IPM Stratergies for Mint Pests

  33 ratings Mint Diseases Mint rust Verticillium wilt Anthracnose Powdery mildew Black Stem Rot Stem and stolon canker Septor...

 

33 ratings

Mint Diseases

1. Mint rust
2. Verticillium wilt
3. Anthracnose
4. Powdery mildew
5. Black Stem Rot
6. Stem and stolon canker
7. Septoria leaf spot
8. Disease cycles:
9. IPM for Mint

Mint rust

Disease symptoms:

• Pale and distorted shoots in spring
• Dusty orange pustules on the stems and leaves.
• Pustule may change to dusty yellow or black in colour in later stage
• Large areas of leaf tissue die and plants may lose leaves

Survival and spread:

• When the orange spore pustules mature and break open in June or July, the spores are spread to other plants by the wind.
• The fungus enters the plant through the leaves lNewly infected plants seldom show symptoms until the following spring.

Favorable conditions:

• Dry weather with high relative humidity
• Pathogens overwinter on mint stubble & on wild mint.
• It spreads through propagation material and air

Verticillium wilt

Disease symptoms:

• Symptoms first appear in the foliage at the top of the plant.
• Symptomatic upper leaves are sickle-shaped and initially chlorotic or red, soon becoming necrotic.
• Premature defoliation and death of the plant can result.
• Vascular discoloration in stems and roots may be observed and diseased plants are often stunted.

Survival and spread:

• The transport of infected planting materials can transmit the pathogen to long distances.
• Spread of the pathogen occurs primarily by soil and movement of soil and water.

Favourable conditions:

• Verticillium wilt is favored by moist soils and a temperature range of 21-27° C.
• Micro-sclerotia are stimulated to germinate by root exudates of host plants

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms:

• Mint anthracnose, also known as "leopard spot".
• The fungus causes small, sunken brown spots to appear on the lower leaves and stems. These spots enlarge to form oval lesions with light gray centers and reddish-brown borders, and may unite.
• Mint anthracnose may cause defoliation and cankers, which may lead to splitting of the stem.
• Heavily-infected plants are weakened and oil yields are reduced.
• Anthracnose may become severe during wet seasons when the mint foliage is wet for long periods.

Survival and spread:

• Conidia are rain-splashed from overwintering infected plant in the spring and throughout the summer to new growth.

Favourable conditions:

• Infection requires three to twelve hours of wetness.

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms:

• Powdery white patches are developed on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves and stems.
• Under favourable conditions, the disease causes severe lossess. It also reduces the oil

Survival and spread:

• Resting spores is responsible for primary spread and airborne spores for secondary spread.

Favourable conditions:

• Disease becomes severe when weather is dry and air circulation is poor (warm and humid weather)

Black Stem Rot

Disease symptoms:

• Black stem rot is considered a moderate to serious problem in mint production.
• The fungus is most active during periods of cool and wet weather.
• Symptoms of infection include dark brown or black cankers on stems.
• Cankers may girdle the stem and cause plant parts above the infection to wilt and die.

Survival and spread:

• Pathogen survive in soil and on plant tissue for many years by producing small (1 to 3- mm diameter), irregular-shaped, brown to black sclerotia.

Favourable conditions:

Disease become more severe in soils that are moderately wet and a temperature range  of 15-25°C

Stem and stolon canker

Disease symptoms:

• Roots and stolon have brown or black progressively rotting areas. Plant stand may be greatly reduced.

Survival and spread:

• Pathogen survive on crop debris and in soil as black to brownish resting structures (sclerotia) or as resting fungal mycelium.

Favourable conditions:

• Warm soil with high humidity is favorable for disease development.
• Temperatures between 26-32°C, soil moisture between 30-60% and soil pH above 6.6 are conducive for disease development.

Septoria leaf spot

Disease symptom:

• Septoria leaf spots are dark brown/black, up to 3mm (⅛in) diameter and angular in shape (being constricted between leaf veins).
• Spores are sometimes visible within leaf spots on the underside of the leaf.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus survive in plant debris and on weeds .

Favourable conditions:

• Moist (more than 70% relative humidity) coupled with warm weather and intermittent rains favours disease development.

Disease cycles:

Mint rust

Verticillium wilt

Anthracnose

Stem and stolon canker

Powdery Mildew

Black Stem Rot

IPM for Mint

To know the IPM practices for Mint, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.03   

 

33 ratings

Mint Insect Pests

1. Two spotted spider mite
2. Cut worm
3. Flea beetle
4. Aphids
5. Red pumpkin beetles
6. Hairy caterpillar
7. Mealy bug
8. Root-lesion Nematode
9. IPM for Mint

Two spotted spider mite

Biology:

Each female lays 10-20 eggs per day, 80-120 altogether during its lifetime of up to 4 weeks. They are mostly attached to the silk webbing. The six-legged larvae hatch after 3- 15 days. They molt three times within 4-5 days, towards protonymph, then deutonymph and at last adult. These instars all have eight legs. Before each molt there is a short quiescent stage. At favorable conditions the life cycle can be completed in about 1-2 weeks, including a pre oviposition period of 1-2 days. Often a change towards hot and dry weather leads to a very rapid increase of population density

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Stippling on leaves
• Webbing and defoliation

Cut worm

Biology:

• Egg: Females lay about 500 eggs under surface of leaves over a period of 2- to 3 weeks.
• Larvae: They feed for 3 to 4 weeks, and are fully grown to 1½ to 2 ” long. Cutworm larvae have 6 growth stages, or instars. The final instar lasts about 10 days.
• Pupae: Some species overwinter as pupa in the soil, while some continue to develop through winter. Duration of the pupal stage is normally 12 to 20 days.
• Adults: The adult pre oviposition period is about seven to 10 days. Adult period varies around 10-20 days.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The larvae feed on all portions of the plant, but are usually found under the canopy rather than on the top of the plants. It is not uncommon, however, to find larvae feeding on the terminal buds.
• The mature variegated cutworm larva is about 2 inches and varies from pale gray to dull brown.

Flea beetle

Biology:

• Flea beetle larvae are very small, slender and worm-like.
• A full-grown larva is only about 1/4 inch long when mature.
• Larvae are white, with a shiny, pale-brown head and three pairs of legs.
• Adults are small, about 1/8 inch long, elongate-oval beetles, with brownish-yellow bodies, darker elytra, some with reddish-brown heads.
• Flea beetles overwinter as eggs in the soil near the crown of mint plants.
• Eggs hatch early April through early May.
• Larval development is completed during late May and early June. Pupation is in the soil near the rhizomes
• The pupal stage is completed in about 3 to 4 weeks

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• After hatching, the young larvae feed first on the fine hair roots and then tunnel into stolons rhizomes and underground parts of the stem, where they continue to feed, for about 4 to 5 weeks

Aphids

Biology:

• Eggs: In temperate regions, these aphids overwinter during the egg stage.
• Nymphs: Immature aphids are called nymphs. They are pale yellowish-green in color with three dark lines on the back of the abdomen that are not present on the adult. Nymphal development is completed in 6 to 11 days
• Adults: The wingless adult aphids vary in color from green to pale yellow. Winged adults are green with black or dark brown markings on their abdomens. Adults are small to medium sized aphids from 1/25 to 1/12 inch long and their antennae are 2/3 as long as the body. Adult females give birth to approximately 50 nymphs.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Aphids are sucking insects those feed by thrusting a long beak into the plant tissue.
• They withdraw great quantities of sap, some of which they execrete as "honeydew".
• The honeydew makes the plant sticky. When plantplants are heavily infested with aphids, sidewalks, lawn furniture, and automobiles may become wet with honeydew.
• A sooty mold often develops with the honeydew blackening stems and foliage.

Red pumpkin beetles

Biology:

• Egg: Brownish elongate eggs are laid in the soil and each female may lay about 150 to 300 eggs singly or in groups of 8-9 near the base of plants. Egg period is 8-15 days.
• Grub: Grubs are creamy white with darker oval shield at back. Grub period is 12-18 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in an earthen cocoon. Pupal period is 10-15 days.
• Adult: Raphidopalpa foveicollis has reddish brown elytra; A. intermedia has blue black elytra; and A. cincta has grey elytra with black border. Total life cycle takes 27-56 days. There are 5 to 8 generations/year.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The pest feeds on the growing leaves and buds.
• They bite holes on leaves.
• Grubs after hatching, feed on roots of plants below soil surface.

Hairy caterpillar

Biology:

• Eggs: Laid in clusters of 50-100 on the lower side of leaves
• Larva: Orange coloured with broad transverse band with tufts of yellow hairs that are dark at both ends
• Pupa: Forms a thin silken cocoon by interwoven shed hairs of the larvae.
• Adult: Crimson coloured moth with black dots and a red abdomen. Pinkish wings with numerous black spots

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Young larvae feed gregariously mostly on the under surface of the leaves
• Feed on leaves and cause defoliation
• In severe cases only stems are left behind

Mealy bug

Biology:

• Eggs: Eggs are deposited as white cottony masses called ovisacs. The glossy, light yellow eggs are oval and approximately 0.3 mm long. A female lay 300 to 600 eggs in a life period, which are deposited in groups of 5 to 20.
• Nymphs: Nymphs emerge from the ovisacs and typically settle along midribs andveins on the underside of leaves and young twigs. Wax and honeydew secreted bycrawlers are visible indicators of infestations. The nymphs are yellow, oval-shaped with red eyes, and covered with white waxy particles The female nymphs resemblethe adult female in appearance, while male nymphs are more elongated. Female nymphs have four instars.
• Adult: Adult size ranges in length from 3 mm (females) to 4.5 mm (males). The females are wingless, white to light brown in color, with brown legs and antennae. The body of adult females is coated with white wax and bears a characteristic faint gray stripe along their dorsal side. Short waxy filaments can be seen around the margins of their oval body with a slightly longer pair of filaments present at the rear end of their body.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The bugs feed by sucking on the plant juices of new tender leaves, the leaves wither and yellow.
• They secrete a sticky substance called honeydew which attracts ants and reduce plant respiration.

Root-lesion Nematode

Biology:

• Root-lesion nematodes are migratory endoparasites.
• Females lay about 1 to 2 eggs/day for about 35 days, with a maximum of 68 eggs laid by one female.
• Eggs are laid singly or in clusters in both soil and roots.
• Males are required for reproduction by P. penetrans
• Root-lesion nematodes prefer to invade roots 3 to 13 mm behind the root tip with some preference for the dense root-hair zone.

Damage symptoms:

• Young feeder roots are generally selected, with a reduction in attack as tissues age.
• Feeding by P. penetrans produces lesions on roots, which initially appear as water soaked areas at the root surface.
• These sites later become yellow, and eventually develop dark brown centers. Discreet brown lesions of necrosis usually appear in two to four weeks.
• Field symptoms of damage generally occur as circular to irregular patches, perhaps 30-150 feet in diameter that have thin stand and stunted plants.
• Mint often has a reddish color. Presence of root-lesion nematodes can be detected by looking for reddish-brown lesions on roots of groundsel.

IPM for Mint

To know the IPM practices for Mint, click here.

Source:NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.21   

 

33 ratings

Mint Beneficial Insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Egg Parasitoids
2. Larval/nymphal and adult parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Mint

Parasitoids

Egg Parasitoids

Larval/nymphal and adult parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Mint

To know the IPM practices for Mint, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.21   

 

43 ratings

Mint Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing
2. Sowing / planting
3. Vegetative stage

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing
	Common cultural practices: Timely planting should be done. Field sanitation, rogueing
Nutrients	Nutrients should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for particular agro climatic zone. For production of stolons, select fertile soil with high organic matter content. Apply farmyard manure @ 4 to 5 tons per acre in the last ploughing and incorporate in the soil 2 to 3 weeks before sowing.
Weeds	Summer ploughing should be done before planting. The rotation of mint crop with other crops should be followed. The best rotations are; Mint: Rice, Mint: Potatoes and Mint: Vegetables : Peas etc. depending upon cropping system followed in the region.
Soil-borne pathogens, and resting stages of insects	Deep summer ploughing is helpful for minimizing soil borne pathogen and resting stages of insect pests by exposing them to unfavorable environmental conditions and predation by predators. Avoid water logging conditions.
Sowing / planting
	Common cultural practices: Use resistant varieties/disease free propagation material. Practice field sanitation. Timely sowing/planting
Nutrients	Apply fertilizers as per soil test recommendations
Weeds	Adopt stale seed bed in which field is irrigated and allow the weed seeds to germinate. The field is ploughed immediately before sowing to destroy the germinated weeds.
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Keep the field clean and healthy Remove and destroy alternate wild hosts and weeds Removal of weeds and infected young leaves for the control of powdery mildew. Common mechanical practices: Remove the affected plant parts. Set up light trap@1trap/acre. Collect and destroy egg mass and larvae. Use yellow sticky traps @ 8-10/acre
Nutrients	Apply 20 kg of nitrogen per acre as top dressing twice after each harvest at 30 and 60 days after planting. Based on soil test report, micro nutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular nutrient.
Weeds	The crop requires intensive weeding during initial stage of the crop. Weeding with hand or mechanical hoes within the first six weeks of planting is required to control weeds at an interval of two to three weeks, after the first weeding. Adopt integrated weed management approach.
Cutworm/Tobacco caterpillar	Mechanical control: Installation of light traps. Biological control: Conservation and augmentation of natural predators like coccinellids, Chrysoperla, spiders, dragonflies should be followed. Augmentation of biocontrol agents like Trichogramma brasiliensis, T. chilonis and T. pretiosum should be carried out.
Aphids	Cultural control: Sowing of border crops like maize, sorghum or millet to reduce pest population and encourage natural enemies Biological control: Conservation and augmentation of predators such as syrphid fly, lacewing, ladybird beetle, praying mantis, minute pirate bug, damselfly, predatory thrips, and parasitoids, braconid wasp, Aphidius spp
Mealy bug	Cultural control: Remove and destroy all the infested plant parts to prevent further spread of pests. Deep summer ploughing to expose soil inhabiting or resting stage of insect pests. Biological control: Conservation and augmentation of predators such as ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, chrysopids, different species of parasitic wasps and predatory mites should be adopted.
Flea beetle	Cultural control: Remove the weeds Follow crop rotation
Red pumpkin beetle	Cultural control: Deep summer ploughing. Follow crop rotation with non-host crops. Destroy the weeds growing in the field. Biological control: Conservation and augmentation of predators such as assassin bug (Rhynocoris fuscipes) and parasitoids like Gregarina crenata should be followed.
Hairy caterpillar	Mechanical control Collection and destruction of egg masses, skeletonized leaves along with first and second instar gregarious larvae. Biological control: Conserve parasitoid such as Meteorus arctiicida
Two spotted mite	Cultural control: Observe the plants weekly for signs of mite damage, which first appears as flecks and stipples on the leaves. Collect leaf samples and examine the lower surface for all stages of mites. Biological control Conserve predatory mites like Amblyseius, Metaseiulus, and Phytoseiulus; the minute pirate bugs, Orius, Leptothrips; Chrysopa, Cheilomenes sexmaculatus, and Stethorus.
Mint rust	Mechanical control: In an infected bed, try to locate any uninfected stems and carefully dig these out and move to another location in an attempt to start a new, healthy nursery.
Verticillium wilt	Cultural control: Applying optimal rates of nitrogen and enhanced dose of potash reduces the severity of Verticillium wilt. Limiting the amount of water applied to the field can reduce severity of the disease Follow crop rotation. Biological control: Use bioagents like Trichoderma sp. as per CIBRC recommendations
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: Maintain proper row spacing Use resistant or tolerant varieties. Improve air circulation by thinningto reduce the disease severity.
Black Stem Rot	Cultural control: Use certified planting material to reduce the introduction and spread of black stem rot. Avoid transportation of contaminated planting materials
Stem and stolon canker	Follow the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Septoria leaf spot	Cultural control: Use clean and certified planting materials
Ramularia leaf spot	Follow the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Leaf blight	Follow the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Anthracnose	Cultural control: · Use resistant plants or healthy plant materials.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage