IPM Stratergies for SPINACH

  Spinach: Diseases and Symptoms Downy mildew Anthracnose Cladosporium Leaf spot Stemphylium leaf spot Damping off and root ro...

 

Spinach: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Downy mildew
2. Anthracnose
3. Cladosporium Leaf spot
4. Stemphylium leaf spot
5. Damping off and root rot
6. IPM for Spinach

Downy mildew

Disease symptoms

• The initial stage: Dull to bright yellow spots that form on cotyledons and leaves of all ages.
• The late stage: Enlarged spots and become browning and dry. Close inspection of the underside of the leaf often reveals the purple growth of the fungus.
• If disease development is extensive, leaves appear curled and distorted and may take on a blighted effect as a result of numerous infection sites.

Host range: Spinach, Chenopodium weed, Beta sp.

Survival and spread

• Fungus survives in disease plant debris or in soil in form of resting spore.
• Primary: The heavy canopy of densely planted spinach retains much moisture and creates ideal conditions for infection and disease development.
• Secondary: Spores (sporangia/zoospores) are dispersed in the air from plant to plant and field to field by winds and splashing water.

Favourable conditions

• Heavy canopy of densely plantations, relative humidity > 90%, high soil moisture and frequent rains favour the development of diseases.

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms

• In initial stage: Small, circular, water - soaked lesions on both young and old leaves.
• In late stage: Lesion turns brown to brownish in color, and become thin and papery.
• Tiny black fruiting bodies (acervuli) form profusely in diseased tissue and are a characteristic feature of the disease.

Host range: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and betel vine (Piper sp)

Survival and spread

• Fungus survives in plant debris or soil.
• Primary: Seed borne inoculum and dormant mycelium in infected plant debris.
• Secondary: Spores are spread from plant – to - plants by splashing water from rains or sprinklers

Favourable conditions

• Relative humidity > 90%, High soil moisture and frequent rains favour the development of disease.

Cladosporium Leaf spot

Disease symptoms

• Round, brownish leaf spots that rarely exceed 0.2 inch in diameter.
• Dark green spores and mycelium later develop in the centers of the spots.
• The presence of dark green sporulation distinguishes Cladosporium leaf spot from anthracnose and Stemphylium leaf spot diseases, both of which also form circular lesions.

Leaves showing disease symptoms

Survival and spread

• Pathogen survives in seeds and these seeds are source of primary inoculums. The secondary spread occurs by means of conidia.

Favourable conditions

• Heavy rain in spring favours the development of diseases.

Stemphylium leaf spot

Disease symptoms

• Initial stage: Small (0.1 to 0.2 inch diameter), circular to oval, gray-green leaf spots.
• Late stage: Leaf spots enlarge, remain circular to oval in shape, and turn brownish in color. Older spots coalesce, dry up, and become papery in texture.                                                         Leaves showing disease symptoms

• Visual signs of fungal growth are generally absent from the spots; hence this symptoms is readily differentiated from foliar diseases in which purple growth (downy mildew), green spores ( Cladosporium leaf spot), or acervuli (anthracnose) develop within circular lesions.
• Overall, symptoms resemble the brownish, circular spots caused by pesticide or fertilizer toxicity.

Survival and spread

• Fungus survives in seeds and infected seeds are the source of primary inoculums. Secondary infection occurs by means of conidia.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity and moisture conditions favour the development of disease.

Damping off and root rot

Disease symptoms

• Symptoms of damping-off and root rot consist of poor seed germination, pre-emergence death of seedlings, post emergence death of newly emerged seedlings, stunted plants, yellowed lower leaves, general poor growth, wilting, and eventual collapse and death of older plants.
• Roots of infected plants can appear water-soaked or brown to black in color. The upper taproot may be girdled by a necrotic lesion, or the tip of the taproot may be necrotic. In severe cases, nearly all roots may be girdled or rotted off.
• Severity is influenced by cultivar, soil texture, irrigation, and pathogen populations. Severe damping- off is associated with clay or poorly draining soils with a history of frequent spinach production. While all stages of spinach can be infected by root rot organisms, newly emerging plants and young seedlings are very susceptible.

Survival and spread

• The fungus survives in soil and inoculum present in the soil is source of primary infection. Secondary infection occurs by means of conidia through rain splash or wind.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24°C for few days are ideal for infection and development of disease.
• Crowded seedlings, dampness due to high rainfall, poor drainage and excess of soil solutes hamper plant growth and increase the pathogenic damping-off.

IPM for Spinach

To know the IPM practices for Spinach, click here.

Source: NIPHM,  and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.08   

 

130 ratings

Spinach Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
1. Broad leaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
4. IPM for Spinach

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

• Leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
• Spinach crown mite: Rhizoglyphus sp (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae)
• Beet armyworm: Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Tobacco caterpillar: Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Cutworm: Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Amaranthus weevil: Hymenia recurvalis Fab. syn. Spoladea recurvalis Fab. ( Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Aphid: Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Diseases

• Downy mildew: Peronospora farinose  f.sp. spinaceae Fr.
• Anthracnose: Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove
• Cladosporium leaf spot: Cladosporium variabile (Cooke) de Vries
• Stemphylium leaf spot: Stemphylium botryosum Wallr
• Damping off and root rot: Pythium sp. And Rhizoctonia sp.

Weeds

Broad leaf

• Dock’s: Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonacae)
• Sweet clover: Melilotus alba Medik. , M. indicus (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Wild pea: Lathyrus aphaca L. (Fabaceae)
• Pig weed: Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae)

Grasses

• Burmuda grass: Cynodon dactylon L. (Poaceae)
• Darnel: Lolium temulantum L. (Poaceae)
• Polypogon: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.)Desf. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Nut grass: Cyperus rotundus L., (Cyperaceae)

IPM for Spinach

To know the IPM practices for Spinach, click here.

Source: NIPHM,  and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.04   

 

143 ratings

 

Spinach: Insect and Mite Pests

1. Leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer
2. Tobacco caterpillar
3. Beet armyworm
4. Cutworm
5. Amaranthus weevil
6. Aphid
7. Leaf miner
8. Spinach crown mite
9. IPM for Spinach

Leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer

Biology

• Egg: The spherical, yellowish eggs are laid singly on tender parts and buds of plants. The egg period lasts for 2-4 days.
• Larva: Caterpillars are of varying colour, initially brown and later turn greenish with darker broken lines along the side of the body. Body covered with radiating hairs. When full grown, they measure 3.7 to 5 cm in length. The full grown caterpillar pupates in the soil in an earthen cell. The larval period lasts for 18-25 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil; pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
• Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/greyish forewings with a dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near costal margins, with a wing expanse of 3.7cm.

Damage symptoms

• Young larva feeds on the leaves. Internal tissues are eaten severely and completely hollowed out.
• While feeding, the caterpillar thrust its head inside leaving the rest of the body outside. Fed leaves, shoots and buds.

Natural enemies of leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer

• Parasitoids : Trichogramma chilonis, Tetrastichus spp., and Telenomus spp., Braconid wasp, Ichneumon spp., Bracon hebetor, Goniophthalmus halli, Carcelia spp., Campoletis chlorideae; Lissopimpla excels, Ichneumon promissorius
• Predators: Lacewings, king crow, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, red ant etc.,
• Entomopathogenic nematode: Ovomermis albicans

Tobacco caterpillar

Biology

It is found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world, wide spread in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato, cabbage and various other cruciferous crops.

• Egg: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
• Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when full grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts 15-30 days
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil, pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
• Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the margin of wing. Pest breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. Adults live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes 32-60 days. There are eight generations in a year.

Damage symptoms

• In early stages, the caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll content of leaf lamina giving it a papery white appearance. Later they become voracious feeders making irregular holes on the leaves.
• Irregular holes on leaves initially and later skeletonization leaving only veins and petioles
• Heavy defoliation.

Favourable conditions

• Maximum S. litura built up at temperature ranges from 26.0°C to 35.1°C, relative humidity ranges from 89 and 62 per cent, zero rainfall, total sunshine hours (64.6 hrs/week), S. litura population shows a positive correlation with relative humidity, sunshine hours, whereas negatively correlated with wind velocity . Parasitoids and predators same as in Helicoverpa armigera

Beet armyworm

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are laid in clusters of 50 to 150 eggs per mass. Normal egg production is about 300 to 600 per female. Eggs are usually deposited on the lower surface of the leaf, and often near blossoms and the tip of the branch. The eggs are greenish to white in color, and covered with a layer of whitish scales that gives the egg mass a fuzzy or cottony appearance. Eggs hatch in 2-3 days during warm weather.
• Larva: There normally are five instars, although additional instars are sometimes reported. Duration of the instars under warm (summer) conditions is reported to be 2.3, 2.2, 1.8, 1.0, and 3.1 days, respectively. The larvae are pale green or yellow in color during the first and second in stars, but acquire pale stripes during the third instar. Larvae during the fifth instar are quite variable in appearance, tending to be green dorsally with pink or yellow color ventrally and a white stripe laterally. A series of dark spots or dashes is often present dorsally and dorsolaterally. The body is practically devoid of hairs and spines.
• Pupa: Pupation occurs in the soil. The chamber is constructed from sand and soil particles held together with an oral secretion that hardens when it dries. The pupa is light brown in color and measures about 15 to 20 mm in length. Duration of the pupal period 6-7 days during warm weather.
• Adult: The moths are moderately sized, the wing span measuring 25 to 30 mm. The forewings are mottled gray and brown, and normally with an irregular banding pattern and a light colored bean-shaped spot. The hind wings are a more uniform gray or white color, and trimmed with a dark line at the margin. Moths usually live for 9-10 days.

Damage symptoms

• Larvae feed on foliage. Young larvae feed gregariously and skeletonize foliage.
• As they mature, larvae become solitary and eat large irregular holes in foliage.
• They also burrow into the crown or center of the head on lettuce, or on the buds of cole crops.

Natural enemies of beet armyworm

• Parasitoids: Telenomus remus, Trichogramma spp.
• Predators: Pentatomid bugs, earwigs, red ants, spiders, reduviid bug, wasps, Bracon spp., Chelonus spp. etc.

Cutworm

Biology

• Egg: The egg is white in color initially, but turns brown with age. It measures 0.43 to 0.50 mm height and 0.51 to 0.58 mm wide and is nearly spherical in shape, with a slightly flattened base. The eggs normally are deposited in clusters on foliage. Females may deposit 1200 to 1900 eggs. The egg period is 3-6 days.
• Larva: There are five to nine instars, with a total of six to seven instars most common.
• Pupa: Pupation occurs belowground at a depth of 3 to 12 cm. The pupa is 17 to 22 mm long and 5 to 6 mm wide and dark brown. Duration of the pupal stage is normally 12 to 20 days.
• Adult: The adult is fairly large in size, with a wingspan of 40 to 55 mm. The forewing, especially the proximal two-thirds, is uniformly dark brown. The distal area is marked with a lighter irregular band, and a small but distinct black dash extends distally from the bean-shaped wing spot. The hind wings are whitish to gray, and the veins marked with darker scales. Moths select low-growing broadleaf plants preferentially for oviposition, but lacking these will deposit eggs on dead plant material. Soil is an unsuitable oviposition site.

Damage symptoms

• Larvae can consume over 400 sq cm of foliage during their development, but over 80% occurs during the terminal instar, and about 10% in the instar immediately preceding the last.
• Thus, little foliage loss occurs during the early stages of development.
• Once the fourth instar is attained, larvae can do considerable damage by severing young plants, and a larva may cut several plants in a single night. Plants tend to outgrow their susceptibility to injury.

Natural enemies of cutworm

• Parasitoids: Apanteles merginiventris, Chelonus insularis, Hyposoter exigua, Lespesia archippivora.
• Predators : Spider, ground beetle, lacewing, reduviid bug, pentatomid bug, predatory bug, praying mantis, wasps, ants etc.
• Entomopathogenic nematode: Hexameris arvalis.

Amaranthus weevil

Biology

• Egg: The eggs are yellowish in colour and normally are deposited in clusters on foliage. Duration of the egg stage is 3-6 days.
• Grub: Body brownish-green with sparse white hairs; thin black dorsal line, broad dark sub dorsal stripes, and paler yellowish sides and bottom.
• Pupa: The pupa is 17 to 22 mm long and 5 to 6 mm wide, and dark brown.
• Adult: Wingspan 19-21 mm, forewing dark brown or gray with broad white median band beginning at inner margin and terminating in “fish-hook” shape before reaching costa. Hindwing dark brown with broad white median band across wing; band is fairly straight with smooth margins outlined in black.

Damage symptoms

• Larvae feed on beets, chard, spinach, and various other crops.

Natural enemies of amaranthus weevil

• Predators: Spider, ground beetle, lacewing, reduviid bug, pentatomid bug, predatory bug, praying mantis, wasps, ants etc.

Aphid

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are very tiny, shiny-black, and are found in the crevices of bud, stems, and barks of the plant. Aphids usually do not lay eggs in warm parts of the world.
• Nymph: Nymphs (immature stages) are young aphids, they look like the wingless adults but are smaller. They become adults within 7 to 10 days.
• Adult: Adults are small, 1 to 4 mm long, soft-bodied insects with two long antennae that resemble horns. Most aphids have two short cornicles (horns) towards the rear of the body.

Damage symptoms

• Infesting tender shoots and under surface of the leaves.
• Curling and crinkling of leaves
• Stunted growth
• Development of black sooty mould due to the excretion of honeydew

Natural enemies of aphid

• Parasitoids: Aphidius colemani, Aphelinus spp. And Diaeretiella sp
• Predators: Red ant, robber fly, big-eyed bug ( Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle, cecidomyiid fly, lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, praying mantis, reduviid bug, dragonfly, hoverfly etc.

Leaf miner

Biology

• Egg: Minute orange yellow, apodous maggot feeds on chlorophyll mining in between epidermal layers. Egg period is 4 days.
• Larva: Full grown maggot measures 3 mm. Larval duration is about 7 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside a thin loose mesh of silken cocoon. Pupal period is about 7 days.
• Adult: It is a pale yellowish fly, measuring 1.5 mm in length. The female fly punctures upper surface of leaf to lay eggs singly. Total life cycle takes 3 weeks.

Damage symptoms

• Leaves with serpentine mines. The maggot punctures the epidermal layers and scraps the chlorophyll content between the layers.
• In severe cases the photosynthetic activity reduced and leads to death of the plant.
• Drying dropping of leaves in severe cases.

Favourable conditions

• Warm weather conditions are favourable for multiplication.

Natural enemies of leaf miner

• Parasitoids: Gronotoma micromorpha (larva and pupa), Diglyphus sp (larva), Halticoptera circulus and Opius sp (pupal) Chrysocharis sp, Neochrysocharis formosa.
• Predators: Robber fly, spider, red ants etc.

Spinach crown mite

Biology

• Crown mite eggs are transparent and spherical and are laid in the innermost parts of the plant. Immature are similar to adults except smaller in size known as protonymph. Adults are tiny, almost transparent mites with prominent long hairs. They can be found in both the soil and in the crowns of susceptible plants. They live deep in the crown of the spinach plant and lay eggs on the new growth.

Damage symptoms

• Crown mites may damage sprouting seeds, seedlings before or after emergence, or older plants.
• They feed primarily on newly expanding leaves at the heart of the plant.
• Their ability to injure the crop decreases as plants get larger and as plants grow rapidly.
• The damage appears as deformed leaves or as small holes in expanding leaves.
• Vector for plant pathogens – Pythium sp and Rhizoctonia sp

Natural enemies of crown mite

• Predators: Predatory mite, predatory thrips, Oligota sp., Orius sp. (pirate bug), mirid bug etc.

IPM for Spinach

To know the IPM practices for Spinach, click here.

Source: NIPHM,  and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

118 ratings and

Spinach: Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre sowing*
2. Sowing *
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive stage (for seed production purpose only)

Management	Activity
Pre sowing*
	Common cultural practices: • Deep summer ploughing • Timely sowing should be done. • Field sanitation, rogueing • Sow the ecological engineering plants • Sow/plant sorghum/maize/bajra in 4 rows all around spinach field as guard crop • Destroy the alternate host plants • Follow crop rotation with non-host spinach crop • Grow trap crops such as castor for S. litura, marigold for H. armigera. and tomato for leaf miner
Nutrients	• Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations and agroclimatic zone • Apply FYM @ 10 t/ acre and incorporate in the soil 2 to 3 weeks before sowing.
Weeds	• At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique to minimize the weeds menace in field or • Soil solarization with transparent polyethylene sheet may be adopted
Soil borne pathogens, nematodes, resting stages of insects and weeds	Cultural control: • Excessive watering and poorly drained areas of field should be avoided and use raised beds: more than 35 cm height is better for water drainage for the management of damping off. Biological control: • Apply neem cake/pongamia cake @ 100 Kg/acre or press mud @ 2 t /acre
Sowing *
	Common cultural practices: • Use resistant/tolerant varieties • Select healthy, certified, and weed seed free seeds
Nutrients	• Apply 8 Kg Nitrogen, 16 Kg Phosphorus and 8 Kg Potash/acre as basal dose.
Weeds	• Adopt recommended agronomic practices with respect to timely sowing, seed rate, row spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation management etc. to have healthy crop.
Soil borne disease	Cultural control: • Seeds are soaked in water overnight before sowing • Line spacing is at 20 cm and thinning within lines at 10-12 cm. • Irrigation at 4-5 days interval in summer and 8-10 days interval in winter.
Leaf miner and other insect pests	Cultural control: • Avoid excess use of nitrogen. • Inter-planting with beans to reduce attack. Biological control: • Spray NSKE 4%.
*Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: • Collect and destroy crop debris • Judicious use of fertilizers • Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop • Avoid water logging • Avoid any stress to the crop as much as possible • Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: • Collect and destroy disease infected and insect infested plant parts • Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae • Handpick the older larvae during early stages of crop • Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. • Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre • Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm • Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) • Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as king crow, common mynah etc. • Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: • Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering • Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	• Apply 12 Kg N/acre as top dressing at 30 days after sowing. • In case of slow growth of the crop top dressing of the N may be done after each cutting. • Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular micronutrient.
Weeds	• Hand tool weeding/hoeing should be done to keep the field weeds free up to 30 days crop stage.
Leaf miner	• See common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Biological control: • Spray neem oil @ 5 ml/l of water + 0.5 ml/l sticker
Spinach crown mite	• See common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Caterpillars, beet army worm	• See common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Biological control: • Release egg parasitoids viz., Trichogramma chilonis and T. pretiosum @ 25,000/acre • Spraying NSKE 4% against eggs and first instar larva.
Cutworm	• See common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Biological control: • Release of Trichogramma spp. @ 20,000/acre.
Amaranthus weevil	• See common cultural practices.
Aphid	Cultural control: • Reflective mulches such as silver colored plastic can deter aphids from feeding on plants. • For others see common cultural practices. Mechanical control: • If aphid population is limited to just a few leaves or shoots then the infestation can be pruned out. Biological control: • Release 1st instar larvae of green lacewing bug (Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi) @ 4,000/acre. • Spraying with tobacco decoction (1 Kg tobacco boiled in 10 l of water for 30 minutes and making up to 30 l + 100 g soap).
Downy mildew	Cultural control: • See common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Anthracnose	Cultural control: • Harvesting and cutting of leaves at regular intervals to reduce spread of diseases. • Reduce leaf moisture by avoiding sprinkler irrigation. • See common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Cladosporium and Stemphylium leaf spot	Cultural control: • After harvest of spinach seed crops, incorporate residues into the soil to prevent the sexual/asexual stage of the fungus from forming fruiting bodies on residues that remain on the soil surface. • Plough (disk) volunteer plants and residue to reduce the disease inoculum. • See common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Damping off & root rot	• See common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Reproductive stage (for seed production purpose only)
Nutrients	• Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular micronutrient.
Weeds	• Left over weeds should be removed from the field before shedding of seeds to avoid further spread of weed seeds.
Pests and diseases	• Same as in vegetative stage.

Source: NIPHM,  and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.04   

 

145 ratings

Spinach : Natural Enemies

1. Natural Enemies of Spinach Insect Pests
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
2. Resistant/tolerant varieties*
3. IPM for Spinach

Natural Enemies of Spinach Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Predators

Resistant/tolerant varieties*

Insect/disease	Resistant/tolerant varities
Downy mildew	Tyee, Olympia, Melody, Regal
Cercospora leaf spot	Ooty (Sp) 1
Aphids	Ooty (Sp) 1
*For more information contact nearest KVK/State Department/SAU/CIPMC/ICAR institute

IPM for Spinach

To know the IPM practices for Spinach, click here.

Source: NIPHM,  and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.02   

 

131 ratings

Spinach: Nutritional Deficiencies/ Disorders

1. Manganese
2. IPM for Spinach

Manganese

• Manganese deficiency leads to severe chlorosis in plants.

IPM for Spinach

 

 

 

To know the IPM practices for Spinach, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage