Tomato: Diseases and Symptoms Damping Off Septoria leaf spot Bacterial stem and fruit canker Early blight Bacterial leaf spot ...
Tomato: Diseases and Symptoms
- Damping Off
- Septoria leaf spot
- Bacterial stem and fruit canker
- Early blight
- Bacterial leaf spot
- Bacterial wilt
- Leaf curl
- Mosaic
- Tomato spotted wilt disease
- Fusarium wilt
- IPM for Tomato
Damping Off
Damage symptoms
- Damping off of tomato occurs in
two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the post-emergence phase.
- In the pre-emergence the phase
the seedlings are killed just before they reach the soil surface.
- The young radical and the
plumule are killed and there is complete rotting of the seedlings.
- The post-emergence phase is
characterized by the infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the
collar at the ground level.
- The infected tissues become
soft and water soaked. The seedlings topple over or collapse.
Favourable conditions
- High humidity, high soil
moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24° C for few days are
ideal for infection and development of disease.
- Crowded seedlings, dampness due
to high rainfall, poor drainage and excess of soil solutes hamper plant
growth and increase the pathogenic damping-off.
Survival and spread
- Primary: Soil, Seed, Water
- Secondary: Conidia through rain splash or wind.
Septoria leaf spot
Damage symptoms
Less
vigorous plant are usually affected- Small, round to irregular spots
with a grey center and dark margin on leaves
- Spots usually start on lower
leaves and gradually advance upwards
- Spots coalesce and leaves are
blighted
- Complete defoliation of
affected leaves
- Stems and flowers are sometimes
attacked
- Fruits are rarely attacked
Survival and spread
- Primary: Mycelium or conidia in pycnidia in infected plant
debris or on solanaceous weeds
- Secondary: Conidia through rain splash or wind and also by
slimy conidia sticking on to hands and clothing of tomato pickers
Favourable conditions
- Poor vigour of plants due to
nutrient inadequacy or in late season
- High humidity or persistent dew
at 25 °C
- Moist weather with intermittent
shower.
Bacterial stem and fruit canker
Damage symptoms
Disease
appears as spots on leaves, stems and fruits and as wilting of leaves and
shoots- White blister like spots in the
margins of leaves
- Spots become brown with age and
coalesce, but leaves do not fall off
- Leaflets on one side of rachis
show withering initially
- Light coloured streaks on stems
and petioles at the joints
- Cracks develop in streaks and
form cankers
- Slimy bacterial ooze through
the cracks in humid weather
- Small, shallow, water soaked,
spots with white halo develop on fruits
- The centers of spots become
slightly raised, tan coloured and rough
- Vascular discolouration is seen
in split open stems
Survival and spread
- Primary: Bacterial cells survive on infected plant debris
and seed (both internally and externally) and also on solanaceous weeds
such as Solanum nigrum
- Secondary: Bacterial cells transmitted through rain splash
Favourable conditions
- Soil temperature of around 28 °C
- High humidity or persistent dew
- Moist weather with intermittent
showers.
Early blight
Damage symptoms
- This is a common disease of
tomato occurring on the foliage at any stage of the growth.
- The fungus attacks the foliage
causing characteristic leaf spots and blight. Early blight is first
observed on the plants as small, black lesions mostly on the older
foliage.
- Spots enlarge, and by the time
they are one-fourth inch in diameter or larger, concentric rings in a
bull's eye pattern can be seen in the center of the diseased area.
- Tissue surrounding the spots
may turn yellow. If high temperature and humidity occur at this time, much
of the foliage is killed.
- Lesions on the stems are
similar to those on leaves, sometimes girdling the plant if they occur near
the soil line.
- Transplants showing infection
by the late blight fungus often die when set in the field. The fungus also
infects the fruit, generally through the calyx or stem attachment.
- Lesions attain considerable
size, usually involving nearly the entire fruit; concentric rings are also
present on the fruit.
Survival and spread
- Primary: The fungus spends the winter in infected plant
debris in or on the soil where it can survive at least one and perhaps
several years. It can also be seed borne.
- Secondary: The spores are transported by water, wind,
insects, other animals including man, and machinery. Once the initial
infections have occurred, they become the most important source of new
spore production and are responsible for rapid disease spread.
Favourable conditions
- Warm, rainy and wet weather
Bacterial leaf spot
Damage symptoms
- Moist weather and splattering
rains are conducive to disease development. Most outbreaks of the disease
can be traced back to heavy rainstorms that occur in the area.
- Infected leaves show small,
brown, water soaked, circular spots surrounded with yellowish halo.
- On older plants the leaflet
infection is mostly on older leaves and may cause serious defoliation.
- The most striking symptoms are
on the green fruit. Small, water-soaked spots first appear which later
become raised and enlarge until they are one-eighth to one-fourth inch in
diameter.
- Centers of these lesions become
irregular, light brown and slightly sunken with a rough, scabby surface.
- Ripe fruits are not susceptible
to the disease. Surface of the seed becomes contaminated with the
bacteria, remaining on the seed surface for some time.
- The organism survives in
alternate hosts, on volunteer tomato plants and on infected plant debris.
Survival and spread
- Primary: Bacterial cells survive on infected plant debris
and seed (both internally and externally) and also on solanaceous weeds
such as Solanum nigrum
- Secondary: Bacterial cells transmitted through rain splash
Favourable conditions
- Moist weather and splattering
rains
- High humidity or persistent
dew.
Bacterial wilt
Damage symptoms
- Characteristic symptoms of
bacterial wilt are the rapid and complete wilting of normal grown up
plants.
- Lower leaves may drop before
wilting. Pathogen is mostly confined to vascular region; in advantage
cases, it may invade the cortex and pith and cause yellow brown
discolouration of tissues.
- Infected plant parts when cut
and immersed in clear water, a white streak of bacterial ooze are seen
coming out from cut ends.
Survival and spread
- The spreads through wounds,
soil and implements.
Favourable conditions
- Relatively high soil moisture
and to be checked.
Leaf curl
Damage symptoms
Leaf
curl disease is characterized by severe stunting of the plants with
downward rolling and crinkling of the leaves. The newly emerging leaves
exhibit slight yellow coloration and later they also show curling
symptoms.- Older leaves become leathery
and brittle. The nodes and internodes are significantly reduced in size.
- The infected plants look pale
and produce more lateral branches giving a bushy appearance. The infected
plants remain stunted.
Favourable conditions
- Whitefly is the vector for
transmitting of leaf curl virus.
Mosaic
Damage symptoms
- The disease is characterized by
light and dark green mottling on the leaves often accompanied by wilting
of young leaves in sunny days when plants first become infected.
- The leaflets of affected leaves
are usually distorted, puckered and smaller than normal. Sometimes the
leaflets become indented resulting in "fern leaf" symptoms.
- The affected plant appears
stunted, pale green and spindly.
Survival and spread
- The virus is spread by contact
with clothes, hand of working labour, touching of infected plants with
healthy ones, plant debris and implements.
Tomato spotted wilt disease
Damage symptoms
- Symptoms vary among hosts and
in a single host species
- Stunting is a common symptom of
TSWV infection
- Chlorotic or necrotic rings
form on the leaves of many infected hosts
- Thickening of veins and bronzing
of young leaves
- Growing tips may die-back and
terminal branches may be streaked
- Affected plants may have a one
sided growth habit or may be entirely stunted and have drooping leaves,
suggesting a wilt
- Pale red or yellow areas with
concentric circular marking in the normal red skin of ripe tomato are
formed
- Discoloration of seed.
Survival and spread
- Primary: Virus particles in infected plants of many hosts
like Acanthospermum hispidum, Aster sp., Boerhaavia diffusa, Chrysanthemum
sp., Cleome gynandra, cowpea, Dahlia variabilis, egg plant, French bean,
Gerbera sp., groundnut, Lagasca mollis, lettuce, marigold, pea, chilli,
pineapple, potato, Trianthema portulacastrum, water melon and Zinnia
elegans
- Secondary: Virus particles transmitted by thrips, Frankliniella
schultzii, Scirtothrips dorsalis.
Fusarium wilt
Damage symptoms
- The first symptom of the
disease is clearing of the veinlets and chlorosis of the leaves.
- The younger leaves may die in
succession and the entire may wilt and die in a course of few days. Soon
the petiole and the leaves droop and wilt.
- In young plants, symptom
consists of clearing of veinlet and dropping of petioles. In field,
yellowing of the lower leaves first and affected leaflets wilt and die.
- The symptoms continue in
subsequent leaves. At later stage, browning of vascular system occurs.
Plants become stunted and die.
Survival and spread
- Soil and implements
Favourable conditions
- Relatively high soil moisture
and soil temperature
IPM for Tomato
To know
the IPM practices for Tomato, click here.
Source: NIPHM,
and Directorate of Plant Protection,
Quarantine & Storage
131 ratings
Tomato Pests
Pests of National Significance
Insect and mite pests
- Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) (Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Orissa, West Bengal, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)
- Tobacco caterpillar: Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) (Orissa, Karnataka, other states)
- Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
(Madhya Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)
- Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera:
Agromyzidae) (Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)
- Thrips: Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
- Spider mite: Tetranychus spp. (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
(Punjab, South India).
Diseases
- Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (Assam,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, other states)
- Tomato leaf curl virus: Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) (Madhya Pradesh,
Bihar, Assam, Orissa, West Bengal, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, North India, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, South India)
- Early blight: Alternaria solani (Ell. & Mart.). A.
alternate, (Fr.) Keissl. A. alternate f.sp. lycopersici Grogan et al.
(Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu)
- Late blight: Phytopthora infestans. (Mont.) de Bary. (Orissa,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu)
- Bacterial wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.
(Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Orissa, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka).
- Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C.
Snyder and H.N. Hans. (Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Delhi,
Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)
- Bacterial stem and fruit
canker: Clavibacter michiganensis
sub sp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. (Maharashtra, other states)
- Tomato mosaic disease: Tomato Mosaic Virus
- Bacterial fruits and leaf
spots: Xanthomonas campestris
pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, other
states)
- Tomato spotted wilt disease: Peanut bud Necrosis Virus (PbNV) TSWV group
(Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)
Nematodes
- Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp. (Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal,
Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)
- Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford & Oliveira)
(Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)
Rodents
- Lesser bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) (throughout India)
- Palm rat/house rat: Rattus rattus (Linnaeus) (throughout India)
- Indian gerbil: Tatera indica (throughout India)
Weeds
Major Kharif weeds
Broadleaf weeds
- Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
- Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
- Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
- Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
- False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
Grassy weeds
- Rabbit/Crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
- Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd. (Poaceae)
- Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
Sedges
- Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cypraceae)
- Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cypraceae)
Major Rabi weeds
Broadleaf weeds
- Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
- Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
- Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
- Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam.
(Fumariaceae)
- Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophylliaceae)
Grassy weeds
- Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
- Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
Pests of Regional Significance
Insect pests
- Leafhopper: Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida (Hemiptera:
Cicadellidae) (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)
- Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Hemiptera:
Cicadellidae) (Jammu & Kashmir)
Aphids
- Myzus persicae (Sulzar) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Bihar,
Rajasthan, Karnataka)
- Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (West Bengal,
Punjab)
- Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Rajasthan)
- Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Uttar Pradesh)
- Mealybugs: Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae) (Andhra Pradesh, Utter Pradesh, Punjab)
Diseases
- Buck eye rot: Phytophthora nicontianae var. parasitica (Dastur)
Waterhouse (Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka)
- Powdery mildew: Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arnaud. (Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh)
IPM for Tomato
To know
the IPM practices for Tomato, click here.
Source: NIPHM,
and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
170 ratings
Tomato: Insect and
Pests Management
- Serpentine leaf miner
- Gram pod borer
- Tobacco caterpillar
- Whitefly
- Spider mites
- Root-knot nematode
- IPM for Tomato
Serpentine leaf miner
Biology
- Egg: Eggs are minute in size and orange yellow in
colour. The egg hatches in 4 days.
- Larva: Apodous maggot feeds on chlorophyll mining in
between epidermal layers. Full grown maggot measures 3 mm. Larval duration
is about 7 days.
- Pupa: Pupation is in soil. Some pupae are found in
leaves. Pupation takes place inside a thin loose mesh of silken cocoon.
Pupal period is about 7 days.
- Adult: It is a pale yellowish fly, measuring 1.5 mm in
length. The female fly punctures upper surface of leaf to lay eggs singly.
Total life cycle takes 3 weeks.
Damage symptoms
- Leaves with serpentine mines
- Drying dropping of leaves in
severe cases
Favourable conditions
- Warm weather conditions are
favourable for multiplication.
Gram pod borer
Biology
It is a
polyphagous pest, infesting gram, lablab, safflower, chillies, groundnut, tobacco,
cotton etc.
- Egg: Spherical, yellowish eggs are laid singly on
tender parts and buds of plants. The egg period lasts for 2-4 days.
- Larva: Caterpillars are of varying colour, initially
brown and later turn greenish with darker broken lines along the side of
the body. Body covered with radiating hairs. When full grown, they measure
3.7 to 5 cm in length. The larval period lasts for 18-25 days. The full
grown caterpillar pupates in the soil.
- Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil in an
earthen cell. Pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
- Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/greyish
forewings with a dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near
costal margins, with a wing expanse of 3.7cm.
Damage symptoms
- Young larva feeds on the leaves
for some time and then attacks fruits. Internal tissues are eaten severely
and completely hollowed out. While feeding the caterpillar thrust its head
inside leaving the rest of the body outside.
- Bored fruits with round holes.
- Fed leaves, shoots and buds.
- The activity of Helicoverpa
starts on green gram, summer vegetables and maize and continues their
generation by Aug-Sept months synchronizing with main crop.
Favourable conditions
- Warm weather conditions
followed by light rains and dry spells are favourable for multiplication.
Tobacco caterpillar
Biology
It is
found throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, wide spread
in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato,
cabbage and various other cruciferous crops.
- Eggs: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs
are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
- Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when
full grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and
lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and
posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts
15-30 days
- Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage
lasts 7-15 days.
- Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with
forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross
markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the margin of
wing. Pest breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. Adults
live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes 32-60 days. There are eight
generations in a year.
Damage symptoms
- In early stages, the
caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll content of leaf
lamina giving it a papery white appearance. Later they become voracious
feeders making irregular holes on the leaves.
- Irregular holes on leaves
initially and later skeletonization leaving only veins and petioles
- Heavy defoliation.
- Bored fruits with irregular
holes
Favourable conditions
- Warm weather conditions and
rainy conditions are favourable for multiplication.
Whitefly
Biology
- Egg: Pear shaped, light yellowish Stalked
- Nymph: On hatching - Oval, scale-like, greenish white
- Adult: White, tiny, scale-like adult
Damage symptoms
- Chlorotic spots
- Yellowing
- Downward curling and drying of
leaves.
- Vector of tomato leaf curl
disease.
Favourable conditions
- Warm weather conditions are
favourable for multiplication.
Spider mites
Biology
- Egg: Hyaline , globular laid in mass
- Nymphs: Yellowish in colour
- Adult: Red coloured small size.
Damage symptoms
- Affected leaves become reddish
brown and bronzy
- Severe infestation larvae
silken webbing on the leaves
- Leaves wither and dry
- Flower and fruit formation
affected
Favourable conditions
- Warm weather conditions are
favourable for multiplication.
Root-knot nematode
Biology
- Most species of plant parasitic
nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four
larval stages and the adult male and female. They are microscopic in size.
- Development of the first stage
larvae occurs within the egg where the first moult occurs. Second stage
larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases
foliar tissues.
- Under suitable environmental
conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life
cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature.
- Nematode development is
generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 70 to
80°F.
Damage symptoms
- Infected plants in patches in
the field
- Formation of galls on host root
system is the primary symptom
- Roots branch profusely starting
from the gall tissue causing a "beard root‟ symptom
- Infected roots become knobby
and knotty
- In severely infected plants the
root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent. The
roots are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and transport of
water and nutrients
- Plants wilt during the hot part
of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted
- Seedlings infected in nursery
do not normally survive transplanting and those surviving have reduced
flowering and fruit production
- Nematode infection predisposes
plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens.
Survival and spread
- Primary: Cysts and egg masses in infected plant debris and
soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and
Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculum
- Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also
be water dispersed
Favourable conditions
- Loamy light soils
IPM for Tomato
To know
the IPM practices for Tomato, click here.
Source: NIPHM,
and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
102 ratings
Tomato: Crop
Stage-wise IPM
- Pre-sowing*
- Seed Sowing/ Transplanting stage*
- Seed and Seedling*
- Vegetative stage
- Reproductive stage
|
Management |
Activity |
Pre-sowing*
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Add well rotten farm yard manure (FYM) @ 8-10
t/acre or vermicompost @ 5 t/ acre. Incorporate at the time of field
preparation at 1 week (vermicompost) or 2 to 3 weeks (FYM) before
transplanting. |
|
Weeds |
• At the time of field preparation, adopt stale
seed bed technique to minimize the weeds menace in field. |
|
Soil-borne fungus and nematodes, resting stages of
insects |
Cultural control: |
|
Damping off |
Cultural control: |
Seed Sowing/ Transplanting stage*
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Before sowing, soil testing should be done to
find out the soil fertility status. Nutrients should be provided as per soil
test recommendations. Generally, tomato needs 40: 24: 24 kg N: P: K/acre-for
varieties and 60: 36: 36 kg N: P: K/acre-for hybrids. |
Seed and Seedling*
|
|
|
Weed management |
• Keep the nursery beds weed free by hand weeding. |
|
Early blight |
Cultural control: |
|
Bacterial wilt |
Cultural control: |
|
Bacterial leaf spot |
Chemical control: |
|
Fusarium wilt |
Biological control: |
|
Leaf curl |
Cultural control: |
|
Nematodes |
Cultural control: |
|
Serpentine leaf miner |
Cultural control: |
Vegetative stage
|
|
|
Nutrient Management |
• In varieties, apply the second dose of N i.e.
13.5 kg N/acre, at 45 days after transplanting. |
|
Weed management |
• Field should be weed free before 30 days crop
stage. Two hoeings between the rows plus hand weeding within the row at 15
and 30 days after planting. |
|
Alternaria blight and late blight |
Cultural control: |
|
Leaf curl disease (vector –whitefly) |
Cultural control: |
|
Septoria leaf spot |
Cultural control: |
|
Spider mites |
Cultural control: |
|
Serpentine leaf miner |
Cultural and Mechanical control: |
|
Tobacco caterpillar |
Cultural control: |
Reproductive stage
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• In varieties, the third dose of N i.e. 13.5 kg
N/acre, to be applied at 60 days after transplanting. |
|
Weeds |
• Weeds should be removed from the field to avoid
further spread of weed seeds.. |
|
Gram pod borer |
Cultural control: |
|
Tobacco caterpillar |
• Same as in vegetative stage |
|
Bacterial leaf spot |
• Same as in seed and seedling stage |
|
Leaf curl disease |
Cultural practices: |
|
Mosaic |
Cultural practices: |
* Applying Trichoderma as seed and nursery
treatment and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed, nursery treatment and soil
application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However,
biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields,
registration is not required).
Source: NIPHM,
and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
121 ratings
Tomato: Natural
Enemies
- Flowering plants that attract natural
enemies/repel pests
- Resistant/tolerant varieties
- IPM for Tomato
Flowering plants that attract natural
enemies/repel pests
|
S.No |
Insect |
Natural
enemies |
Flowering
plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests |
|
1 |
Serpentine leaf miner |
Parasitoids: Tetrastichus
ovularum (egg), Gronotoma micromorpha (larval and pupal), Diglyphus sp.
(larval), Opius sp. (pupal) Chrysocharis sp., Neochrysocharis formosa
(larval) etc. |
• Attractant plants: Carrot family,
sunflower family, buck wheat, French bean (predatory thrips) |
|
2 |
Gram pod borer |
Parasitoids: Trichogramma
chilonis (egg), Tetrastichus spp. (egg), Telenomus spp. (egg), Chelonus
blackburni (egg-larval), Carcelia spp. (larval-pupal), Campoletis chlorideae
(larval), Goniophthalmus halli (larval), Bracon spp. (larval) etc. |
• Repellant plants: Ocimum /Basil |
|
3 |
Tobacco caterpillar |
Parasitoids: Trichogramma
chilonis (egg), Tetrastichus spp. (egg), Telenomus spp. (egg), Chelonus
blackburni (egg-larval), Carcelia spp. (larval-pupal), Campoletis chlorideae
(larval), Eriborus argentiopilosus (larval), Microplitis sp (larval) etc. |
• Repellant plants: Basil |
|
4 |
Whitefly |
Parasitoids: Encarsia
sp, Eretmocerus spp. |
• Repellant plants: Peppermint |
|
5 |
Spider mites |
Predators: Anthocorid
bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings (Mallada
basalis and Chrysoperla carnea), predatory mites (Amblyseius alstoniae, A.
womersleyi, A. fallacies and Phytoseiulus persimilis), predatory coccinellids
(Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.), predatory
cecidomyiid fly (Anthrocnodax occidentalis), predatory gall midge (Feltiella
minuta) etc. |
Attractant
plants: Carrot family, bishop,s weed
(spider mite destroyer) |
|
6 |
Root knot nematode |
Use of biocontrol agents like
Paecilomyces lilacinus (egg parasite) |
• Intercropping of marigold with tomato
reduces nematode population |
Resistant/tolerant varieties
|
Pest |
Tolerant/
Resistant Variety |
|
Root knot Nematode |
Pusa-120, Pusa Hybrid-2, Pusa Hybrid-4,
Arka Vardan, Hisar Lalit, TNAU Tomato Hybrid Co3 |
|
Tomato leaf curl virus |
Arka Ananya, Kashi Vishesh, Kashi
Amrit, COTH 2, TNAU Tomato Hybrid Co3 |
|
Bacterial wilt |
Arka Ananya, Arka Abhijit, Arka Abha,
Arka Alok |
|
*For detailed and updated information nearest KVK, SAU /
ICAR Institute may be contacted |
|
IPM for Tomato
To know
the IPM practices for Tomato, click here.
Source: NIPHM,
and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
143 ratings
Nutritional
Deficiencies of Tomato
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Sulfur
- Magnesium
- Manganese
- Molybdenum
- Zinc
- Boron
- Calcium
- Copper
- Iron
- IPM for Tomato
Nitrogen
Under N deficiency, older leaves
gradually change from green to paler green. As the deficiency progresses these
older leaves become uniformly yellow (chlorotic). Leaves approach a yellowish
white color under extreme deficiency. The young leaves at the top of the plant
maintain a green but paler color and tend to become smaller in size. Branching
is reduced resulting in short, spindly plants. The yellowing in nitrogen
deficiency is uniform over the entire leaf including the veins.
Correction
Measure: Recovery can be done by top dressing of urea of as
recommended on soil test basis or apply 2 % urea solution. Recovery of
deficient plants to applied nitrogen is immediate (days) and spectacular.
Phosphorus
The symptoms first develop on
older leaves showing some necrotic spots and plants are dwarfed or stunted.
Phosphorus deficient plants develop very slowly. Plants develop a distinct
purpling of the stem, petiole and the under sides of the leaves. Under severe
deficiency conditions there is a tendency for leaves to develop a blue-gray
luster.
Correction
Measure: Soil application of recommended dose of phosphorous should
be applied at the time of sowing or planting.
Potassium
Since potassium is very mobile
within the plant, symptoms only develop on young leaves in the case of extreme
deficiency. Some of the leaves show marginal necrosis (tip burn), and at a more
advanced deficiency status show inter-veinal necrosis. This group of symptoms
is very characteristic of K deficiency symptoms. As the deficiency progresses,
most of the interveinal area becomes necrotic, the veins remain green and the
leaves tend to curl and crinkle. In contrast to nitrogen deficiency, chlorosis
is irreversible in potassium deficiency, even if potassium is given to the
plants.
Correction
Measure: Foliar application of K2SO4 @1%.
Sulfur
This leaves show a general
overall chlorosis. The veins and petioles show a very distinct reddish color.
The yellowing is much more uniform over the entire plant including young
leaves. The reddish color often found on the underside of the leaves. With
advanced sulfur deficiency the leaves tend to become more erect and often
twisted and brittle.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of K2SO4 or
CaSO4 1% twice at fortnightly interval.
Magnesium
The Mg-deficient leaves show
advanced interveinal chlorosis, in its advanced form, magnesium deficiency may
superficially resemble potassium deficiency. The symptoms generally start with
mottled chlorotic areas developing in the interveinal tissue.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of MgSO4 @2%.
Manganese
The leaves show a light
interveinal chlorosis developed under a limited supply of Mn. The early stages
of the chlorosis induced by manganese deficiency are somewhat similar to iron
deficiency. As the stress increases, the leaves develop dark necrotic areas
along the veins.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of MnSO4 @
2%.
Molybdenum
The leaves show some mottled
spotting along with some interveinal chlorosis. An early symptom for molybdenum
deficiency is a general overall chlorosis, similar to the symptom for nitrogen
deficiency but generally without the reddish coloration on the undersides of
the leaves.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of NaMO4 0.05%
twice at weekly interval.
Zinc
The leaves show interveinal
necrosis. In the early stages of zinc deficiency the younger leaves become
yellow and pitting develops in the interveinal upper surfaces of the mature
leaves. As the deficiency progress these symptoms develop into an intense
interveinal necrosis but the main veins remain green, as in the symptoms of
recovering iron deficiency.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @
0.5%.
Boron
These boron-deficient leaves show
a light general chlorosis. Boron deficiency results in necrosis of meristematic
tissues in the growing region, leading to loss of apical dominance and the
development of a rosette condition. These deficiency symptoms are similar to
those caused by calcium deficiency. The leaves are unusually brittle and tend
to break easily. Also, there is often a wilting of the younger leaves even
under an adequate water supply, pointing to a disruption of water transport
caused by boron deficiency.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of borax @ 0.2%.
Calcium
The calcium-deficient leaves show
necrosis around the base of the leaves. The very low mobility of calcium is a
major factor determining the expression of calcium deficiency symptoms in plants.
Classic symptoms of calcium deficiency include blossom-end rot of tomato.
Symptoms show soft dead necrotic tissue at rapidly growing areas, which is
generally related to poor translocation of calcium to the tissue rather than a
low external supply of calcium. This ultimately results in the margins of the
leaves growing more slowly than the rest of the leaf, causing the leaf to cup
downward. Plants under chronic calcium deficiency have a much greater tendency
to wilt than non-stressed plants.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of 2% Calcium sulphate twice at weekly
intervals.
Copper
The copper-deficient leaves are
curled, and their petioles bend downward. Copper deficiency may be expressed as
a light overall chlorosis along with the permanent loss of turgor in the young
leaves. Recently matured leaves show netted, green veining with areas bleaching
to a whitish gray. Some leaves develop sunken necrotic spots and have a
tendency to bend downward.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of 0.5% CuSO4 twice
at fortnightly interval.
Iron
The iron-deficient leaves show
strong chlorosis at the base of the leaves with some green netting. The most
common symptom for iron deficiency starts out as an interveinal chlorosis of
the youngest leaves, evolves into an overall chlorosis, and ends as a totally
bleached leaf. Because iron has a low mobility, iron deficiency symptoms appear
first on the youngest leaves. Iron deficiency is strongly associated with
calcareous soils, anaerobic conditions, and it is often induced by an excess of
heavy metals.
Correction
Measure: Foliar spray of FeSO4 @
0.5%.
IPM for Tomato
To know
the IPM practices for Tomato, click here.
Source: NIPHM,
and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
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