IPM Stratergies for Tapioca Diseases

Tapioca Diseases Cassava mosaic disease Brown leaf spot Cassava tuber Rot Disease IPM for Tapioca Cassava mosaic disease ...

Tapioca Diseases

1. Cassava mosaic disease
2. Brown leaf spot
3. Cassava tuber Rot Disease
4. IPM for Tapioca

Cassava mosaic disease

Disease symptoms:

• White or pale-yellow or pale-green patches on infected leaves.
• Leaves often twisted, distorted, and stunted.
• The leaflets have localized mosaic pattern.
• Heavily infected plant is distorted, retarded, and dwarfed.
• Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is the carrier of the virus and transmission is through their feeding habits.

Survival and spread:

• The severity of cassava mosaic disease is influenced by environmental factors such as wind, rainfall, plant density and temperature.
• The viruses are transmitted through infected cuttings and by whitefly and the spread of the virus largely dependent on the vector population

Favourable conditions:

Vector-preferred temperature estimates vary from 27°C to 32°C but generally high temperatures associated with high fecundity, rapid development, and greater longevity.

Brown leaf spot

Disease symptoms:

• The disease is caused by the fungus Cercospora henningsii. The symptoms of the disease appear on the leaves, On the leaves, the disease appears as Small brown coloured necrotic spots surrounded by yellow halo
• The damaged leaves do not become distorted in shape as occurs with leaves damaged by cassava mosaic disease.
• In severe cases abnormal leaf fall occurs

Survival and spread:

The pathogen survives in the debris which will be carried over to next season. The pathogen spreads through air within the season

Favourable conditions:

• Disease emergence favored by high temperature and humidity

Cassava tuber Rot Disease

Disease symptoms:

• Cassava root rot diseases are caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora in the soil.
• In poorly drained soils, where there is a prolong wet period, the damage caused by these microorganisms may be greater.
• There is no external symptom. When uproots the tuber only we could see the symptom
• The symptom starts as small water soaked brown lesions in tuber , as the disease advances it cover the entire tuber . Finally the tuber will rotten and exhibit foul smell

Survival and spread:

• The disease spreads by water to new cassava roots.
• Infected plant debris serve as a primary source of inoculum.
• The pathogens may also be transmitted through wounds caused by pests or farming tools.

Favourable conditions:

• Tuber rot disease emergence is often favoured by waterlogged, poorly-drained soils

IPM for Tapioca

To know the IPM practices for Tapioca, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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31 ratings and

Tapioca Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
1. Broadleaf weeds
3. IPM for Tapioca

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

• Spiralling whitefly: Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
• Cassava whitefly: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
• White mussle scale/ tapioca scale : Aonidomytilus albus (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• Thrips: Retithrips syriacus Mayet (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Papaya mealybug: Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
• Cassava mealybug: Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
• Termites: Odontotermes spp. (Isoptera: Termitidae)
• White grub: Leucopholis coneophora Burm (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Tetranychid spider mites : Tetranychus telarius (Linnaeus) (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Tetranychus neocaledonichus Andre, Eutetranychus orientalis Klein, Oligonychus biharensis Hirst.

Diseases

• Cassava mosaic disease: Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV)
• Brown leaf spot: Cercospora henningsii Allescher.
• Cassava tuber rot: Phytophthora palmivora Butler

Weeds

Broadleaf weeds

• Spiny amaranth: Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
• Red spiderling: Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae)
• Benghal dayflower: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae) 3.5 Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Coat buttons: Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae) Grassy weeds
• Crowfoot grass: Dactyloctenium agegyptium L. (Poaceae)
• Congon grass: Imperata cylindrica L. (Poaceae) Sedges
• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

IPM for Tapioca

To know the IPM practices for Tapioca, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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33 ratings

Tapioca Insect and Mite Pests

1. Spiralling Whitefly
2. Scale insect
3. Red spider mite
4. Mealybug
1. Life cycle:
5. Termites
6. IPM for Tapioca

Spiralling Whitefly

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are tiny, elliptical, smooth surfaced, yellow to tan coloured seen usually at the under surface of the leaf in a spiralling manner and covered by waxy coating.
• Nymph: Each egg hatches into a tiny active crawler, roughly the same size as the egg. This crawler moves out over the foliage of the host plant and then transforms into, sedentary (nymph) stage and sucks nutrients from the leaves. Nymph have waxy tufts and the final larval stage (pupa) has glass like rods of wax along the sides of the body.
• Pupa: The final and fourth immature stage is considered the pupa of this species. This stage feeds during the earlier phases then stops feeding and undergoes internal tissue reorganization before molting into the adult.
• Adult: The adults are white and quite small in length and coated with a fine dust-like waxy secretion. They are most active during the morning hours.

Damage symptoms:

• Chlorotic spots on the leaves which latter coalesce forming irregular yellowing of leaf tissue
• Severe infestation results in premature defoliation
• Development of sooty mould

Scale insect

Biology:

Found mainly on tapioca stem surfaces.

• Egg: Eggs are laid beneath the scales. The eggs hatch in 3-4 days.
• Nymph: In 20-25 days the immature stages are fully grown. The first-instar crawlers are the primary dispersal stage and walk to new areas of the plant or are dispersed by wind or animal contact. Mortality due to abiotic factors is high in this stage. There are two immature instars in the female and four in the male (including non-feeding pre-pupal and pupal stages).
• Adult: The adult produces a white waxy secretion over itself which develops into a scale. In 20- 25 days the nymphs become full grown. The male is winged and the female is wingless and sedentary. The females are wingless, firmly attached to the stems, and covered with white material. The males have wings. Method of spread: Males of the tapioca white scale can fly. However, the pest spreads mainly by wind and the transport and planting of infested stem cuttings. Reproduction is sexual. The sessile females mate with winged males, and begin to lay eggs approximately 2 days after reaching maturity

Damage symptoms:

• A. albus coats the stems, side shoots and even sometimes the leaf petioles and leaf undersides.
• Infestation in the field occurs in patches around a cutting that was infested at planting.
• Heavy infestation causes desiccation of the stems, making them become thin and weak so that they often break in the wind; heath of the plant may result.
• The breakage of stems leads to profuse branching so infested plants often appear bushy.
• Tuber development in infested plants is poor, and the tuber become unpalatable

Red spider mite

Biology:

• Egg: The egg is smooth, plain and elliptical. Newly laid eggs are shiny bright orange.
• Nymph: The newly-hatched larva is bright red-orange and ovoid. It can be identified through its three pairs of short stout legs, the first two pairs positioned anteriorly. Mated females lay eggs for both sexes whereas the unmated ones produce only male eggs. Incubation period is 1-3 days. Egg hatchability is 97%.
• Adult: The adult is similar to the deutonymph but bigger and the dorsal spots are brighter. The legs and chelicerae are distinct. The preoviposition period lasts one to two days. The adult female can lay an average of 43 eggs in 20 days.
• The total developmental period (egg to adult) is about two weeks. The male to female ratio of the progenies of the mated females is 1.0:2.82. Adult males have shorter life span (18 days) than females (21 days).

Damage symptoms:

• Mites suck the sap from leaves and cause leaf deformation, with
• a rough, thickened and shrivelled appearance.
• The back of the leaf may appear scorched (turn yellowish brown) and dotted with inconspicuous whitish feeding punctures.
• During heavy infestation stunting occurs.

Predators: Ladybird beetles, phytoseiid mites such as Amblysieus linearis and A. longispinosus

Mealybug

Biology:

• Eggs: Females lay their eggs directly on the host in a fluted ovisac that is attached to the body of the adult female.
• Nymphs: The first instar nymphs (crawlers) are mobile. They settle on the plants, start sucking the sap and form the colonies.
• Adults: In general they have 4 female instars and 5 male instars, but unlike most other scale insects, the prepupa is quite mobile and although it may have wing buds, the legs and antennae are well developed..

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Nymphs and adults sucks the sap from tapioca leaves, petiole and stem
• Reduction in lengths of internodes and causes the leaves to clump together into "bunchy tops".
• The pest also distorts the stems, dries up the leaves.
• Defoliation of plants at severe infestation.
• The damage is more severe in the dry than in the wet season.

Natural enemies of mealybug:

• Predators: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, lacewings, hover flies Scymnus sp., Spalgis epius,
• Parasitoids: Anagyrus sp.,

Termites

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are dull; kidney shaped and hatches in 30-90 days.
• Nymph: Nymphs moult 8-9 times and are full grown in 6-12 months. Adult: Adult creamy coloured tiny insects resembling ants with dark coloured head.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Affected stem cuttings grow poorly, die and rot.
• This weakens the stems and causes them to break easily.
• Termite damage occurs mostly in the dry season.

Biological control of termites through EPNs:

The infective juveniles (IJ) of EPN emerge from cadaver, search for termites, infect, kill and again multiply and remain in the moist soil.. EPN can be produced even at farmer level using either Galleria or Corcyra as a host.

IPM for Tapioca

To know the IPM practices for Tapioca, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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29 ratings

Tapioca Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre planting
2. Planting*
3. Vegetative stage
4. Tuber initiation
5. Tuber development stage

Management	Activity
Pre planting
	Common cultural practices: Summer deep ploughing to a depth of 30-50 cm Field sanitation, rogueing Avoid water logged conditions in the field Follow crop rotation Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations
Nutrient	Plough the field 4 – 5 times to get a fine tilth. The soil depth should be at least 30 cm and form ridges, furrows and mounds Nutrients should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular area Apply 5 to 12.5t/ha FYM and incorporate at the time of ploughing along with P fertilizers if needed based on soil test report .
Weed	Destroy all the weeds from the plot by deep ploughing during summer Remove all the perennial weeds and their rhizomes/suckers before the onset of monsoon.
Planting*
	Common cultural practices: Use healthy, disease free cassava stem cuttings (setts). Weeding as and when required (Field sanitation) Crop rotation
Nutrients	General Package of practices recommendation is NPK @100:50:100 kg/ha + FYM @12.5 t/ha. Apply full FYM along with full P at the time of land preparation and planting. Half N and half K within 15 days of sprouting the setts and the remaining half N and K within 45 days of first application Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations.
Weeds	Weed control ground cover mulch can be used over the mounds/ridges/furrows after first interculture and fertilizer application (45-60 days after planting) Hand weeding twice during 30-45 days and 60-75 days Application of pre emergent herbicide oxyflourfen @ 0.2kg/ha (Either of the above can be adopted)
Insect pests and diseases	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Use of pests and diseases free planting material Storing the stems in a vertical position under shade. Destroy infested stems Biological control: Incorporate 1kg of Trichoderma enriched .farm yard manure (FYM) per plant ( 107 cfu/g of FYM)
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Field sanitation ( Frequent weeding), removal of infected/ infested plants Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop (Water requirement is 3mm/day. Provide half to one litre water per plant during summer months. Avoid water logging Judicious use of fertilizers as mentioned above Common mechanical practices: Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrient	In general, fertilizers may be applied as mentioned in ( General recommendation of NPK @100:50:100 kg NPK+FYM@12.5 t/ha). NPK based on soil test report of soil organic carbon, soil available P and K. Otherwise, if the N,P,K content of the soil is found high, apply 75% of the POP, if medium, apply the rate as per POP and if low apply 25% more of POP. Apply full P at the time of land preparation Half N and half K within 15 days of sett sprouting Remaining half N and half K within 45 days of first application. If Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium is used, the dose of N and P can be reduced to 50%. They are applied @ 5g each per plant within one week of sprouting the setts. A time gap of 5-10days is given between fertilizer and biofertilizer application.
Weed	If weed control ground cover mulch (the same sheet can be used for five consecutive seasons) is used, it will take care of the weed management till harvest Other weed control measures as mentioned above also can be adopted
Whitefly	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Remove alternate host Mechanical control: Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 traps / acre Biological methods: Conserve and augment biocontrol agents. Spray 0.5% Neem oil.
Red spider mites	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Regular field monitoring for pest and defender population. Use sprinkler irrigation Biological control: Conserve and augment biocontrol agents. Spray 0.5% neem oil formulation (Eg. ICAR-CTCRI developed biopesticide Nanma) .
Mealybug	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Monitoring to detect early presence of the mealy bug. Pruning and burning of infested branches. Removal of weeds/alternate host plants .. .Prevention of the movement of ants and destruction of already existing ant colonies. Cleaning of farm implements before moving it to the uninfested crop. Biological control: Conserve and augment biocontrol agents.
Scale insects	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Initiate control measures during early stages of pest infestation. Biological control: · Spraying of 0.5% of neem oil formulations.
Cassava mosaic disease	Using virus free healthy planting material Removal of infected stems left out in the field to avoid source of inoculums Using CMD resistant variety, Sree Padmanabha
Brown leaf spot	Field sanitation Crop rotation Spraying mancozeb 0.2% after the first appearance of the symptom three times at fortnight interval.
Tuber initiation
Nutrient	In laterite and red soils, MgSO4 @ 20kg/ha, ZnSO4 @ 12.5 kg/ha and Borax @ 10 kg/ha can be applied after 2 months of planting cassava, In saline and calcareous soils of Tamil Nadu, lime induced Fe chlorosis can be corrected by foliar application of 1% ferrous sulphate along with 1% Zinc sulphate Is any S deficiency is noted apply S@10-20 kg/ha S as elemental S or gypsum or use of sulphur containing fertilizers like ammonium sulphate, single super phosphate or potassium sulphate For soil test based application of Mg, Zn and B (see Table 1,2,3)
Weed	Keep the field weed free. As described above
Whitefly	Follow common cultural, mechanical, biological methods
Termites	Follow common cultural, mechanical, biological methods Cultural control: Apply well rotten FYM only to discourage termite infestation. Use of crude oil emulsion to destroy the termite colony in the termatorium. Mechanical control: Dismantle termitaria (termite mounds) around field and kill the termite queen. Biological control: Spray Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN)
Tuber development stage
Cassava tuber rot	Removal of infected tubers Deep ploughing with chisel plough Ridge planting Good drainage and controlled irrigation Soil application of neem cake, and Trichoderma viride Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices

Note: The dosages of pesticides use are based on high volume sprayer

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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