IPM Stratergies for Sugarcane

  Nutritional Deficiencies/Disorders of Sugarcane Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sulphur Copper Iron ...

 

Nutritional Deficiencies/Disorders of Sugarcane

1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Calcium
5. Magnesium
6. Sulphur
7. Copper
8. Iron
9. Manganese
10. Boron
11. Molybdenum
12. Zinc
13. IPM for Sugarcane

Nitrogen

• Die back of older leaves. Leaf blades turn light green to yellow. Short and slender stalks. Tips and margins of older leaves become necrotic.
• Management: Soil application of N fertilizer or foliar spray of urea 1-2% twice at weekly interval.

Phosphorus

• Red and purple discolouration of tips and margins, Slender leaves. Short sand slender stalks. Poor or no tillering
• Management: Foliar spray of DAP 2% twice at fortnight interval.

Potassium

• Yellow-orange chlorosis of leaf borders & tips. Stalks slender. Older leaves brown or “fi red”. Spindles distorted producing “bunched top” or “fan’ appearance.
• Management: Foliar spray of KCL 1% twice at fortnight interval.

Calcium

• Mottling and chlorosis of older leaves. Spindles often become necrotic at the leaf tip and long margins. Rusty appearance and premature death of older leaves
• Management: Soil application of 25 Kg/acre of gypsum

Magnesium

• Mottled or chlorotic appearance at the tip and margins. Red necrotic lesions resulting in “rusty” appearance. Internal browning of rind
• Management: Soil application of MgSO₄ 10 Kg/acre or foliar spray of MgSO₄ 2% twice at fortnight interval.

Sulphur

• Chlorotic young leaves. Narrower and shorter leaves with faint purplish tinge. Slender stalks
• Management: It is advisable to use sulphur containing fertilizers: Ammonium Sulphate - 24% S. Single Super Phosphate - 12% S. Potassium Sulphate - 18% S. Gypsum - 13-18% S . Any one of the above fertilizers at the rate of 4-8 Kg/acre.

Copper

• Green splotches with leaves eventually showing bleaching. Stalk and meristems lack turgidity. Reduced inter-nodal length and tillering.

Iron

• Varying degrees of chlorosis. Interveinal chlorosis from tip to base of leaves.
• Management: Soil application of 10 Kg/acre of FeSO₄ or foliar spray of FeSO₄ 0.5% on 90, 105 and 120 days after planting.

Manganese

• Occurrence of interveinal chlorosis from leaf tip towards the middle of leaf. Bleaching of leaves under severe deficiency.

Boron

• Distorted leaves. Formation of translucent lesions or water sacks along leaf margins. Brittle and bunched with many tillers. Death of apical meristem.

Molybdenum

• Short longitudinal chlorotic streaks on the top one-third of the leaf. Short and slender stalks. Slow vegetative growth
• Management: Application of Ammonium Molybedate (54% Mo) and Sodium Molybdate (39% Mo) are common sources of Mo to rectify its deficiency in soils and crops.

Zinc

• Midrib and leaf margin remain green and yellowing of leaf blade. Red lesions on leaves. Reduced tillering and shorter internodes. Thin stalks with loss of turgidity.
• Management: Soil application of 15 Kg Zinc sulphate/acre before the last ploughing.

IPM for Sugarcane

To know the IPM practices for Sugarcane, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.99   

 

107 ratings and

Sugarcane: Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre – sowing*
2. Sowing*
3. Tillering stage
4. Cane formation stage
5. Reproductive /maturity
6. After harvesting

Management	Activity
Pre – sowing*
Nutrients	Soil test based nutrient recommendations should be followed also, • Apply organic manures @ 8 to 10 tonnes/acre treated with Trichoderma. • Press mud can also be used as organic manure @ 2 tonnes/acre which is particularly useful in saline alkali soils. • Sugarcane trash can be used as a mulch. Spray trash with 32 Kg urea, 40 Kg Single Super Phosphate and 4 Kg decomposing culture/acre for better decomposition. • Sugarcane trash can also be incorporated while making organic manure along with press mud and use of earthworms for preparing vermicompost. • Crops like sun hemp and dhaincha are grown as green manure crop. Green manure crops can be grown as a sole crop and buried in the field at an age of 1.5 to 2 months (before flowering).
Weeds	Cultural control: • Deep ploughing in summer and left undisturbed 20-25 days. • Cross ploughing of land followed by clod crushing and 1-2 harrowing. • At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique ie. pre sowing irrigation followed by shallow tillage to minimize the weeds menace in field.
Sowing*
Nutrients	• Use biofertilizers such as Acetobactor, Azotobactor, Azospirillium, Bacillus or Pseudomonas. Either of these biofertilizers or in combination should be used at the time of sowing @ 5 Kg / acre for sett treatment or in soil along with FYM. • Basal application of NPK is done on soil test basis. •  In sugarcane, fertilizer should be applied as per the table mentioned below. • Apply zinc sulphate @10 Kg/acre in soil at the time of planting. • In soils deficient with micro nutrients like iron, zinc, manganese, copper, molybdenum and boron, 10 Kg ferrous sulphate, 8 Kg zinc sulphate, 4 Kg manganese sulphate, 4 Kg copper sulphate,1 Kg, sodium molybdate and 2 Kg borax per hectare should be applied. • Micro nutrient fertilizers should be mixed with well decomposed dung manure or compost and applied as basal dose.
Weeds	Cultural control: • Adopt proper crop rotation and intercropping. • Avoid mono cropping. • Follow recommended agronomic practices. • If intercropping has been adopted no chemical herbicide should be use in the field. Chemical control: • 2, 4-D dimethyl amine salt 58% SL @2.52 l in 200 l of water/acre • 2, 4-D sodium salt technical (having 2, 4-D acid 80 % w/w) (earlier registered as 80%WP) @1-1.3 Kg in 240-360 l of water/acre • Hexazinone 13.2% + diuron 46.8 % WP @800 g in 200 l of water/acre • 2, 4-D ethyl ester 38 % EC (having 2,4-D acid 34 % w/w) @1.412-2.116 l in 200 l of water/acre • Diuron 80% WP @ 0.8-1.6 Kg in 2.4 l of water/acre Note: Herbicide should be selected as per the weed species in previous season in the same field as per recommendation of CIBRC.
Soil & seed borne diseases, insect pests	Cultural control: • Select tolerant / resistant varieties • Select the seed cane from aerated steam treated nurseries • Crop like potato, mustard, lentil, pulses and winter vegetables can be grown as inter crop during autumn planted sugarcane i.e. Oct-Nov &, sunflower, soybean, green gram, groundnut etc. during Feb-March planted sugarcane to reduce the pests population and to conserve bioagents of white woolly aphid and other pests • Adopt paired row method of planting
Nematodes	Cultural control: • Deep ploughing, solarisation, flooding, crop rotation and apply organic manure. • Under wetland conditions, intercropping with sun hemp or marigold or daincha • Apply pressmud at 6 t/acre or poultry manure @ 0.8 t/acre or neem cake 0.8 t/acre or poultry manure @ 0.4 t/acre before last ploughing. Biological control: • Application of biocontrol agents like Pochonia chlamydosporia, Paecilomyces lilacinus or Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas fl uorescens @ 4 Kg/acre at the time of planting mixed with moist FYM or cured pressmud and distributed uniformly helps in suppressing the plant parasitic nematodes.
Termites & white grubs**	Cultural control: • Remove stubble and debris of previous crops • Dig the termatoria and destroy the queen. Physical control: • Locate and destroy the termite colony and affected setts. • Set up light trap for trapping of white grubs adults and kill them in kerosene oil water. • At onset of monsoon collect and destroy the adult beetles by shaking the branches of trees on which they settle during night. Biological control: • Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can be sprayed at the rate of 100 million nematodes per acre, in root grub and termite infested sugarcane fields OR • EPN infected cadavers of Galleria/Corcyra larvae containing live infective juveniles (IJs) are implanted in soil at plant bases at the rate of four cadavers per plant during May/ June and/or September for sugarcane root grub control. Chemical control: For termite: • Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 200-250 ml in 400 l of water/acre or clothianidin 50%WDG @100 g in 400 l of water/acre or imidacloprid 70% WS @28-42 g in 40-60 l of water/acre or imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 140 ml in 750 l of water/acre or chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 2.5 l/acre For white grubs: • Fipronil 40% + imidacloprid 40% WG@175-200 g in 400-500 l of water/acre or phorate 10% CG @ 10,000 g/acre
*Apply Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens for setts and soil application (for usage of commercial products check label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Tillering stage
Nutrients	• Top dressing of N should be done as per the fertilizer recommendations mentioned in table below.
Weeds	Cultural control: • The initial 30-120 days is the critical period of weed competition. Therefore the weed management practice should be ensured for the fi rst 3-4 months. • Shallow Blind hoeing may be performed after planting before germination. • Being wildly spacing crop, tractor or bullock drawn implement should be used for intercultural operations at 30 and 60 DAS along with hand weeding within rows. • Trash mulch @ 2 tonnes/acre at 45 days after planting is useful to control weeds and avoid cost on hand weeding/hoeing in ratoon crops. Chemical control: • Same as sowing stage except diuron 80% WP or metsulfuron methyl 20% WP@ 12 g in 200-240 l of water/acre Note: Herbicide should be selected as per the weed species in the field as per recommendation of CIBRC
Early shoot borer, root borer	Cultural control: • Deep summer ploughing • Inter culture and hand weeding • Timely irrigation • Light earthing up of crops three months after planting • Grow onion/garlic/coriander as intercrop • In ratoon crop mulching with trash reduce shoot borer attack Mechanical control: • Use of pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring • Remove and destroy the dead hearts along with larvae • Installation of light trap with exit option for natural enemies @ 1 per acre Biological control: • Release 125 gravid females of Sturmiopsis inferens a tachinid parasitoid per acre. • Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 20,000/acre @ 10 days interval at the time of incidence. Chemical control: • Fipronil 5% SC @ 600-800 ml in 200 l of water/acre • Fipronil 0.3 % GR @ 30-40 ml in 10000-13320 l of water/ acre • Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 500-600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC@ 150 ml in 400 l of water/acre • Cypermethrin10% EC @ 260-304 ml in 200-280 l of water/acre • Quinalphos 5% granule @ 2000 g/acre • Chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR @ 7.5 g/acre • Monocrotophos 36% SL @ 600-900 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Quinalphos 25 % EC @ 800 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
