IPM Stratergies for Broccoli

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Broccoli Diseases Damping Off Club root of crucifers or Finger and toe disease Alternaria leaf spot Black rot Downy milde...

Broccoli Diseases

Damping Off

Disease symptoms:

Damping off occurs in two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the post-emergence phase.
In the pre-emergence phase the seedlings are killed just before they reach the soil surface.
The young radical and the plumule are killed and there is complete rotting of the seedlings.
The post-emergence phase is characterized by the infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the collar at the ground level.
The infected tissues become soft and water soaked. The seedlings topple over or collapse.

Favourable Conditions:

High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24° C for few days are ideal for infection and development of disease.
Crowded seedlings, dampness due to high rainfall, poor drainage and excess of soil solutes hamper plant growth and increase the pathogenic damping-off.

Survival and spread:

Primary: Soil, Seed, Water
Secondary: Zoospore through rain splash or wind

Club root of crucifers or Finger and toe disease

Disease symptoms:

Stunting and yellowing of plants
Leaves become yellowish and wilt on hot days.
Club like swelling of root and rootlets
Club root is particularly prevalent on soils with a pH below 7, whereas it has been observed that the disease is often less serious on heavy soils and on soils containing little organic matter.

Survival and spread:

Primary: Soil borne resting spores, which survive for longer periods in soil (10 yrs.) Collateral hosts: Broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, mustard, raddish, turnip
Secondary: Resting spores or zoospores carried through irrigation water or by root contact.

Favourable conditions:

It occur at a temperature range of 12-27⁰C.
High soil moisture
Neutral to acidic soils 5-7.0 pH

Alternaria leaf spot

Common on cabbage, cauliflower and mustard.

Disease symptoms:

Spots are small, dark coloured
They enlarge, soon become circular with a 1mm in diameter
Under humid conditions groups of conidiophores will be formed in the spot
Spots develop concentric rings
Finally the spots coalesce leading to blighting of leaves.
Shriveling of seeds and poor germination occurs.
Linear spots also appear on petioles, stems, pods and seeds

Survival and spread:

Primary: Mycelium persisting in the seed or as spores on seed or from debris
Secondary: Wind or insect borne conidia

Favourable conditions:

Soil temperature of around 28⁰C
High humidity or persistent dew
Moist weather with intermittent showers

Black rot

Serious on cabbage, cauliflower, knol-khol and radish

Disease symptoms:

First appear as chlorotic or yellow (angular) areas near the leaf margins
Yellow area extends to veins and midrib forming characteristic ‘v’ shaped chlorotic spotswhich later turn black
Veins and veinlets turn brown and finally black
Vascular blackening extend beyond affected veins to midrib, petiole and stem
In advanced stages, infection may reach the roots system and blackening of vascular bundles occurs. Bacterial ooze can also be seen on affected parts
If the infection is early, the plants wilt and die
If the infection is late plants succumb to soft rot and die.

Survival and spread:

Primary : Bacterial cells internally seed borneand soil borne
Secondary: Bacterial cells dispersed through irrigation water and rain splashes.

Favourable conditions:

Relative humidity more than 90%
High soil moisture
Frequent rains

Downy mildew

Severe in radish, cabbage, cauliflower, mustard and knol-khol.

Disease symptoms:

Small purplish brown spots on under surface of leaves
Small, pale yellow angular spots on upper surface of leaves, with downy growth on the under surface. The spots coalesce and the leaves shrivel and dries up prematurely
In cabbage, these spots expose the heads to soft rot
Cauliflower curds look brownish
Stems show dark brown and depressed lesions or streaks which later develop downy growth of fungus.

Survival and spread:

Primary: Oospores in infected plant debris or in soil
Secondary: Wind borne and rain splashed sporangia

Favourable conditions:

It occur at a moderate temperature range of 12-27⁰C
High soil moisture
Neutral to acidic soils, pH 5-7.

White rust

Disease symptoms:

White, shiny raised blisters (pustules) on the lower surfaces of leaves, stems and flowers
Pustules coalesce to form irregular patches
The epidermis ruptures exposing white spore mass which gives the pustule a powdery appearance
Distortion of the floral parts including petals, pistils and anthers due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Plants are malformed

Survival and spread:

Primary: Oospores in soil and sporangia from perennial weed hosts in the vicinity
Secondary: Wind borne and rain splashed conidia (sporangia) or autonomous zoospores

Favourable conditions:

Relative humidity more than 90%
High soil moisture
Frequent rains

Disease cycles

Downy mildew

White rust

Alternaria leaf spot

Damping off

IPM for Braccoli

To know the IPM practices for Braccoli, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

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Broccoli Insect Pests

Diamondback moth

Biology:

Egg: Each female lays 50-300 small whitish eggs singly along the veins on underside of leaves at night times. Egg hatches in about 3-10 days.
Larva: Larva is greenish with short thin hairs on the body. Full grown caterpillar measures 1-1.5 cm and its body tapers towards both ends. Larval period is 14 days.
Pupa: Pupation takes place inside a barrel shaped thin loose mesh of silken cocoon. Pupal period is about 7 days.
Adult: The moth is greyish brown with narrow wings having pale white triangular markings on inner margin of each forewing which form three diamond shaped white patches dorsally when wings are folded over back at rest. Hence the name, diamondback moth. The pest is active throughout the year. There are 8-12 generation in a year.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Caterpillars feed on undersurface of leaves and bite holes in leaves and cause serious damage
Withered appearance of affected leaves.
Skeletonized leaves.
Growing tip damaged no head/curd formation.
In severe infestation, under-sized curds are formed, and head formation does not take place when infestation is very severe during primordial stage.

Natural enemies of Diamondback moth:

Parasitoids: Trichogramma sp (egg) Apantele sglomeratus (larval), Bracongelechiae (larval), Bracon sp, (larval), Mesochorus spp. (larval), Brachymeria spp. (larval), Eriborusspp. (larval), Diadegmasemi clausum, (larval) D. fenestralis (larval), Tetrastichus sokolowskii (larval) and Cotesia vestalis (larval), Diadromus collaris (pupal), Diadromus spp. (pupal), Brachymeria excarinata (pupal) etc.
Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, coccinellids, King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.
Fungal pathogens: Paecilomyces spp., Zoophthora radican etc.

Leaf webber

Biology:

Egg: Female moth lays eggs in masses of 40 -100 on underside of leaves. They hatch in 5 -15 days
Larva: Caterpillar webs together the foliage and feeds on leaves. It also feeds on flowers and pods in the case of mustard and flower heads in cabbage and cauliflower. Caterpillar bears red head with brown longitudinal stripes and rows of tubercles on the body. Larval period is 24-27 days.
Pupa: Pupation takes place in a cocoon within the webbed leaves. Pupal period is 14-40 days.
Adult: Adult is small with light brownish forewings. The total life cycle is completed in 42-84 days.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Webbed leaves with fecal matter
Skeletonized leaves

Natural enemies of leaf webber:

Parasitoids: Trichogramma sp (egg), Bracon hebetor (larval), Cotesia crocidolomiae(larval), Palexorista solennis(larval), Microbracon nudlus etc.
Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, coccinellids, King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug (Eocanthe conafurcellata), earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.
Fungal pathogens: Paecilomyces spp., Zoophthora radican etc.

Cabbage butterfly

Biology:

Egg: Adult butterfly after mating lays about 100-150 yellowish cigar-shaped eggs in batches. The eggs hatch in 10-16 days in winter and 307 days in summer.
Larva: The caterpillar is velvety green and measures about 4.2 cm in length. The caterpillars are gregarious initially but disperse as they grow.
Pupa: Pupation is in damaged leaves.
Adult: Adult is a butterfly with its fore wings snow white having black distal margins. Hind wings pure white with black apical spots.

Life cycle:

Symptoms of damage:

They skeletonise leaves and bore into heads of broccoli

Natural enemies of cabbage butterfly:

Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis (egg), T. japonicum (egg), Cotesia glomeratus (larval), Phryxe vulgaris (larval) and Pteromalus puparum (pupal)
Predators: Lacewings (Chrysoperla zastrowii sillemi), coccinellids, King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.

Mustard Sawfly

Biology:

Egg: Eggs are spherical, about 0.5 mm in diameter, light bluish green in colour, inserted singly into leaf tissues.
Larva: Larva is greenish black with wrinkled body and eight pairs of pro-legs. On slightest touch the larva falls to round and feigns death. The larvae had 6 instars, feed on the leaves, and pupated after 14-16 days.
Pupa: Pupae look like sand particle and have salivary secretions; the pupal stage lasted 11-12 days. Pupation takes place in thick silken cocoon in soil.
Adult: Adults are orange bodied with smoky transparent wings. The pest is active during seedling stage of the crop i.e. October - November.

Damage symptoms:

Initially the larva nibbles leaves, later it feeds from the margins towards the midrib.
The larvae cause numerous shot holes and even riddle the entire leaves by voracious feeding.
They devour the epidermis of the shoot, resulting in drying up of seedlings and failure to bear seeds in older plants.
The yield losses up to 5 to 18 %. In severe case at the seedling stage, the crop have to be resown. Natural enemies of mustard sawfly: Parasitoids:Perilissus cingulator ( larval) Entomopathogen: Bacterium serratiamarcescens

Aphid

Biology:

Egg: Eggs are white in colour and laid along the veins of leaves.
Nymph: There are four nymphal stages (instars). The general appearance of each stage is similar except for increase in size during subsequent instars. The first, second, third and fourth nymphal stages generally last 1-2, 2, 2, and 3 days respectfully.
Adult: Aphids are small, soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects that have a pair of cornicles (waxsecreting tubes) projecting out from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. Wingless, female, aphids are yellowish green, gray green or olive green with a white waxy bloom covering the body. The winged, female, adult aphids have a dusky green abdomen with dark lateral stripes separating the body segments and dusky wing veins. Male aphids are olive-green to brown in color. The aphid attacks generally during 2nd and 3rd week of December and continues till March.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms: This pest infests crucifers in cold season. Both the nymphs and adults suck sap from plant causing loss of vigour. Sooty mould develops on excreted honeydew reducing the photosynthesis

Natural ennemies of cabbageaphids:

Parasitoids: Aphidius colemani (adult and nymphal), Diaeretiella spp. (adult and nymphal), Aphelinus spp. (adult and nymphal) etc.
Predators: Anthocorid bugs/pirate bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings (Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi), predatory coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.), predatory cecidomyiid fly (Aphidoletis aphidimyza) and predatory gall midge, (Feltiella minuta), earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, wasps etc.

Painted bug

Biology:

Egg: Bagrada bug lays its eggs in clusters on leaves or on the soil underneath host plants. Eggs are barrel shaped, initially white and turn orange with age. A single female can lay as many as 100 eggs within 2 to 3 weeks. The incubation period is 5 to 8 days
Nymph: Nymph passes through five stages changing colour from bright orange to red with dark markings, gradually acquiring the colouration of the adult. Initially they do not have wings; wings are gradually developed as the nymphs grow. Wing pads are visible in the last instar nymph.
Adult: The adult bug is typically shield-shaped, 5 to 7 mm long and 3 to 4 mm broad at its widest area. The upper surface has a mixture of black, white and orange markings, which gives the insect its common names harlequin bug or painted bug. The life cycle lasts 3 to 4 weeks and several generations may occur in a year. Period of activity of painted bug starts from September.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Adults and nymphs suck sap from all parts of the plant.
Young plants wilt and wither as a result of the attack.
Quality and quantity (31% losses) of yield is affected when grown up plants are infected.
Harvested crop in threshing floor is also infested. Natural enemies of painted bug: Parasitoid: Alophora spp. (Tachinid fly) (eggs).

Cabbage Head borer

Egg: Female moth lays yellowish shiny eggs on underside of the leaves. Eggs hatch in about 2- 4 days.
Larva: The caterpillar becomes full grown in about 9 days. Full grown caterpillar is 12-15 mm, greyish yellow with seven purplish brown longitudinal stripes on the body, dark brown head with ‘V’ shaped marking.
Pupa: Full grown larva pupates in the larval burrow itself or in the soil. Pupal period is about 6 days.
Adult: Adult is pale yellowish-brown moth having grey wavy lines on the forewing.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Caterpillars web the leaves and bore into stem, stalk or leaf veins.
They bore into the head also making it unfit for consumption. The damage results in Webbed leaves.
Holes in cabbage head with fecal matter

Natural enemies of cabbage head borer:

Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp. (egg), Bracon gelechiae (larval), B. hebetor (larval) etc.
Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, coccinellids, King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug (Eocanthecon afurcellata), earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.
Fungal pathogens: Paecilomyces spp., Zoophthora radican etc.

Termites

Biology:

Egg: Dull, kidney shaped and hatches in 30-90 days.
Nymph: Moult 8-9 times and are full grown in 6-12 months.
Adult: Creamy coloured tiny insects resembling ants with dark coloured head.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Termites damage the crop soon after sowing and sometimes near maturity. They feed on roots, stem of growing plants, even dead tissues of plant feeding on cellulose. The damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pulled out. The plants damaged at later stages give rise to white ears. Infestation is heavy under unirrigated conditions and in the fields where un-decomposed farm yard manure is applied before sowing.

Cutworm

Biology:

Egg: The egg is white in color initially, but turns brown with age. It measures 0.43 to 0.50 mm high and 0.51 to 0.58 mm wide and is nearly spherical in shape, with a slightly flattened base. The eggs normally are deposited in clusters on foliage. Females may deposit 1200 to 1900 eggs. Duration of the egg stage is three to six days.
Larva: Neonate larvae are yellow in colou whereas the full grown larvae is dark brown with greasy body. There are five to nine instars, with a total of six to seven instars most common. Head capsule widths are very similar for instars one through four, but thereafter those individuals that display eight or nine instars show only small increments in width at each molt and eventually attain head capsule sizes no larger than those displaying only six or seven instars.
Pupa: Pupation occurs belowground at a depth of 3 to 12 cm. The pupa is 17 to 22 mm long and 5 to 6 mm wide, and dark brown. Duration of the pupal stage is normally 12 to 20 days.
Adult: The adult is fairly large in size, with a wingspan of 40 to 55 mm. The forewing, especially the proximal two-thirds, is uniformly dark brown. The distal area is marked with a lighter irregular band, and a small but distinct black dash extends distally from the bean-shaped wing spot. The hind wings are whitish to gray, and the veins marked with darker scales. The adult preoviposition period is about seven to 10 days. Moths select low-growing broadleaf plants preferentially for oviposition, but lacking these will deposit eggs on dead plant material. Soil is an unsuitable oviposition site.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Larvae can consume over 400 sq cm of foliage during their development, but over 80% occurs during the terminal instar, and about 10% in the instar immediately preceding the last. Thus, little foliage loss occurs during the early stages of development. Once the fourth instar is attained, larvae can do considerable damage by severing young plants, and a larva may cut several plants in a single night. Plants tend to outgrow their susceptibility to injury.

Natural enemies of cutworm:

Parasitoids: Apanteles merginiventris, Chelonis insularis, Hyposoter exigua, Lespesia archippivora, Cotesia sp, Meterorus sp., Campoleti sp, Bracon kitcheneri, Fileanta ruficanda
Predators: Broscus punctatus, Liogryllus bimaculatus, lacewings (Chrysoperla zastrowii sillemi), coccinellids, King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug etc.

Leaf eating caterpillars/cabbage looper

Biology:

Egg: Eggs are hemispherical in shape, with the flat side affixed to foliage. They are deposited singly on either the upper or lower surface of the leaf, although clusters of six to seven eggs are not uncommon. The eggs are yellowish white or greenish in color, bear longitudinal ridges, and measure about 0.6 mm in diameter and 0.4 mm in height. Eggs hatch in about two, three, and five days at 32, 27, and 20°C, respectively, but require nearly 10 days at 15°C.
Larva: Young larvae initially are dusky white, but become pale green as they commence feeding on foliage. They are somewhat hairy initially, but the number of hairs decreases rapidly as larvae mature. Larvae have three pairs of prolegs, and crawl by arching their back to form a loop and then projecting the front section of the body forward. The mature larva is predominantly green, but is usually marked with a distinct white stripe on each side. The thoracic legs and head capsule are usually pale green or brown. Dorsally, the larva bears several narrow, faint white stripes clustered into two broad white bands. In some cases the mature larva is entirely green. The body is narrower at the anterior end, and broadens toward the posterior. It measures 3 to 4 cm in length at maturity. The number of instars is four to seven, but many authors indicate only five. Larval development required 17.8 and 19.9 days when reared on bean and held at 23 and 32°C, respectively.
Pupa: At pupation, a white, thin, fragile cocoon in formed on the underside of foliage, in plant debris, or among clods of soil. The pupa contained within is initially green, but soon turns dark brown or black. The pupa measures about 2 cm in length. Duration of the pupal stage is about four, six, and 13 days at 32, 27, and 20°C, respectively.
Adult: The forewings of the cabbage looper moth are mottled gray-brown in color; the hind wings are light brown at the base, with the distal portions dark brown. The forewing bears silvery white spots centrally: a U-shaped mark and a circle or dot that are often connected. The forewing spots, although slightly variable, serve to distinguish cabbage looper from most other crop-feeding noctuid moths. The moths have a wingspan of 33 to 38 mm.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Cabbage loopers are leaf feeders, and in the first three instars they confine their feeding to the lower leaf surface, leaving the upper surface intact.
The fourth and fifth instars chew large holes, and usually do not feed at the leaf margin. In the case of cabbage, however, they feed not only on the wrapper leaves, but also may bore into the developing head.
Larvae consume three times their weight in plant material daily.
Feeding sites are marked by large accumulations of sticky, wet fecal material. Despite their voracious appetite, larvae are not always as destructive as presumed.

Natural enemies of leaf eating caterpillars of cabbage looper:

Parasitoids: Trichogramma, tachinid, Copidosoma truncatellum
Predators: Lacewings (Chrysoperla zastrowii sillemi),coccinellids, King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug etc.

Leaf miner

Biology:

Egg: Eggs are laid singly mostly on leaf tissues. More than one egg may be laid in a single leaf. Incubation period varies from 2-6 days depending upon the weather conditions.
Larva: Larvae are minute, apodous and yellowish in colour.
Pupa: Pupation takes place with in galleries and pupal period last for 4-6 days. Adult: Adults are small two winged flies with grayish black meso notum and yellowish forms.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Leaves with mines; the attacked leaves wither; vigour of the plant gets reduced. Its damage is often more prominent on the older leaves.

Natural enemeis of leaf miner:

Parasitoids: Gronotoma micromorpha (larval and pupal), Diglyphus isaea (larval), Halticoptera circulus,Opius phaseoli (pupal) Chrysocharis pentheus (larval), Neochrysocharis formosa (larval).
Predators: Lacewings, ladybird beetle, spiders, fire ants.

Whitefly

Biology:

Egg: The gravid females mostly lay eggs near the veins on the underside of leaves. They prefer hairy leaf surfaces to lay more eggs. Each female can lay about 300 eggs in its lifetime. Eggs are small (about 0.25 mm), pear-shaped, and vertically attached to the leaf surface through a pedicel. Newly laid eggs are white and later turn brown. The eggs are not visible to the naked eye, and must be observed under a magnifying lens or microscope. Egg period is about three to five days during summer and 5 to 33 days in winter.
Nymph: Upon hatching, the first instar larva (nymph) moves on the leaf surface to locate a suitable feeding site. Hence, it is commonly known as a “crawler.” It then inserts its piercing and sucking mouthpart and begins sucking the plant sap from the phloem. The first instar nymph has antennae, eyes, and three pairs of well-developed legs. The nymphs are flattened, ovalshaped, and greenish-yellow in color. The legs and antennae are atrophied during the next three instars and they are immobile during the remaining nymphal stages. The last nymphal stage has red eyes. This stage is sometimes referred to puparium, although insects of this order (Hemiptera) do not have a perfect pupal stage (incomplete metamorphosis). Nymphal period is about 9 to 14 days during summer and 17 to 73 days in winter. Adults emerge from pupariathrough a T-shaped slit, leaving behind empty pupal cases or exuviae.
Adult: The whitefly adult is a soft-bodied, moth-like fly. The wings are covered with powdery wax and the body is light yellow in color. The wings are held over the body like a tent. The adult males are slightly smaller in size than the females. Adults live from one to three weeks.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Both the adults and nymphs suck the plant sap and reduce the vigor of the plant. In severe infestations, the leaves turn yellow and drop off. When the populations are high they secrete large quantities of honeydew, which favors the growth of sooty mould on leaf surfaces and reduces the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants.

Natural enemies of whitefly:

Parasitoids: Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus sp, Chrysocharis pentheus
Predators: Mirid bug (Dicyphus hesperus), dragonfly, spider, robber fly, praying mantis, fire ants, coccinellids, lace wings, big eyed bugs (Geocorissp) etc.

Mites

Biology: Tetranychus urticae is commonly known as red spider mite or two spotted spider mite. They are minute in size, and vary in color (green, greenish yellow, brown, or orange red) with two dark spots on the body. Eggs are round, white, or cream-colored; egg period is two to four days. Upon hatching, it will pass through a larval stage and two nymphal stages (protonymph and deutonymph) before becoming adult. The lifecycle is completed in one to two weeks. There are several overlapping generations in a year. The adult lives up to three or four weeks.

Damage symptoms:

Spider mites usually extract the cell contents from the leaves using their long, needle- like mouthparts. This results in reduced chlorophyll content in the leaves, leading to the formation of white or yellow speckles on the leaves. In severe infestations, leaves will completely desiccate and drop off. The mites also produce webbing on the leaf surfaces in severe conditions. Under high population densities, the mites move to using strands of silk to form a ball-like mass, which will be blown by winds to new leaves or plants, in a process known as “ballooning.”

Natural enemies of red spider mites:

Predators: Anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings (Mallada basalis and lacewing), predatory mites (Amblyseius alstoniae, A. womersleyi, A. fallacies and Phytoseiulusper similis), predatory coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.), cecidomyiid fly (Anthrocnoda xoccidentalis), gall midge (Feltiella minuta) etc.
Entomopathogen: Beauveria bassiana (entomo pathogen)

Nematodes

Biology:

Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and the adult male and female. They are microscopic in size.
Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first moult occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature.
Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 70 to 80°F.

Life cycle:

Life stages are microscopic in size

Damage symptoms:

Infected plants in patches in the field
Formation of galls on host root system is the primary symptom
Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a ‘beard root’ symptom
Infected roots become knobby and knotty
In severely infected plants the root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent. The roots are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and transport of water and nutrients
Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted
Seedlings infected in nursery do not normally survive transplanting and those surviving have reduced flowering and fruit production
Nematode infection predisposes plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens

Survival and spread:

Primary: Egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculum
Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water dispersed

Favourable conditions:

Loamy light soils

IPM for Braccoli

To know the IPM practices for Braccoli, click here.

Source: NIPHM;Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

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Broccoli Pests

Pests of National Significance

Insect and Mite Pests

Pests of National Significance

Insect and Mite Pests

Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Leaf webber: Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Cabbage butterfly: Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Mustard Sawfly: Athalia lugens proxima Klug (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Aphid: Aphis spp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Painted bug: Bagrada cruciferarum Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Cabbage Head borer: Hellula undalis Fab. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Termites: Microtermes obesi Holmgren (Isoptera:Termitidae)
Cutworm: Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Leaf eating weevil: Tanymecus circumdatus Wiedemann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Leaf eating caterpillar/Semilooper: Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Leaf miner: Chromatomyia horticola Goureau (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Whitefly: Bemesia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Red spider mites: Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Diseases

White blister: Albugo candida (Lev.) Kunze
Leaf blight: Alternaria spp.
Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitz ; Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
Club root: Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.
Black rot : Xanthomona scampestris pv. campestris (Dowson) Dye, et al.
Mosaic disease: Cauliflower mosaic virus
Root rot: Pythium spp.
Downy mildew: Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pers.) Constant.

Nematodes

Root knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid & White
Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira

Weeds

Broadleaf

Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Amaranthaceae)
Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensisL. (Primulaceae)
Yellow Sweet clover: Melilotus indica(L.) All. (Fabaceae)
Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophyllaceae)
Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae)
Yellow pea: Lathyrus aphaca L. (Fabaceae)

Grassy

Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
Bermuda grass: Cynadon dactylon L. (Poaceae)
Wild oat: Avena ludoviciana Thell (Poaceae)

Sedges

Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Rodents

Bandicoot rat: Bandicota bengalensis Gray
Indian gerbil: Tatera indica Hardwicke
Striped squirrel: Funambulus spp.

IPM for Braccoli

To know the IPM practices for Braccoli, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

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Broccoli Crop Stage Wise IPM

Management	Activities
Pre-sowing and nursery stage
	Common cultural practices: Deep ploughing of fields during summer. Three summer ploughings at 10 days interval reduces pests population. Timely sowing should be done. Use straw mulch in the nursery for better germination. Field sanitation, rogueing Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations. Grow the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds. Growing tomato or marigold as a trap crop for the management of leaf miner. Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum for the management of aphids. Crop rotation with non-host crops (non-cruciferous)
Nutrients	Broccoli grows best on a well-drained, medium to heavy soil with high organic matter content. Apply nutrients based on soil test report. It requires moist soil for fast and proper growth. The shoots become more fibrous under dry soil. It does well in pH range of 5.0 to 6.5. Plough the nursery beds thoroughly and mix with well rotten FYM @ 8 t per acre
Weeds	At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique to minimize the weeds menace in field. Soil solarization of nursery beds with transparent polyethylene sheet Keep the nursery weeds free by hand weeding
Soil borne pathogens, insects and nematodes	Raised nursery beds. Soil solarization: Cover the beds with transparent polythene sheet of 100gauge thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil borne pests. Apply neem cake @ 180 Kg/acre at the time of transplanting for reducing nematodes..
Termites	Cultural control: Apply well rotten farm yard manure only to discourage termite infestation. Take 4 number earthen pots/acre around the hole and put 500 maize gully without seed or keep 1 kg of raw cow dung at 10 places in fields if the earlier crop is wheat. Destroy the crop residues which form the sources of infestation. Use of crude oil emulsion to destroy the termite colony in the termitorium. Mechanical control: Dismantle termitoria (termite mounds) around field and kill the termite queen by fumigation. Biological control: Apply neem cake@ 80 kg/acre.
DBM	Cultural control: After land preparation leave two ridges at the beginning and then after every 25 rows and at the end. Removal and destruction of stubbles and plant debris after harvest and ploughing the field. Grow intercrops such as tomato, garlic, coriander and carrot in alternate rows with broccoli. Growing of 2 rows Indian mustard as trap crop after every 16 rows of broccoli (Sowing of first row of Indian mustard 15 days prior to broccoli planting and second row 25 days after broccoli planting).
Sowing/ Transplanting
Nutrients	Apply 16-20kg N, 32kg P and 24 kg K per acre at the time of sowing
Weeds	Avoid weed seedlings along with broccoli seedlings transplanting. Transplant the seedling in weed free beds. Follow the row transplanting with recommended rows and plants spacing
Black rot, root rot	Cultural control: Use resistant/tolerant varieties, if any. Crop sanitation Use of disease free certified seed. Appropriate drainage system to avoid movement of pathogens from plant to plant. Treat the seed in hot water (58 ºC) for 30 min.
Damping off	Cultural control: Excessive watering and poorly drained are as should be avoided for sowing/transplanting. Use raised beds: more than 15cm height is better for water drainage or use pro-trays for raising seedlings
Alternaria leaf blight	Cultural control: Crop rotation for 3 years without cruciferous crops or cruciferous weeds such as wild mustard. Allow for good aeration (i.e. wide spacings, rows parallel to prevailing winds, not close to hedgerows). Adequate drainage for avoiding excessive soil moisture. Avoid low land for cropping.
Termites	Same as pre-sowing stage
Club root of crucifer	Soil solarization and soil fumigation (vapam). Maintain soil pH 7 by adding lime. Eradication of cruciferous weeds.
Vegetative
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts. Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water stagnation. Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages The infested curd and seed capsules may be collected and destroyed Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the pupae which are found on leavesand destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use yellow sticky traps for aphids @ 4-5 trap/acre. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	Apply remaining half dose of N in 2 equal split doses i.e. 8- 10 kg N per acre at 4 - 5 weeks after transplanting and 8 - 10kg N per acre before head formation
Weeds	Tool weeding and hoeing should be done once within 20-25 days after transplanting and second time 45 days after transplanting. Deep hoeing should be avoided. Mulching with black Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) sheets of 30micron thickness by burying both the ends into the soil to a depth of 10 cm will avoid weed growth
DBM	See common cultural practices. Biological control: Release egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis/pretiosum @ 20,000/acre 4-6 times at weekly interval. Release larval parasitoids, Diadegmasemi clausum@ 1,00,000/acre (Hills – below 25 –27ºC) or Cotesia plutellae (plains) @ 20,000/acre from 20 days after planting
Cabbage borer, cabbage leaf webber, Cabbage	See common cultural and biological practices.
Cutworm	Cultural control: Use of ovipositional trap crops such as castor @ 250 plants/acre and collection of larvae from leaves and soil clods. For other cultural and biological practices see common practices
Painted bug	Cultural control: Remove weed hosts in and around planting areas. Removal of plant residue after harvest can reduce carryover between crops. In gardens where the painted bug is present in very high densities, it may be advisable to remove very attractive host plants and replace them with non-cruciferous plants. Mechanical control: Hand picking the bugs when populations are very low. When infestations are heavy, it may be possible to collect the bugs with a portable vacuum cleaner. It is often easier to tap the plant onto a sheet and collect/vacuum the bugs rather than removing them individually. Pyramid traps baited with crushed sweet alyssum, inside polypropylene bags, can also be used to catch and destroy bugs, particularly when numbers are high. Biological control: See common biological practices
Leaf eating weevil	Adopt common cultural and biological practices
White fly, thrips	Cultural control: Clipping of infested leaves. Avoid water log conditions. Avoid planting in low land areas For others follow common practices. Follow common mechanical practices. Biological Control: See common practices.
Leaf miner	See common cultural and biological practices.
Red spider mite	Cultural Control: Regular field monitoring for pest and defender population, barrier crops like mustard crop around the field. Attractant plants like French bean are helpful for attraction of Predator. Frequent irrigation deters the red spider mite population. Biological control: Release 8 days old Anthocorid bug, Blaptostethuspallescens.
Caterpillars	Cultural control: See common cultural practices. Biological control: Spray NSKE 5% against eggs and first instar larvae. Spray SlNPV @ 40LE/ac in combination with jaggery 1 kg, sandovit 100 ml or Robin Blue 50 g thrice at 10-15 days interval on observing the eggs or first instar larvae in the evening hours.
Cabbage butterfly	Cultural control: Fine-mesh netting in nursery will stop butterflies from reaching the crop and lay eggs. Collect and destroy eggs or caterpillars mechanically by hand- usually on the underside of the leaves. Intercropping cabbages with Nasturtium results in fewer egglaying on cabbage by the butterflies. Biological control: See common biological control.
Club rot diseases	Cultural control: A pH slightly above neutral (usually about pH 7.2) helps to minimize disease Add hydrated lime to soil to increase pH to 7.2 (6 weeks before planting) as per soil test recommendation. Avoid excess irrigation
White blister	Cultural control: Sanitary measures and destruction of weeds Crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops
Downy mildew	Cultural control: Soil solarization, burning of infected plant debris, deep ploughing, well-drained soil. Restricted irrigation.
Mosaic disease	Control insect vector
Black rot	Same as in sowing stage
Alternaria leaf blight	Pruning of diseased leaves and burn it. Others are same as sowing stage.
Other Lepidopteran insects	Same as in vegetative stage
Head stage
Nutrients	Apply deficient micronutrients in standing crop
Weeds	Remove the weeds before shedding of their seeds in the field.
Mustard Saw fly	Cultural control: Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae. Early sowing should be done. Maintain clean cultivation. Apply irrigation in seedling stage for sawfly management because most of the larvae die due to drowning effect. Mechanical control: Collection and destruction of larvae of saw fly in morning and evening Biological control: Conserve Perilissuscingulator (parasitoids of the larvae), and the bacterium Serratiamarcescens which infect the larvae of sawfly. Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as an anti-feedant.
Other insect pests and diseases	Same as sowing and vegetative stage.