control.

Parasitoids : Larval parasitoid: Dinarmus basalis

Pea aphid

Biology:

• Adult aphids are soft bodied, long legged, pear-shaped, green yellow or pink in colour with long conspicuous cornicles Both alate as well as apterous forms are present and these are generally females; males are rare.
• Reproduction is parthenogenetic and viviparous. It takes about a week to complete one generation and there are several overlapping generations in a year

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from young shoots, ventral surface of tender leaves, inflorescence and even on stems.
• Curling and distortion of leaves, stunting and malformation shoots occur.
• Leaves turn pale and dry. Honeydew secretion of aphids leads to sooty mould which hinders the photosynthetic activity of the plants.

Natural enemies

• Parasitoids of aphids: Parasitic wasp, Aphadius sp., Aphalinus sp., Diaeretiella rapae

• Predators of pea aphids : Lacewing, ladybird beetles Predatory mite, Syrphid fly

Leaf miner

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are minute in size and orange yellow in colour. The egg hatches in 4 days.
• Larva: Apodous maggot feeds on chlorophyll mining in between epidermal layers. Full grown maggot measures 3 mm. Larval duration is about 7 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside a thin loose mesh of silken cocoon. Pupal period is about 7 days.
• Adult: It is a pale yellowish fly, measuring 1.5 mm in length. The female fly punctures upper surface of leaf to lay eggs singly. Total life cycle takes 3 weeks.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The large number of tunnels made by the larvae between the lower and upper epidermis interferes with photosynthesis and proper growth of the plants, making them look unattractive.
• Leaves with serpentine mines
• Drying dropping of leaves in severe cases

Mining on leaves

Favourable conditions: Warm weather conditions are favourable for multiplication.

Natural enemies

• Parasitoids:
• Larval parasitoids : Chrysocharis pentheus, Diglyphus isaea,
• Larval and pupal parastioids : Gronotoma micromorpha, Neochrysocharis formosa
• Predators: Green lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant

IPM for Pea

To know the IPM practices for Pea, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.17   

 

29 ratings

Pea Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematodes
4. Rodents
2. Major weeds
3. Pest of Regional Significance
4. IPM for Pea

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

1. Pea pod borer:
• Etiella zinckenella Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
• Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
2. Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli Tyron.(Diptera: Agromyzidae)
3. Pea Weevil: Bruchus pisorum Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Diseases

• Powdery mildew: Erysiphe pisi DC. syn. E. polygoni DC.
• Rust: Uromyces fabae (Pers.) Schrot. & Uromyces fabae DB. f. sp. pisisativae Hiratsuka

Nematodes

• Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chit. & M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood

Rodents

• Smaller Bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis Gray.

Major weeds

Broad leaf weeds

• Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Sweet Clover: Melilotus albaL. (Fabaceae)
• Common vetch: Vicia sativa L. (Fabaceae)
• Yellow vetchling: Lathyrus aphacaL. (Fabaceae)
• Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Wild fenugreek: Trigonella polycerata auct. non Linn. (Fabaceae)
• Fineleaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Asthma herb: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)
• Congress grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Field bindweed: Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae)

Grasses

• Chinese love grass: Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees. Ex Steud (Poaceae)
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
• Goosegrass: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner. (Poaceae)
• Wild oat: Avena fatua L. (Poaceae)
• Bluegrass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae) Sedges
• Purple nut sedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Pest of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Pea aphid: Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Leaf miner: Chromatomyia horticola Goureau. (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Diseases

• Downy mildew: Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Gäum. syn. and Peronospora pisi Sydow. (Indo genetic plains)
• Ascochyta blight: Ascochyta pisi Lib., Ascochyta pinodes Jones, Ascochyta pinodella Jones (Himalayan Region, Chhattisgarh)
• White rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh)
• Root rot: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal)
• Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi. (Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir)

Nematodes:

• Reniform nematodes: Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira

Major weeds

Broad leaf weeds

• Slender amaranth: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Giradol: Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng (Euphorbiaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophyllaceae)

Grasses

• Egyptian crowfoot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Yellow nut sedge: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae)

IPM for Pea

To know the IPM practices for Pea, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.88   

 

33 ratings

Pea Beneficial insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Egg parasitoids:
2. Larval parasitoids
3. Larval and pupalparastioids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Pea

Parasitoids

Egg parasitoids:

Larval parasitoids

Larval and pupalparastioids

Predators

IPM for Pea

To know the IPM practices for Pea, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.9   

 

31 ratings

Pea Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing
2. Seed Sowing
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive stage

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing
	Common cultural practices: Deep ploughing of fields during summer. Three summer ploughings at 10 days interval reduces pests population. Timely sowing should be done. Field sanitation, rogueing Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations. Grow the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds. Growing tomato or marigold as a trap crop for the management of leaf miner. Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum for the management of aphids. Crop rotation with non-host crops.
Nutrients	Fertilizers should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendations for particular agro-climatic zone. Apply well decomposed FYM @ 8-10 t per acre treated with Trichoderma at the time of field preparation
Weeds	Summer ploughing should be done and field is left for 15 days. Solarisation can be done after giving light irrigation in morning and then covering the field by transparent polyethylene sheets for 25 days so that the weed seeds are killed due to heat effect. At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique i.e. pre sowing irrigation followed by shallow tillage to minimize the weeds menace in field.
Fungal pathogens, nematodes, and resting stages of insects	Cultural control: Deep summer ploughing of fields to control nematodes and exposes dormant stages (pupa and larva) of insect pest and subsequently reduces their initial population build up Soil solarization: Cover the beds with transparent polythene sheet of 100 gauge thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil-borne pests including weeds.
Seed Sowing
Nutrients	Seed treatment should be done with Rhizobium cultures @ 250 g/acre. Apply starter dose of 10 Kg of Nitrogen along with 28 Kg P2O5 and 25 Kg K2O/acre at the time of sowing.
Weeds	Cultural control: Always use certified and weed free seeds. Timely sowing should be done. Line sowing should be done to facilitate inter-culture operations. Plant population should be maintained to its optimum right from its beginning to minimize the crop weed competition. Chemical control: Apply linuron 50% WP @ 0.5 to 0.8 Kg per acre in 200 l of water as pre emergence to control Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, Portulaca oleracea, Mielilotus indica, Melilotus alba, Medicago denticulate, Fumeria parviflora, Echinochloa crusgalli, Poa annua
Soil-borne pathogens, nematodes, and resting stages of insects	Use resistant/tolerant varieties. Avoid late sowing of the crop.
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts. Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water stagnation. Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages The infested pods may be collected and destroyed Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the pupae which are found on leaves and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use yellow sticky traps for aphids @ 4-5 trap/acre. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients:	In case of stunted/ slow crop growth, use top dressing of N fertilizers @ 5-10 Kg per acre. Correct micronutrient deficiency if any in standing crop
Weeds:	Legumes suffer severe competition with weeds in initial stages and 30-45 days is the critical period of weed crop competition One to two hands weeding at 25-30 days and/ or 45 days after sowing should be done as per the requirement.
Pea pod borer	Cultural control: Deep ploughing is likely to kill the diapausing pupae. Hand picking of the caterpillar and pupae during the early stages of infestation reduces the pest damage. Biological control: Follow common biological practices Chemical control: Malathion 50%EC @ 600 ml in 200- 400 l water per acre.
Stem fly	Cultural control: Mulching with the rice straw. Apply balanced fertilizers having adequate N and P to promote better plant growth Biological control: Follow common biological practices Chemical control: Carbofuran 3% CG @ 400 g per acre
Pea aphid	Cultural control: Judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizers Regular field monitoring for pest & defender population, barrier crops like mustard crop around the field. Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum or millet to reduce pest population. Biological control: Release 1st instar larvae of green lacewing (Chrysoperla zastrow sillemi) @ 4000/acre Follow common biological practices Chemical control: Carbofuran 3% CG @ 400 g per acre
Leaf miner	Cultural control: Remove and destroy the infested leaves identified by the mines and blotches. Use yellow sticky traps/ cards for leaf miners adult fly. Biological control: Follow common biological practices
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: Use resistant varieties. Burn infected pea stubble soon after harvest where practicable. Avoid sowing field pea crops adjacent to last season’s stubble. Control volunteer field peas which can harbour disease. Adopt bower system. Chemical control: Benomyl 50 % WP @ 80g in 240 l water per acre or carbendazim 50% WP@ 100g in 240 l water per acre or dinocap 48% EC @ 120g in 300 l water per acre or Fenarimol 12% EC @ 0.04% (40 ml/100 lts of water) as required depending on stage of crop. Second spray after 15 days of interval or sulphur 40% WP 2.26- 3.00 Kg in 300- 400 l of water per acre or sulphur 52% SC 800 ml in 120- 160 l of water per acre or Sulphur 80% WG @ 750 gm – 1.0 Kg in in 300- 400 l water per acre or sulphur 85%DP @ 6 – 8 Kg per acre or triadimefon 25% WP @ 0.1 % in 300 l water per acre. Second spray after 25 days of interval
Rust	Cultural control: Destroy all diseased plant debris after harvest. Follow suitable crop rotation with non-leguminous crops. Mixed cropping. Chemical control: Sulphur 80% WP @ 1.252 Kg in 300- 400 l water per acre or .sulphur85%DP @ 6 – 8 Kg per acre or triadimefon 25% WP @ 0.1 % in 300 l water per acre. Second spray after 25 days of interval.
Downy mildew	Cultural control: The diseased plants should be removed and burnt soon after detecting in the field.
Ascochyta blight	Cultural control: Plantation of tall plant crop as a barrier for air borne inoculum
White rot	Cultural control: Follow common cultural practices
Root rot	Cultural control: Keep wider spacing. Maintain irrigation Follow common cultural practices
Fusarium wilt	Cultural control: Follow common cultural practices
Pea Weevil/ bruchid	Cultural control: Early harvest of peas also reduces pod shatter and pea splitting losses. Cut the volunteer and weed plant. Proper sanitation of godown store house. Disinfect the gunny bags that carry the pea grains. Biological control: Follow common biological practices
Reproductive stage
Nutrient	Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest.
Weed	Remove left over weeds before shedding of their weed seeds to prevent further spread
Diseases & pests	Same as in vegetative stage

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.97