White grubs**	• Same as sowing stage
Top shoot borer	Mechanical control: • Collection and destruction of adult moths • Collection and destruction of egg masses • Collection and destruction of dead hearts • Use of pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring coinciding with brood emergence • Installation of light trap with exit option for natural enemies @ 1/ acre Biological control: • Release of Trichogramma spp. @ 20,000/acre 2-3 times at 10 days interval Chemical control: • Chlorantraniliprole18.5% SC @150 ml in 400 l of water/acre • Phorate10% CG @ 12,000 g/acre • Carbofuran 3% CG @ 26640 g/acre • Chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR @ 7.5 Kg/acre
Black bug	Chemical control: • Quinalphos 25 % EC @ 800 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
Scale insect **	Cultural control: • Use resistant/tolerant varieties. • Select the healthy and pest free setts for planting. • Keep the fields and bunds free from weeds. • Avoid water stagnation in the field for the longer period. • Avoid repeated ratoons. Physical control: • Detrash the crop at 150th and 210th day of planting. Biological control: • Release coccinellid predators. Chemical control: • Monocrotophos 36% SL @ 600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
White woolly aphid	Cultural control: • De-trashing of canes if infestation exceeds low intensity and remove water shoots. • Paired row system of planting. • Avoid excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers. • Use of organic fertilizers. • Rapping of canes all along the rows. • Do not transport Infested tops • Infested canes should not be used as seed for planting. Biological control: • Conserve and augment the natural enemies • Create congenial conditions for promoting entomo pathogens such as Cladosporium oxysporum, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii and Beauveria bassiana.
Cane formation stage
Nutrients	• Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest.
Weeds	• Remove left over weeds before shedding of seeds to prevent weed infestation.
Pyrilla	Cultural control: • Avoid late application of nitrogenous fertilizers. • Collect and put egg masses in cage to facilitate emergence of parasitoids. • Removal and destruction of lower dried leaves. Biological control: • Release of 3,200 to 4,000 cocoons or 3.2-4.0 lakh eggs of Epiricania melanoleuca per acre when 3-5 Pyrilla individuals per leaf are seen. • Conserve and augment Epiricanica population from rich to scanty fi elds. Chemical control: • Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Dichlorvos 76% EC @ 150.4 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Monocrotophos 36% SL @ 200 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
Stalk borer, internode borer, pink borer and plassy borer**	Cultural control: • Proper water management to avoid lodging • De-trashing of canes and removal of water shoots once in a month from 5th months on wards. • Balanced doses of fertilizers. • Use of pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre Biological method: • Release egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis @ 20,000/acre six releases at fortnightly intervals starting from 4th month onwards. • Setting pheromone traps at spindle level on 5th month of the crop @ 4-5 traps/acre 15 meter grid. The pheromone septa need to be changed twice at 45 days interval. Chemical control: • Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 500-600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre • Monocrotophos 36% SL @ 750 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
Scale insect** and mealy bug	• For scale insects same as tillering stage For mealy bug Cultural control: • Use resistant/tolerant varieties • De-trashing of canes and removal of water shoots. • Drain excess water from the fi eld and avoid water stress conditions. Biological control: • Conserve and augment the natural enemies such as Chilocorus, Hyperaspis, Chrysoperla, Aphytis, Coccophagus and Encarsia etc. Chemical control: • Monocrotophos 36% SL @ 600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
Whitefly	Cultural control: • Clipping of infested leaves. • Avoid water stress and water logged conditions. • Avoid planting in low land areas • Synchronization of sugarcane planting and harvesting maybe adopted zone wise. Mechanical control: • Detrashing the puparia bearing leaves and immediately disposing by burning or burying to prevent emergence of adult whitefl ies. • Use yellow sticky trap. Biological Control: • Conserve and augment the natural enemies such as Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus spp., • Mirid bug, dragonfl y, spider, robber fl y, praying mantis, fi re ants, coccinellids, lacewings, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp) etc.
Red rot, smut, grassy shoot, wilt, leaf scald, red stripe, mosaic diseases**, rust** and pokkahboeng**	Cultural control: • Use resistant or moderately resistant varieties. • Any sett showing reddening at the cut ends or at the nodal region should be discarded. • Healthy setts should be planted. Such setts must be produced from crop raised from heat treatment of seed canes in moist hot air at 54° C for 2.5 hour at 99% humidity. • Remove affected clump along with root system and burn. • Bunding of aff ected fi eld should be done to avoid movement of rain or floodwater to healthy fields. • Ratooning of diseased crop should be avoided. • Diseased crop should be harvested as early as possible. • Crop rotation should be followed in aff ected fields. • Use yellow sticky traps for the control of aphid vector.
Rodents: lesser bandicoot, soft furred field rat	Cultural control: • Practice clean cultivation/maintain weed free fi elds which reduces the harboring/ hiding points for rodents. • Practice trapping with locally available traps using bait. In areas, where bandicoote is a problem, wonder traps/multi-catch traps work better and enable to trap more animals into a single trap. • Identify live rodent burrows and smoke the burrows with burrow smoker for 2-3 minutes • Erect owl perches @ 5-6/acre to promote natural control of rodents Chemical control: • Bromadiolone 0.25 % CB @ 0.005% • Bromadiolone 0.005 % RB @ 0.005%
Reproductive /maturity
Nutrients	Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest.
Weeds	Remove left over weeds to prevent weed infestation in ratoon crop.
Harvesting	• Deep harvesting. • Removal of late shoots and water shoots.
After harvesting
	• Avoid trash burning to preserve the natural enemies • Stubble shaving should be done at ground level. • Destroy the stubble in borer and white grub infested fi eld.
Ratoon	• Avoid ratoons to reduce the pest problems. • Avoid ratoons in late harvested crop.
Note : The pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume sprayer. ** Pests of regional significance

