IPM Stratergies for Persimmon

Persimmon Diseases Crown gall Root rot: Cercospora leaf spot Circular leaf spot Bitter rot Leaf spot: Post-harvest fruit r...

Persimmon Diseases

1. Crown gall
2. Root rot:
3. Cercospora leaf spot
4. Circular leaf spot
5. Bitter rot
6. Leaf spot:
7. Post-harvest fruit rot
8. Anthracnose
9. IPM for Persimmon

Crown gall

Disease symptoms:

• Large galls (swellings) develop around the crown with smaller marble-size galls on larger roots.
• Bacterium enters plants by way of wounds from the soil.
• If the disease progresses too far the plant will turn yellow and become stunted and sickly

Survival and spread:

• Bacterium survives in the soil and infected crop debris.

Favourable conditions:

• High humidity and warm conditions favour the development of disease.

Root rot:

Disease symptoms:

• The Phytophthora fungus causes crown, foot and root rot. Dark areas of sunken bark called cankers form on the trunk; these cankers exude a dark sap that leaves stains or streaks.
• The leaves change colors and fall from the tree, the branches and twigs die, and eventually the entire tree fails.

Survival and spread:

• The pathogens survive in the soil and crop debris.

Favourable conditions:

• Water logged area around the tree may cause this disease.

Cercospora leaf spot

Disease symptoms:

• Small, dark brown spots on both leaf surfaces. The spots are limited by the veins and so become angular in shape. Severely affected leaves fall readily

Survival and spread:

• This disease may spread through affected plant parts

Favourable conditions:

• Temperature of 25°C coupled with approximately 70 % Relative Humidity

Circular leaf spot

Disease symptoms:

• Although not deadly to adult trees, leaf spot does cause black spots to appear on the surface of leaves, and may sometimes affect fruit as well.
• It can also lead to early dropping of leaves

Survival and spread:

• The fungus infects during rainy season
• Spread through infested leaf.

Favourable conditions:

• Temperature ranging from 25.5 to 30.5° C with relative humidity of 86-92% favours this disease

Bitter rot

Disease symptoms:

• Spot occurs on the surface of leaves and fruit as well.
• It can also lead to early dropping of leaves and fruits

Survival and spread:

• It may spread through infested parts

Favourable conditions:

• Continuous rain, Temperature 28-30˚C and high humidity favours the development of disease

Leaf spot:

Disease symptoms:

• Depressed, dark lesions appear on the leaves, causing them to drop early.
• Once this disease infects the tree it is difficult to get rid of it in one season.

Survival and spread:

• Infected leaves and twigs during the growing season and in the fall. Prune the tree in winter to increase air circulation and remove infected branches

Favourable conditions:

• High humidity

Post-harvest fruit rot

Disease symptom:

• Disease symptoms were irregular brownish and soft lesions mainly located under and surrounding the fruit calyx (stem-end) that expanded rapidly at room temperature and turned to dark brown or black colour producing apparent and in some cases abundant white to grey mycelium.

Survival and spread:

• Spreading through infested fruits.

Favourable conditions:

• Fruits are susceptible to chilling injury, temperature and storage time.

Anthracnose

Disease symptom

• Appears as black spots on leaves, may fall from bottom upwards.
• Other symptoms may include black sunken spots on leaf stalks and lesions on bark.

Survival and spread:

• Pathogens survive in infected plant debris.

Favourable conditions:

• Infections are much more obvious on the flowers and fruit. Outbreaks are common after warm wet weather.
• During the rainy season, the rain water trickling through the diseased leaves is richly laden with the spores of the pathogens to cause further infections.

IPM for Persimmon

To know the IPM practices for Persimmon, click here.

Source: NIPHM Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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31 ratings

Persimmon Insect Pests

1. Mealy bug
2. Scales
3. Fruit flies
4. Twig girdlers borers
5. Persimmon psylla
6. IPM for Persimmon

Mealy bug

Biology:

• Egg: The long-tailed mealybug reproduces sexually, each female laying 75-200 eggs (the number being dependent on the host plant)
• Nymphs: The nymph is similar to the larger adult female except that the filaments around the edges are shorter.
• Adult: The body of the female is yellow, with a dorsal brownish stripe and covered by white waxy dust. The body is elongated, 2.5-4.0 long, with 17 pairs of marginal wax filaments. The anal pair, which is longest, may exceed the pest’s entire length (hence its vernacular name). Antennae 8-segmented.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Longtailed mealybugs feed by sucking out plant sap from leaves and stems. Honeydew and sooty mold further disfigure infested plants, which may eventually be killed.
• These pests also secrete a fluffy white wax which also detracts from the appearance of infested plants.

Natural enemies of mealybug:

• Parastioids: Anagyrus nigricornis
• Predators: Brown lacewing

Scales

Biology:

• Egg: female scale can lay about 1,000 or more eggs, and populations can build quickly.
• Crawler: Crawlers hatch from early June through mid-July. Crawlers move to the leaves where they settle near leaf veins. In late August, crawlers move back to the twigs. Newly hatched crawlers are initially white and become yellow with age.
• Adult: Male scale mate with females in early spring and then die

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The large number of new crawlers produced each generation can lead to
• copious honeydew production and a high probability that sooty mold fungus will
• disfigure host plants and foliage of adjacent plant species. Dieback of limbs and
• branches may become apparent, and the infested plant may become weakened.

Natural enemies of scales:

Predators: Minute pirate bugs, lacewings, ladybird beetles, predaceous midges and parasitoid wasps feed on these scale insects.

Fruit flies

Biology

Development from egg to adult under summer conditions requires about 16 days. The mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops to the ground, and forms a tan to dark brown puparium. Pupation occurs in the soil. About nine days are required for attainment of sexual maturity after the adult fly emerges. The developmental periods may be extended considerably by cool weather. Under optimum conditions, a female can lay more than 3,000 eggs during her lifetime, but under orchard conditions from 1,200 to 1,500 eggs per female is considered to be the usual production. Apparently, ripe fruit are preferred for oviposition, but immature ones may also be 34 attacked.

• Egg: The white, elongate and elliptical egg measures about 1.17 x 0.21 mm and has a chorion without sculpturing
• Larva: The third-instar, which has a typical maggot appearance, is about 10 mm in length and creamy white. The only band of spinules encircling the body is found on the first segment. The external part of the anterior respiratory organs, the spiracles, located one on each side of the pointed or head end of the larva, has an exaggerated and deflexed lobe at each side and bears many small tubercles. The caudal segment is very smooth. The posterior spiracles are located in the dorsal third of the segment as viewed from the rear of the larva.
• Pupa: The mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops to the ground, and forms a tan to dark brown puparium about 4.9 mm in length.
• Adult: The adult, which is noticeably larger than a house fly, has a body length of about 8.0 mm; the wing is about 7.3 mm in length and is mostly hyaline. The color of the fly is very variable, but there are prominant yellow and dark brown to black markings on the thorax. Generally, the abdomen has two horizontal black stripes and a longitudinal median stripe extending from the base of the third segment to the apex of the abdomen. These markings may form a T-shaped pattern, but the pattern varies considerably. The ovipositor is very slender and sharply pointed.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The damage to crops caused by fruit flies result from 1) oviposition in fruit and soft tissues of vegetative parts of certain plants, 2) feeding by the larvae, and 3) decomposition of plant tissue by invading secondary microorganisms.
• Larval feeding in fruits is the most damaging. Damage usually consists of breakdown of tissues and internal rotting associated with maggot infestation, but this varies with the type of fruit attacked. Infested young fruit becomes distorted, callused and usually drop; mature attacked fruits develop a water soaked appearance. The larval tunnels provide entry points for bacteria and fungi that cause the fruit to rot. When only a few larvae develop, damage consists of an unsightly appearance and reduced marketability because of the egg laying punctures or tissue break down due to the decay.

Natural enemies of fruit files:

• Parasitoids: Tiny wasps (e.g. Bracon spp.)
• Predators: Rove beetles, weaver ants, spiders and birds and bats

Twig girdlers borers

Biology:

• Egg: The female beetle lays her yellow disk-like wrinkled eggs in cracks in the bark of trees, nearly always selecting a tree that is unhealthy, or a spot on a healthy tree where the bark has been injured, i.e. by sunscald or a bruise. The eggs are laid from May to August
• Larva: Varies from yellowish white to yellow and 15 to 18 mm long when mature. Thoracic segments--not head, as name implies--greatly enlarged and flattened. Abdomen bent back, making larva look like hook when exposed in feeding burrow.
• Pupa: The pupae overwinter within the galleries where they transform into adults which emerge from late spring through summer.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Natural enemies of twig girdlers borers:

Adult feeding may cause some defoliation, but the major damage to the plant is caused by larval feeding which creates galleries (mines) between the bark and the wood. The galleries are usually filled with coarse, excelsior-like fibers. The galleries, which nearly always begin on the sunny side of the tree, may extend completely around the tree thus girdling and killing the tree or infested branches. A full-grown larva may bore from 1 to 2 inches deep in the wood of the tree. Bark exterior to the galleries or mines may die and peel off. Sap may exude from these dark colored dead areas of bark. The darkened areas of bark and fine bits of sawdust protruding through the bark indicate the presence of wood boring larvae.

Natural enemies of twig girdlers borers:

• Parasitoids: Spathius floridanus, Atanycolus charus, Atanycolus femoratae, Atanycolus rugosiventris.
• Parasite: Pediculoides ventricosus

Persimmon psylla

Biology:

• Egg: The elongate-ovate eggs of the persimmon psylla are found lying flat on the succulent growth of the persimmon. They are about .01 inch in length with the larger end curved down and attached while a short pointed portion curves away from the support at the smaller end. The eggs are pale white, turning to yellow or brownish yellow before hatching. They are laid singly, usually rather uniformly arranged in rows along the margin of the leaf, on the surface of the leaf, or on the petiole or stem. They may also be found very generally scattered over these areas. Sometimes they are found scattered or grouped in the axils of the leaves or around dormant buds.
• Nymph: The nymph is fringed on the margins with long hairs as in other species of Trioza. It is covered with a white powder.
• Adult: The adult ranges in length from 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm. Its color is generally shining black except that the middle and hind tibiae, all tarsi, general processes, and antennae except for the tip, are whitish. Key characters include the hind tibiae with three inner apical spines, antennae distinctly longer than width of head, top of head and thorax sparsely covered with long pubescence, black color, and the medial cell of forewing much larger than cubital.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The persimmon psylla causes leaves and shoots to becomestunted, twisted, and curled. The female psylla lay eggs at the margin of the underside of the leaf. When the nymphs hatch they feed and inject toxins which cause the leaf to curl (pocketing) around them, making control difficult.
• Nymphs are found in the pocketings, together with white waxy filaments, cast skins, and "honeydew" which ants will often feed on.
• Although a light infestation would have little effect on tree vigor, homeowners would become concerned, especially if the infestation became moderate to severe. Perhaps the most dollar loss occurs to nurserymen who either apply preventive sprays or find tree values lowered when leaves of these trees become infested and distorted.

Natural enemies of persimmon psylla:

• Parasitoids: Syrphid, ladybird beetles
• Parasite: Psyllaephagus trioziphagus

IPM for Persimmon

To know the IPM practices for Persimmon, click here.

Source: NIPHM Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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32 ratings and

Persimmon Beneficial insects

1. Natural Enemies of Persimmon Insect Pests
2. Predators
3. IPM for Persimmon

Natural Enemies of Persimmon Insect Pests

Predators

IPM for Persimmon

To know the IPM practices for Persimmon, click here.

Source: NIPHM;Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage

 

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33 ratings and

Persimmon Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
2. Weeds
3. Nematode
4. Rodents
5. IPM for Persimmon

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests

• Mealybug: Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozetti) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
• Scales: Parthenolecanium corni Bouché (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Hemiberlesia rapax Comstock (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• Fruit fly: Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae)
• Twig girdlers & borers: Chrysobothris mali Horn (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
• Persimmon psylla: Trioza diospyri (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
• Leaf rollers: Hypocala rostrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
• Mites: Orthotydeus sp. (Trombidiformes: Tydeidae)
• Thrips

Diseases

• Crown gall: Agrobacterium radiobacter Beijerinck and van Delden
• Root rot: Dematophora necatrix (Hartig)
• Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora kaki Ellis Everhart
• Circular leaf spot: Mycospharella nawae Hiura Ikata
• Bitter rot or anthracnose: Gloeosporium kaki Hori
• Leaf spots: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Kessl.
• Post-harvest fruit rot: Penicillium cyclopium Westling
• Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. Sacc.

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Lambs quarter: Chenopodium spp. L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Tropical spiderwort: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae)
• Creeping wood sorrel: Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
• Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Sow thistles: Sonchus spp. (Asteraceae)
• Congress grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)

Grasses

• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon L. (Poaceae)
• Wild oat: Avena ludoviciana (L.) Nees. (Poaceae)
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
• Cogon grass: Imperata cylindrica L. Raeusch. (Poaceae)
• Large crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis L. (Scop.) (Poaceae)
• Knot grass: Paspalum distichum L. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Yellow nutsedge: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae)

Nematode

• Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)

Rodents

• Indian mole rat/smaller bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis Gray (Rodentia:

Muridae)

• Soft furred field rat: Milaridia meltada Gray (Rodentia: Muridae)
• Field mouse: Mus booduga Gray (Rodentia: Muridae)

IPM for Persimmon

To know the IPM practices for Persimmon, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage

 

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34 ratings and

Pineapple Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-planting*
2. Planting*
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive (fruit) stage

Management	Activity
Pre-planting*
	Common cultural practices: • Destroy the alternate host plants • Sow the ecological engineering plants • Sow sorghum/maize/pearl millet in 4 rows all around the main crop as a guard/barrier crop • Plough the field before planting to destroy existing weeds in the field. • Plough deep after harvest to bury the pupae.
Nutrient	• The field should be prepared very thoroughly by digging and ploughing up to a depth of 40-50 cm to obtain fine tilth. • Nutrient should be supplied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation. • Apply 8-10 tonnes of FYM or compost and 50 Kg phosphorus/acre at the time of last ploughing. • After leveling, the land is laid out into trenches alternating with mounds for planting the suckers. For double row system of planting, two shallow furrows about 10-15 cm depth are to be opened.
Weed	• Remove existing weeds/rhizomes from the field at the time of planting.
Planting*
	Common cultural practices: • Collect and destroy plant parts infested with insect pest and diseases • Use weed free, healthy suckers for planting. • Remove and destroy crop residues. • Avoid planting during wet weather condition • Take up planting in shade free area
Nutrient	• Planting is done double rows system with a plant to plant spacing of 45 cm and row to spacing of 60 cm. The double rows are spaced at 1.5 to 2.0m. • If FYM is not applied at the time of field preparation, apply FYM or compost @ 2 Kg per sucker at the time of planting. • Add mycorrhiza inoculants @ 5 g per plant pits/ trenches at the time of planting.
Weed	• Remove weeds form the pit/trenches, if any before planting.
Rodent	Mechanical control: • Use traps to reduce rodent population by using locally available attractive baits
Nematode	Cultural control: • Maintain weed free and host free fallow period of at least for 6 month for significant decline in nematode population • Thorough land preparation will reduce nematode population (it will allow the soil to dry out and accelerates the break down of plant material harbouring nematodes)
Pest	• Follow common cultural practices
* Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed/seedling/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: • Collect and destroy crop debris • Collect and destroy disease infected and insect damaged plant parts • Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop • Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed • Remove weed plants Common mechanical practices: • Handpick the older larvae during early stages • Collect and destroy plant parts infested with insect pest and diseases • Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. • Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre • Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm • Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) • Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. • Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: • Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering • Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrient	• After plants have been established, apply 16 g nitrogen, 2 g phosphorus and 3 g potash/plant, two to three times. • Apart from application of 8-10 tonnes of FYM, apply 140 kg nitrogen and 16 kg potash/ acre in three split doses at 2, 5 and 8 months after planting.
Weed	• After planting, whenever weeds appear interculture should be done without digging of the soil deep. • Weeding is done at least three to four times in a year. • Mulching with dry grasses, straw, sawdust, coirdust, rice husk, plastic mulch, etc. will also help to suppress weed growth, conserve moisture and maintain the humus status of soil. • Grow inter crop/ cover crop in between the rows, to suppress the weed growth in spaces between the rows.
Mealybug	Cultural control: • Avoid using 5-6 years old suckers for planting • Mealybug spread can be minimized by destroying ant colonies. • The mealybug infested fields must be prepared by removing all the plant residues and incinerating them. • Remove weeds present in the field as they support a hike in mealybug population by giving them alternate food resources. • Remove alternate hosts such as Hibiscus, custard apple, guava in and around crop field. • Use sterilized equipment when taking up planting and intercultural operations in an uninfested field. Biological control: • Application of Beauveria bassiana/Verticillium lecanii @ 5 ml/g (2x 108 cfu/ml or g)/ l of water is effective during high humid months • Release eggs or first instar larvae of Chrysoperla spp. @ 2-3 grubs/plant. • Follow biological practices
Scale	• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Thrips	Cultural control: • Mulching reduces thrips infestation considerably • Intercrop with plants that have a natural repellence to thrips such as citronella, garlic and pyrethrum. • Establish windbreaks as they reduce thrips population Biological control: • A spray made of garlic and pepper will control thrips. • Two bulbs of garlic and some hot chilli peppers should be blended in some water. After blending the solid parts should be filtered. Add water up to 5 litres and this solution can be applied. • Mix 2 kg of fresh plant material of Andrographis paniculata with 250 ml of water and grind it well. Add 21 litres of cow urine and 10 g of crushed dried chilli fruits. Add 10 litres of water and leave the solution for some time. Filter the solution and it is ready for spraying. • Wash fresh roots of Derris eliptica and cut them into short pieces of 5 cm length. Add small amount of water and pound the roots until they are finely shredded. Filter the solution. Dilute with soap and water at a ratio of 1 part soap: 4 parts root solution: 225 parts water. Apply immediately. • Follow common biological practices
Phytophthora heart (top) rot	Cultural control: • Avoid excessively deep planting • Prevent soil entering the heart during planting • Maintain proper drainage for minimizing the risk of Phytophthora infection. • Planting on raised beds of at least 20 cm height • Constructing drains to intercept run-off before it reaches plantation • Constructing drains within field so that water can be removed quickly without causing erosion • Installing underground drains. • Liming materials which increase pH should be used cautiously as P. cinnamomi become active at pH above 4 in the soil • In high nutrient soils, P. nicotianae, becomes active so apply fertilizers optimally.
Phytophthora root rot	Cultural control: • Same as in Phytopthora heart rot.
Base (butt) rot	Cultural control: • Do not leave a portion of fruit attached to the crown when picking • Improve soil drainage
Reproductive (fruit) stage
	Common cultural practices: • Remove weeds around the plants. • Collect and destroy the plant debris and diseased plants. • Maintain proper drainage Common biological practices: • Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering • Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	• Apply recommended micronutrients, if deficiency symptoms are observed.
Weeds	• Use straw or plastic/ straw mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period.
Pineapple fruit borer	• Follow common biological practices
Pineapple fruit fly	Cultural control: • Plucking off of infested fruits and fermented fruits and destroying them or expose them to sun to kill developing larvae. • Bagging or netting of fruits.
White grubs/root grubs	Cultural control: • The cultural control of late-spring and early-fall ploughing or disking provide control. • Crop rotation is the most effective method. Biological control • Follow common biological practices
Pineapple weevil	Cultural control: • After two plant cycles replant with new suckers • Use fresh disease free suckers for planting • Collect and burn the crop waste in and around the field • Follow crop rotation with non-host crops • Restrict the movement of infected plant parts to other areas Biological control • Follow common biological practices
Pineapple red mite	Cultural control: • The best management action is to plant only mite-free seed-plant material. • Population densities of mites can be reduced by lower or minimal fertilizer applications.
Termites	Cultural control: • Select low termite risk areas for planting • Use termite resistant varieties suitable for that region • Reduce mechanical damage to the plants • Removal of termite nests • Increasing biodiversity by interplanting reduces termite damage • Clear the area of the material that could attract termites before planting • Completely remove and burn the tree stumps
Pest management options for pineapple pests	• Cow urine: Dilute one litre of cow urine in ten litres of water and wet the whole plant at the rate of 80-120 l/acre at regular intervals. • Cow dung: 12.5 kg of fresh cow dung and 12.5 litres of cow urine are collected in an earthen pot and mixed thoroughly with 12.5 litres of water. The pot is covered and the mixture is allowed to ferment for a week. Occasionally it is stirred with a stick. After a week of fermentation, the mixture is filtered and 100 g of lime is added. The concentration is diluted with water in a 1: 10 ratio and sprayed on the crop at 80-100 l/acre. • Neem oil spray: Neem oil spray: 2% neem oil is mixed with any detergent powder at 40– 50 g/100 l and used as a spray solution. • Herbal mixture spray: About 500 g of tobacco leaves, 1 kg of neem kernel, 500 g lime powder, 500 g datura leaves and 500 g pods and seeds of oleander (Nerium oleander) are powdered and mixed together, then soaked in 15 litres of water for 15 days. On alternate days, the mixture needs to be stirred with a stick. After 15 days, one litre of filtrate is mixed in 15 litres of water and sprayed on the crop. It is enough for 2.5 ha and is a multi-pest repellent (Joy, Anjana and Sowmya 2013).
Fruitlet core rot (green eye), fusariosis, green fruit rot, interfruitlet corking, leathery pocket	• Follow common cultural practices
Water blister	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy the plant debris and diseased plants. • Handle fruit carefully to avoid bruising and scuffing (rapid fungal invasion occurs even minute, weeping fractures) • Reject sun burnt and damaged fruit because these have minor skin cracks that are readily infected • Remove pineapple refuse and rejected fruit from in and around packing shed • Maintain proper drainage
Fruit rot by yeast and candida species	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy the plant debris and diseased plants. • Protect the young developing fruit with paper bags in frost prone areas • Discard the fruit showing even minor interfruitlet cracking • Any fruit showing fractures between fruitlets should be picked at the earliest stages of fruit maturity to minimize losses
Mealybug wilt disease	Cultural control: • Use planting materials from wilt free areas or from fields with a low level of wilt disease • If <3% plants show wilt symptoms then remove the infected plants by hand and destroy them • If >10% plants show wilt symptoms do not use the field as a source of planting material • Eradicate badly affected areas immediately after harvest • Keep main fields and field boundaries free of weeds and trash which may act reservoirs for ants and mealybugs
Yellow spot	Cultural control: • Avoid destroying old weedy patches near young crown planting or fields with developing fruit (to prevent spread of thrips to fruits)

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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