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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116 ratings and

Sugarcane: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Red rot
2. Wilt
3. Grassy shoot
4. Smut
5. Leaf scald disease
6. Red striped disease
7. Mosaic disease
8. Pokkahboeng
9. Rust
10. Sugarcane yellow leaf disease
11. Crop Stage-wise IPM practices for Sugarcane

Red rot

Disease symptoms

• The spindle leaves (3rd & 14th)) display drying. At a later stage, stalks become discoloured and hollow.
• Acervuli (black fruiting bodies) develop on rind and nodes. After splitting open the diseased stalk, a sour smell emanates.
• The internal tissues are reddened with intermingled transverse white spots.

Survival and spread

• In rainy season, the disease spreads so fast that whole crop dries and not a single milleable cane is obtained

Favourable conditions

• Primary transmission through soil and diseased setts, while the secondary transmission through air, rain splash and soil.

Wilt

Disease symptoms

• Externally gradual yellowing and drying of foliage, shrinkage/withering of canes.
• Internally light to dark purplish or brown discolouration of ground tissue, pithiness and boat shaped cavities in the middle of the internodes

Survival and spread

• The wilt pathogens are transmitted through soil, seed pieces, wind, rain and irrigation water.

Favourable conditions

• The disease symptoms appear during the monsoon and post monsoon periods, affected plants are present either singly or in small groups

Grassy shoot

Disease symptoms

• The disease is characterized by proliferation of vegetative buds from the base of the cane giving rise to crowded bunch of tillers bearing narrow leaves.
• The tillers bear pale yellow to completely chlorotic leaves.
• Cane formation rarely takes place in affected clumps and if formed the canes are thin with short internodes.

Survival and spread

• The grassy shoot disease is primarily transmitted through the diseased seed material (setts) and perpetuated through ratooning.
• The MLO is readily transmitted by sap inoculation and in the field it is transmitted through infected setts and perpetuated through crop ratooning.
• The aphids are the vectors for this disease
• This disease is also transmitted by a) mechanically by cutting knife, b) Insects (aphids, black hopper) and c) Dodder (root parasite).

Smut

Disease symptoms

• Production of whip like structure of 25 – 150 cm. from the growing point of the canes.
• Whip covered by translucent silvery membrane enclosing mass of black powdery spores.
• Initial thin canes with elongated internodes later become reduced in length.
• Profuse sprouting of lateral buds with narrow, erect leaves especially in ratoon crop

Survival and spread

• Sugarcane smut is disseminated via teliospores that are produced in the smut whip. These teliospores located either in the soil or on the plant, germinate in the presence of water.
• The primary transmission of the disease is through diseased seed pieces, while the secondary transmission is through windblown spores.
• In addition, spores or sporidia, present in or on the soil surface, are also carried to different fields through rain or irrigation water.

Favourable conditions

• Hot dry weather is suitable for the completion of disease cycle however; pathogen requires wet conditions for development of teliospores.

Leaf scald disease

Disease symptoms

• The disease can be latent, it can develop unseen for some time and when symptoms fi rst appear, the plant is already seriously infected.
• The first sign of the disease is the development of “pencil lines” of white with yellow borders following the veins on the leaf that lead to necrosis (death) of tissue.
• The term “scald” for the disease comes from areas of the leaf that loose their color and become a pale green (chlorotic) as they fail to produce chloroplasts.

Survival and spread

• Pathogen survives in cane stubble and on agricultural implements and this is an important mechanism of spreading the disease.
• It can also survive on grasses, including elephant grass and may be transmitted from them to sugarcane.

Favourable conditions

• Periods of stress such as drought, waterlogging, and low temperature are reported to increase disease severity.

Red striped disease

Disease symptoms

• Red stripe is characterized by the appearance on the leaves of chlorotic lesions carrying dark red stripes 0.5-1.0 mm in breadth and several mm in length, either distributed all over the blade, or concentrated in the middle
• Several of them may coalesce to cover large areas of the leaf blade, and to cause wilting and drying of the leaves.
• Whitish flakes occur on the lower surface of the leaf, corresponding to the red lesions on the upper surface.
• These flakes are the dry bacterial ooze. When young shoots are affected, shoot or top rot may result. The growing points of the shoot are yellow and later reddish with dark brown stripes on the shoots.
• If the affected plants are cut by splitting the shoot downwards, dark red discolouration of the tissues may be seen.
• In the affected canes cavities may form in the pith region, and the vascular bundles are distinct because of the dark red discolouration.

Survival and spread

• The disease spreads in the field by wind and rain, and by cutting, as the basal stem from which the sets are taken is mostly free from the bacterial infection.

Favourable conditions

• Moist humid conditions favour the development of disease.

Mosaic disease

Disease symptoms

• Young leaves of the crown held against the light source display chlorotic and normal green area imparting mosaic pattern.
• The chlorotic area may show reddening or necrosis.
• Leaf sheath may also display such symptoms.

Transmission

• Primarily transmitted through the diseased seed material and perpetuated through ratooning. This disease is also transmitted mechanically by cutting knife.

Pokkahboeng

Disease symptoms

• The general symptoms of Pokkahboeng are mainly of three types;
• Chlorotic Phase: The earliest symptom of Pokkahboeng is a chlorotic condition towards the base of the young leaves and occasionally on the other parts of the leaf blades.
• Frequently, a pronounced wrinkling, twisting and shortening of the leaves accompanied the malformation or distortion of the young leaves. The base of the affected leaves is seen often narrower than that of the normal leaves..
• Acute Phase or Top-Rot Phase: The most advanced and serious stage of Pokkahboeng is a top rot phase. The young spindles are killed and the entire top dies.
• Leaf infection sometimes continued to downward and penetrates in the stalk by way of a growing point. In advanced stage of infection, the entire base of the spindle and even growing point showed a malformation of leaves, pronounced wrinkling, twisting and rotting of spindle leaves. Red specks and stripes also developed.
• Knife-cut Phase (associate with top rot phase): The symptoms of knife-cut stage are observed in association with the acute phase of the disease characterized by one or two or even more transverse cuts in the rind of the stalk /stem in such a uniform manner as if, the tissues are removed with a sharp knife, This is an exaggerated stage of a typical ladder lesion of a Pokkahboeng disease.

Survival and spread

• This is an air-borne disease and primarily transmitted through the air-currents and secondary transmission is through the infected setts, irrigation water, splashed rains and soil.

Favourable conditions

• 20-30°C temperature and the average relative humidity higher than 70 to 80% with a cloudy weather, drizzling rains favors the growth of pathogen.

Rust

Disease symptoms

• The earliest symptoms of common rust on the leaves are small, elongated yellowish spots which are visible on both the surfaces.
• These spots increase in size, mainly in length, and turn red-brown to brown in color. A narrow, pale yellow-green halo develops around the lesions.
• When the common rust is severe, numerous lesions occur on individual leaves giving them an overall brown or rusty appearance. These lesions coalesce to from large, irregular necrotic areas is usually result in premature death of the leaf. In such cases, the number of live leaves per plant can be seriously reduced.

Survival and spread

• The rust pathogen is transmitted by wind and water splash of the urediospores.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity and warm temperature favours the development of diseases.

Sugarcane yellow leaf disease

Disease symptoms

• Symptoms of SCYLD are a yellowing of the leaf midrib on the underside of the leaf. The yellowing first appears on leaves 3 to 6 counting down from the top expanding spindle leaf.
• Initial symptoms of yellow leaf, with a yellowing of the lower surface of the leaf midrib of leaves 3 to 6 counting from the top expanding spindle leaf.
• Yellowing is most prevalent and noticeable in mature cane from October until the end of harvest in March.
• The yellowing expands out from the leaf midrib into the leaf blade as the season progresses until a general yellowing of the leaves can be observed from a distance.

Transmission

• The virus is transmitted by aphids, Melanaphis sacchari and Rhopalosiphum maidis, in a semi-persistent manner. The virus is also spread by planting infected seed cane.

Favourable conditions

• Dry weather conditions during October to until the end of harvest in March.

Crop Stage-wise IPM practices for Sugarcane

To know the crop stage-wise IPM practices, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.17   

 

124 ratings and

Sugarcane: Insect and Mite Pests Management

1. Early shoot borer
2. Internode borer
3. Top shoot borer
4. Termites
5. White grub
6. White woolly aphid
7. Whitefly
8. Mealybug
9. Scale insect
10. Nematode
11. IPM for Sugarcane

Early shoot borer

Biology

• Egg: Flat – scale like eggs are laid in 3-5 rows on the lower surface of leaves in masses of 4-100. The masses are slightly overlapping like tiles. It hatches 4-6days.
• Larva: Larva is dirty white with five dark violet longitudinal stripes and dark brown head. Duration 16-30days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes within the tunnel. Caterpillar before pupating makes a large exit hole in the stem and blocks the opening with silken discs.
• Adult: Pale greyish brown moth with black dots near the coastal margin of the forewings and with white hind wings.

Damage symptoms

• Dead heart in 1-3 month old crop, which can be easily pulled out, rotten portion of the straw coloured dead – heart emits an offensive odour. A number of bore holes at the base of the shoot just above the ground level.

Internode borer

Biology

• Egg: Scale – like oval, flat, shiny and waxy white eggs are laid by female moths in batches of 9-11, near the midribs, on leaf sheaths or on stem.
• Larva: White larva with four violet longitudinal stripes and light brown head.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in semi – dried sheath. Pupal period 7 - 10 days
• Adult: Straw coloured with a dark spot on each of the forewings

Damage symptoms

• Internodes constricted and shortened with a number of bore holes and frass in the nodal region
• Affected tissues reddened

Top shoot borer

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are laid on the lower surface of top leaves in clusters particularly near midribs. The clusters are covered with buff coloured hairs. : 10-80 eggs per egg mass
• Larva: Smooth, white or cream coloured with a red coloured mid – dorsal line and yellow head.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place within the larval tunnel in a chamber with an exit hole Constructed by the caterpillar. Pupal period 6 - 21 days
• Adult: White Coloured moth (with a buff Coloured anal tuft in the abdominal tip of female)

Damage symptoms

• Dead heart arises on after sixth month grown up canes, which cannot be easily pulled.
• Parallel row of shot holes in the emerging leaves.
• Bore holes at the top of the shoot and shows bunchy top appearance.

Termites

Biology

• Egg: Dull, kidney shaped and hatches in 30-90 days.
• Nymph: Moult 8-9 times and are full grown in 6-12 months.
• Adult: Creamy coloured tiny insects resembling ants with dark coloured head.

Damage symptoms

• Characteristic semi- circular feeding marks on the leaves in the standing crop
• Entire shoot dries up and can be pulled out easily
• Setts hollow inside and may be filled with soil
• Cane collapses if disturbed
• Rind filled with mud.

White grub

Biology

• Egg: A female lays on an average of 27 eggs in the soil, which are pear like white enclosed in earthen cells.
• Grub: Fleshy ‘C’ shaped, whitish yellow in colour found close to the base of the clump.
• Pupa: Pupae are tan to brown, and occur deeper in the soil in earthen chambers.
• Adult: Adult beetles are a rusty-red color just after emerging from the pupal stage, but turn nearly black.

Damage symptoms

• Yellowing and wilting of leaves.
• Drying of entire crown.
• Affected canes come off easily when pulled.
• Cause extensive damage to roots and base of shoot.

Biological control of root grubs and termites through EPNs

EPNs seek out and kill all stages of harmful soil-dwelling insects. They can be used to control a broad range of soil-inhabiting insects and above-ground insects in their soil-inhabiting stage of life. The IJs emerge from cadaver, search for root grubs and termites, infect, kill and again multiply and remain in the moist soil. Root grubs and termites which are major pests in sugarcane can be managed by using EPNs effectively. EPN can be produced even at farmer level using either Galleria or Corcyra as a host.

White woolly aphid

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are spherical yellow in colour and microscopic.
• Nymph: Nymph takes 6 to 22 days to complete four instars and become adult.
• Adult: Adult emerged after fourth Moult and viviparous reproduction. Apterous (Wingless) female reproduce parthenogenetically. Each female produced about 15 – 35 young ones within 24 hrs. After mating. Each female reproduces maximum of 217 nymphs during the period of 20 days. The life cycle of female complete within one– month period. The longevity of adult is from 32 to 57 days. The life cycle may vary according to the climatic conditions and variety. In most of the affected fields at various locations all the nymphal instars and adults are noticed.

Damage symptoms

• Adults and nymphs suck sap from leaves by piercing styles through stomata. Whitish patches – coalesce and turn yellowish then drying starts from the tip along margins.
• Leaves become brittle and dry completely. Heavy secretion of honey dew leads to– development of sooty mould, Deposition of woolly matter on ground / soil distinctly visible.

Whitefly

Biology

• Egg: Females lay eggs in a line near the midrib or anywhere on the lower surface of the leaves. Eggs are yellowish with a small curved stalk. Colour changes to black about two hours after the eggs are laid.
• Nymph & Pupa: Neonate nymphs are pale yellow in colour, flat and oval in shape, later turn shiny black. Its body is surrounded by fringes of wax. The fourth instar being the pupal stage is flat, oval, grayish in colour and slightly bigger than the nymph. There is a ‘T’ shaped white marking on the thorax, which splits at the time of adult emergence.
• Adult: Pale yellow body with hyaline wings dusted with waxy bloom, exhibit brisk fluttering movements.

Damage symptom

• Yellowing of leaves
• Leaf turns pinkish or purple and later gradually dry.
• Infested leaves look white with black dots.

Mealybug

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are retained in the female reproductive organs until almost fully mature. Incubation period is short. The females may bring forth hundreds of young ones parthenogenetically. Egg is yellowish, smooth, cylindrical and rounded at both ends.
• Nymph: Newly emerged nymphs are quite active with a pinkish transparent body.
• Adult: White with mealy coating, sessile.

Damage symptoms

• Pinkish oval insects beneath leaf sheath on the nodes, with whitish mealy coating, main cane stunned also attack roots. Sooty mould develops on the honey dew giving blackish appearance on canes.

Scale insect

Biology

• Nymph: Females multiply ovo-viviparously. The nymphs that hatch out from the eggs within the female’s body come out through the genital aperture. They are called ‘crawlers’. They settle after selecting suitable site for feeding.
• Adult: Greyish black or brown circular scales, they cover the nodal region forming a thick encrustation.

Damage symptoms

• The leaves of infested canes show signs of tip drying and unhealthy pale green colour and with continued infestation these turn yellow.
• Desapping leads to non-opening of leaves also, which also turn yellow and finally dry up.
• Nodal region is more infested than intermodal region.
• Infested crop losses its vigour, canes shrivel, growth is stunted and the Inter nodal length is reduced drastically.
• Ultimately cane dries up. Such canes when slit open appear brownish red.

Nematode

There are several nematodes present in the soil of which, four nematodes are mainly damaging the sugarcane crop. They are:

• Lesion nematode –Pratylenchus coffeae: Root-lesion nematodes are migratory endo parasites Females of P. penetrans lay about 1 or 2 eggs /day for about 35 days, with a maximum of 68 eggs being laid by one female. Eggs are laid singly or in clusters in both soil and roots. Second stage juveniles hatch after eggs have incubated for 9 (30⁰ C) to 25 (15⁰ C) days. Males are required for reproduction by P. penetrans but not by P. neglectus.
• Lance nematode –Hoplolaimus indicus Lance nematodes, Hoplolaimus spp., are ecto-parasites, sometimes semi-endo-parasites. Nematodes which are large are highly resistant to effects of temperature extremes and dry soil conditions. Larvae look similar to adults except that they aresmaller.This group of nematodes is easily detected with soil sampling.
• Root knot nematode –Meloidogyne spp. Root knot nematodes are microscopic roundworms, obligate endo parasites that complete most of their life cycle within their host roots. The nematodes survive in soil as eggs and also second stage larvae.
• Reniform nematode –Rotylenchulus reniformis. The term ‘reniform’ refers to the kidney-shaped body of the mature female. They are semi-endoparasitic (partially inside roots) species in which the females penetrate the root cortex, establish a permanent-feeding site in the stele region of the root and become sedentary or immobile.

Damage symptoms

• Usually yellowing of leaves, first in the form of streaks, later complete yellowing-chlorosis, occurring in patches spread out all over the field. Chlorosis in severe cases, accompanied by drying up of margins and leaf tips is more common in ratoon and young crop.
• Stunting of crop, reduction in number and size of internodes.
• Roots are stubby and spares.
• Affected field shows pale green to whitish look.

IPM for Sugarcane

To know the IPM practices for Sugarcane, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.07   

 

109 ratings and 2 comments

Sugarcane: Natural Enemies

1. Natural Enemies of Sugarcane Insect Pests
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
2. Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests
3. IPM for Sugarcane

Natural Enemies of Sugarcane Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Predators

Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Natural enemies	Attractant/repellent/trap plants
Borers:
Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis, Tetrastichus spp., Chelonus spp., Telenomus spp. (egg), Sturmiopsis infarens, Isotima javensis, Stenobracon nicevelli, Cotesia flavipes (larval). Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, coccinellids, King crow, dragon fly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis Ovomermis albicans, a nematode	• Growing intercrops such as cowpea, onion, garlic, coriander, urdbean. • Repellant plants: Basil • Attractant plants: Carrot family, sunflower family, buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, shrubs (minute pirate bug and lacewing) • Nectar rich plants with small flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill, parsley, mustard, sunfl ower, buckwheat and cowpea (Braconid wasp)
Whitefly:
Parasitoids: Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus spp., Dicyphus hesperus, Chrysocharis sp (nymphal and pupal) Predators : Spiders, coccinellids and lacewings	• Repellant plants: Peppermint • Attractant plants: French bean (predatory thrips) • Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum or pearl millet to reduce whitefly infestations. • Yellow sticky traps or cards to monitor the activity of whiteflies
Sugarcane woolly aphid:
Parasitoids: Encarsia flavoscutellum, Diaeretiella rapae (nymphal and adult) Predators: Dipha aphidivora, Micromus igorotus, Syrphid fly Entomopathogenic fungi : Acremonium zeylanicum, Cephalosporium spp., Entomophthora and Verticillium lecanii	• Attractant plants: Buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, shrubs (minute pirate bug & lacewing) • Sunflower family, marigold, buckwheat.
Mites:
Predators: Predatory mites, predatory beetles such as small staphilinids (Oligota spp.), and lacewings, predatory thrips, anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, and predatory flies such as hover flies. Entomo pathogenic fungi: Beauveria sp.	• Attractant plants: Carrot family, (spider mite destroyer) • Carrot family, sunflower family, buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, shrubs (minute pirate bug) • Mustard, sweet clove, dill (aphid midge) • French bean (predatory mites) • Berseem clover and common knotweed (big –eyed bugs)
Black bug:
Parasitoid: Tachinid fly Predator: Geocorid spp. (big eyed bugs)	• Carrot family, dill, sweet clover, Amaranth, Trifolium, knotweed.
Mealybug:
Parasitic wasps, hover flies, coccinellid (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri)	• Attractant plants: Coriander, attract wasps.
White grub:
Parasitoid: Parasitic wasp (Tiphia spp.) Entomopathogenic nematode. Entomopathogenic fungi – Metarhizium, Beauvaria Predators: Ground beetle, ants, wasps.	• Repellent crop: Garlic
A. Resistant/tolerant varieties
Pest	Tolerant/ resistant Varieties
Shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus)	CO 312, CO 421, CO 661, CO 917 and CO 853
Stem or internode borer	CO 975, CO 7304 and COJ 46
Top shoot borer	CO 419, CO 745, CO 6516, CO 859, CO1158 and CO 7224
Smut	Co 8371, Co 85004, Co 86032, Co 86249, Co 87025, Co 87044, Co 87263, Co 87268, Co 91010, CoM 88121, Co Pant,
Red rot	BO 128, Co 89029, CoH 2201, CoSe 92423, CoSe 95422
*For detailed information and further updates nearest KVK, SAU / ICAR Institute may be contacted

IPM for Sugarcane

To know the IPM practices for Sugarcane, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

159 ratings

Sugarcane: Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
1. Borers
2. Sucking pests
3. Subterranean pest
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
1. Major Kharif
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
4. Rodent & Mammals
5. Nematodes
2. Pest of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. IPM for Sugarcane

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

Borers

• Early shoot borer: Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Pink borer: Sesamia inferens Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Top shoot borer: Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Root borer: Emmalocera depressella (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Internode borer: Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Stalk borer: Chilo auricilius Dudgeon (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Sucking pests

• White woolly aphid: Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Black bug: Cavelerius sweeti Dist. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)
• Whitefly: Aleurolobus barodensis Maskell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
• Pyrilla: Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Hemiptera: Lophopidae)
• Mealybug: Saccharicoccus sacchari Cockerell, (Hemiptera: Pseudococcoidae)
• Mite: Oligonychus sacchari McGregor (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)

Subterranean pest

• Termites: Odontotermes spp. (Isoptera: Termitidae)

Diseases

• Red rot: Colletotrichum falcatum Went
• Wilt: Acremonium implicatum, (Gilman & Abbott) Gams, Fusarium moniliforme sub sp. Glotinans J. Sheld
• Grassy shoot: Mycoplasma like organism (MLO)
• Smut: Ustilago scitaminea (Syd.) M. Piepenbr., M. Stoll & Oberw
• Scald: Xanthomonas albilineans Dowson
• Red striped disease: Xanthomonas rubrilineans Dowson

Weeds

Major Kharif

Broad leaf

• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridisHook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Swine cress: Coronopus didymus(L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
• Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
• Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Sweet clover: Melilotus indica(L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Field bindweed: Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parvifl ora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophyllaceae)
• Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Horse purslane: Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
• Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Tropical spider wort: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae)
• False daisy: Eclipta alba L. (Asteraceae)
• Spurge: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Grasses

• Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
• Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
• Wild sugarcane: Saccharum spontaneum L. (Poaceae)
• Johnson grass: Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
• Torpedo grass: Panicum repens L. (Poaceae)
• Bluegrass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
• Chinese lovegrass: Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees. Ex Steud. Poaceae
• Goosegrass: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

Rodent & Mammals

• Lesser bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis Gray (Rodentia: Muridae)
• Soft furred field rat: Millardia meltada Gray (Rodentia: Muridae)
• Jackal: Canis aureus L. (Carnivora: Canidae)

Nematodes

• Lesion nematode: Pratylenchus coffeae Goodey
• Lance nematode: Hoplolaimus indicus, Sher
• Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira
• Root knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.

Pest of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Plassy borer: Chilo tumidicostalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Scale insect: Melanaspis glomerata Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• White grub: Holotrichia consanguinea Blanch. (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae)
• Gurdaspur borer: Acigona steniellus Hampson (Lepidoptera:Crambidae)
• Green borer: Raphimetopus ablutellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Diseases

• Pokkahboeng: Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon
• Rust: Puccinia melanocephala H. & P. Syd.
• Mosaic: Sugarcane mosaic virus
• Yellow Leaf Disease: Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV)

IPM for Sugarcane

To know the IPM practices for Sugarcane, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage