IPM Stratergies for Grapes

Grapes Pests Pests of National Significance Insect pests Diseases Nematodes Weeds Broadleaf Grasses Sedge...

Grapes Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematodes
4. Weeds
1. Broadleaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
5. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematode
6. IPM for Grapes

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Mealybugs: Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Pseudococcus maritimus, Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
• Flea beetle: Scelodonta strigicollis (Olivier) (Coleotoptera: Chrysomelidae)
• Girdle beetle/Grape cane girdler Ampelo glypterater LeConte (Coleotoptera: Cerambycidae: Curculionidae)
• Thrips: Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)
• Hoppers: Empoasca fabae, Erythroneura comes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
• Stem borers: Celosterna scabrator F., (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)
• Leaf eating caterpillar: Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Grape leaf folder: Desmia funeralis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Diseases

• Downy mildew: Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & Curt.) Berl.& de Toni
• Powdery mildew: Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.
• Anthracnose: Elsinoe ampelina (de Bary) Shear
• Greenaria bitter rot: Greenaria uvicolaBark and Curt.
• Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris (Pammel) Dowson
• Alternaria blight: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire
• Black rot: Guignardia bidwelli(Ellis) Viala & Ravaz
• Post-harvest berry rots caused by fungi
• Blue mould rot: Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.
• Black mould rot: Aspergillusniger Van Tieghem
• Green mould: Aspergillus flavus Link.
• Rhizopus rot: Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenberg
• Botrytis Bunch Rot or Gray Mold of Grape: Botrytis cinerea (De Bary) Whetzel

Nematodes

• Root-knot Nematode: Meloidogyne spp.,

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis, Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
• Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Coat buttons: Tridax procumbens L. (Fabaceae)
• Spanish needles: Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae)
• Silk leaf: Lagascea mollis Cav. (Asteraceae)
• Madras leaf-flower: Phyllanthus madraspatensis L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Grasses

• Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cypraceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cypraceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Red mites: Tetranychus spp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Maharashtra)
• Rose chafer beetle: Macrodactylus subspinosus F., (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Cock chafer beetle: Melolontha melolontha L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Grape leaf roller: Sylepta lunalis Guen. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Delhi)
• Scale Insects: Aspidiotus lataniaeSignoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Diseases

• Rust: Phakopsora vitis Ono
• Leaf Spot: Phomopsis viticola Erincik and Madden (Andhra Pradesh)
• Foot rot: Cylindrocarpon spp.
• Irregular cane maturity due to Botrydiplodia sp.

Nematode

• Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira (Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra)
• Dagger nematode: Xiphinema americanum Micol

IPM for Grapes

To know the IPM practices for Grapes, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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129 ratings

Grapes: Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre sowing Stage*
2. Sowing stage*
3. Vegetative stage
4. Flowering & Fruiting stage*
5. Postharvest

Management	Activity
Pre sowing Stage*
	Common cultural practices: • Deep ploughing of fields during summer to control nematodes population, to expose pupae and popagules of soil borne pathogens. • Soil solarization can be done for sterilizing the nursery mixture • Timely sowing should be done. • Field sanitation, rogueing. • Destroy the alternate host plants as well as crop debris • Crop rotation with non-cereals. • Adopt ecological engineering by growing the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds.
Nutrients	• The rooted grapevine cuttings are planted in pits at an appropriate spacing depending on the soil, agro-climatic conditions and varieties. • Grape is a heavy feeder of nutrients. Nutrient should be supplied on the basis of soil test report, varieties and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone. • The land should be ploughed well and raise a green manure viz., sunhemp during monsoon and incorporate in-situ in August and September.
Weeds	Cultural control: • Plough the field in summer/ before planting to destroy existing weeds in the field. • Grow the green manure crop to suppress weeds in rainy season. Chemical control: • 2,4-D Sodium salt Technical @ 1 Kg in 200 l of water/acre • Diuron 80% WP@ 0.8 Kg in 250 l of water/acre • Paraquat dichloride 24% SL@ 0.8 l in 200 l of water/acre
Defoliators/ Subterranean pests Soil- borne- Pathogen	Cultural control: • Rabbing with paddy husk/ straw. • For others follow common cultural practices
Sowing stage*
Nutrients	• At the time of planting, fill up the pits with well decomposed farmyard manure @ 50 Kg per pit mixed with top soil, Trichoderma species and AM @ 50g inoculum / plant.
Weeds	• Use weed free seedling for planting. • Remove existing weeds in and around the pits at the time of planting. • Provide plastic or straw mulch around the seedling to prevent weed growth and to conserve moisture.
Root-knot nematode	Cultural control: • Intercropping of marigold reduces nematode population • Nursery should be raised in nematode free sites or fumigated or solarized beds • Repellant plants: Marigold • Follow common cultural practices. • Application of decomposed poultry manure @ 200g / sq. m
Leaf blight Anthracnose	Cultural control: • Irrigation by rose can. • Use of resistant varieties such as– Bangalore Blue, Beauty Seedless, Bharat Early, Golden queen, Large white. Chemical control: For anthracnose • Aureofungin 46.15%w/v. SP@ 0.005%, 300 l/acre or benomyl 50% WP@120 g in 250-280 l of water/acre or Carbendazim 50%WP@ 120 g in 240 l of water/acre or chlorothalonil 75% WP@ 0.2% or 200 g in 100lof water /acre or iprodione 50% WP@ 0.4-0.8 Kg in 200 l of water/acre or kitazin 48% EC @ 0.20%or 200 ml in 200 l of water As required depending upon crop stage and plant protection equipment used or mancozeb75%WP @ 0.6-0.8 Kg in 300 l of water/acre or ziram80%WP@ 0.6-0.8 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: • Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop • Avoid water stress and water stagnation conditions. • Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: • Collection and destruction of eggs, and larvae • Removal and destruction of dead vines along with root system from the garden is essential as this reduces the build up of inoculum (fungal population). • Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts • Use blue sticky traps for thrips @ 4-20 traps/acre. • Install pheromone traps @ 4-5 traps/acre • Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm • Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. • Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: • Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering • Augmentative release of natural enemies.
Nutrients	Table #. Recommended doses of nutrients (Kg/acre) for different varieties under different agro-climatic regions. Variety Region N P2O5 K2O Anab-e- Shahi North India 150-240 120-220 75-480 Telangana 175 122 315 South interior Karnataka 200 200 400 Beauty Seedless North India 65 Cheema Sahebi Maharashtra 240 96 48 Gulabi, Himrod, Perlette North India 180-280 185-530 185-400 Thompson Seedless North India 180-440 530 530 Maharashtra 265-400 200-350 265-320 South interior Karnataka 120 200 400 Source: The Grape Improvement, Production & Post-harvest management by K.L. Chadha, S.D. Shikhamany. • Apply nutrients through combination of organic manures (40%) and Inorganic fertilizers (60%). • In both the seasons prior to pruning the top 15 to 20 cm soil in the basin is dug out and heaped around the trunk. Organic manures are spread uniformly in the basins and then fertilizers are applied and covered with soil. • Apply fertilizers around root feeding zone i.e. at about 15 cm depth and 60 cm away from the trunk.
Weeds	• Regular weeding is important during the young stage of plants. • Break the crust with hand hoe each time after irrigation. • Plough the area between the basins during the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon periods. • Integrated weed management including cover crops, judicious use of herbicides, intercropping and hand weeding wherever necessary should be adopted. • Under highly weed infested orchards, apply 2, 4-D Sodium salt Technical (having 2, 4-D acid 80 % w/w) @ 1lit per acre in 200 l water to control broadleaf weeds or apply Diuron 80% WP @ 0.8 Kg per acre in 250 l water to control wide range of weeds or paraquat dichloride 24% SL @ 0.8 Kg/ acre in 200 l water as post-emergence directed inter row application at 2-3 leaf stage of grasses, sedges and broad leaf weeds. Source: APHU (2010). Package of practices of important Horticultural Crops. Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District – 534 101 (A.P.).
Leaf eating caterpillar	Cultural control: • Growing of castor as trap crop all around the vineyard for oviposition. • Follow common cultural and mechanical practices. Biological control: • Spraying NSKE 5 % against eggs and first instar larva • Follow common biological practices
Stem borer/cane borer	Cultural control: • Piercing the infested plants with a sharp needle or knife to kill the caterpillar in the stem. • Remove loose bark at the time of pruning to prevent egg laying • Follow common cultural practices. Biological control: • Follow common biological practices.
Hoppers	Cultural Control: • Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum or pearl millet to reduce hopper infestations. • Keep the nursery area clean, free of weeds and grasses to keep away the grass hoppers. • Removal of weeds and alternate hosts plants like hibiscus, okra, custard apple, guava etc. in vineyards. Biological control: • Follow common biological practices. Chemical control: • Spray oxydemeton–methyl 25% EC @ 400 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
Mealybugs	Cultural control: • Removal of weeds and alternate host plants like hibiscus, okra, custard apple, guava etc in and nearby vineyards throughout the year. • Deep ploughing in summer or raking of soil in vineyards helps to destroy its nymphal stages and minimizing the incidence. Mechanical control: • Remove and destroy the loose bark. Biological control: • Release exotic predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 10 beetles/vine • Neem based, emulsifiable water soluble formulations can be sprayed. Doses depend on azadirachtin concentrations in formulations viz., 50000 ppm formulation is sprayed at 1ml / l, while that with 10000 ppm and 3000 ppm can be sprayed at 2.5 ml and 5 ml per l, respectively. Chemical control: • Buprofezin25%SC@400-600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or methomyl40%SP@ 500 g in 200-400 l of water/acre
Flea beetle	Cultural control: • Remove the loose bark at the time of pruning to prevent egg laying. • Shake vines to dislodge adult beetles, collect into trays containing kerosenated water (1 kerosene: 9 water) and destroy them. • Put bundles of dry shreds of banana on the pruned end of the vines in the evening. Beetles, which take shelter on these at night, can be shaken and collected in the morning and kill them. • Use high quality, large, vigorous seed- the quicker a seedling can establish itself the more damage it can withstand from flea beetles. • Seed early - a plant that establishes quickly can ward off flea beetles more effectively. Caution advised if high populations are seen early in fields when planting. Crops must be monitored daily upon emergence for damage. • Crop rotation - flea beetles over-winter along field edges and migrate so following a crop rotation does not make your crop immune to flea beetles, but if problems with flea beetles persisted the year before,planting canola again will contribute to high populations once again. • Direct seeding - provides a microclimate that warms slower than a conventionally seeded crop. Cooler temperatures slow flea beetle activity, reducing damage. • Increase seeding rates - increased plant populations means less damage to each specific plant. • Wider row spacing - reduces the attractiveness to the flea beetles Mechanical control: • Follow common practices. • Setting up of light trap @ 1/acre (6-10 pm). Botanical control: • Neem based, emulsifiable water soluble formulations can be sprayed. Doses depend on azadirachtin concentrations in formulations viz., 50000 ppm formulation is sprayed at 1ml / l, while that with 10000 ppm and 3000 ppm can be sprayed at 2.5 ml and 5 ml per liter dose, respectively. Chemical control: • Imidacloprid17.8%SL@120-160 ml in 400 l of water/acre or lambda-Cyhalothrin 4.9%CS @100 g in 200-400 l of water/acre or malathion50% EC@400 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre
Chafer beetle	Cultural control: • Eliminate hibernating site • Follow common practices. Chemical control: • Malathion50% EC @ 400 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre
Girdle beetle/Grape cane girdler	Cultural control: • Cutting of infested shoot bellow the lower girdle before adult emerge in the summer and destroy them may help to reduce the population of insects. • If low levels of grape cane borer are present in your vineyard, populations can be reduced by cultural practices such as removal and destruction of affected canes and excess dead wood from the canopy during pruning. Chemical control: • Malathion 50% EC @ 400 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre
Thrips	Cultural control: • Install 4-20blue sticky coloured traps per acre to monitor thrips population. • Deep ploughing in summer or raking of soil in vineyards helps to destroy its nymphal stages and minimizing the incidence. • Removal of weeds and alternate host plants like hibiscus, okra, custard apple, guava etc. in and nearby vineyards in and around the vineyards throughout the year. • Collect and destroy damaged leaves, fruits and flowers. Chemical control: • Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 88 g in 200-400 l of water/acre or fipronil 80%WG @ 20-25 g in 300-400 l of water/acre or lambda-cyhalothrin 4.9% CS @100 g in 200-400 l of water/acre
Mite	Cultural control: • Proper irrigation scheduling reduces the water stress and also increases the humidity thereby reducing the mite population Biological control: • Several predatory insects and spiders feed on mites but the most efficient natural predators of mite pests are predatory mites.
Leaf folder/Leaf roller	Cultural control: • Simple method to control the pest population is to collect and burn the infested leaves. Biological control: • Follow common practices.
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: • Cultural practices that reduce humidity within the vineyard, enable good air circulation through the canopy, and provide good light exposure to all leaves and clusters aid in managing powdery mildew. • Use an under vine irrigation system and manage it carefully, excess can favour the disease Chemical control: • Benomyl50 % WP @ 120 g in 250-280 l of water/acre or carbendazim 46.27% SC@ 0.1% or 100ml, 100l/acre or dinocap 48% EC@ 90 ml in 300 l of water/acre or flusilazole 40% EC@ 0.01% Asrequired depending upon the stage of crop and type of plants protection equipment used or hexaconazole2%SC@ 0.6-1.2 l in 200-300 l of water/acre or hexaconazole 5% EC@ 200-400 ml in 200 l of water/acre or kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC@ 240-280 ml in 200 l of water/acre or lime sulphur 22% SC @This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional sprayers: Doses 0.8-1 l/acre or myclobutanil 10% WP @ 0.04%, 200 l /acre or penconazole 10% EC@ 50ml/100Lt. water, Depending upon the requirement or sulphur 40% WP@ 1.2 Kg in 400 l of water/acre or sulphur 55.16 % SC @ 0.30% or 300 ml/100 l water as required or sulphur 80% WP@ 1-2 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or Sulphur 80% WG@ 0.75-1 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or sulphur 85% DP @ 6-8 Kg/acre or triadimefon 25% WP@ 0.010% in 300 l of water, depending upon the requirement
Downy mildew	Cultural control: • Pruning of the vines after the second week of October helps to minimize the damage by this disease. All affected portions of the vine should be removed at the time of pruning and destroyed immediately. • Downy mildew infected leaves should be selectively collected and disposed in compost pit. Chemical control: • Aureofungin46.15%w/v. SP@ 0.005% , 300 l/acre or captan 50% WP@ 1 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or captan 75% WP@ 666.8 g in 400 l of water/acre or chlorothalonil 75% WP@ 0.2%or200 gm/ 100l water in 40 l /acre or copper oxychloride 50% WG@ 0.24%or 240g/100l water or copper oxy chloride 50% WP @ 1 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or copper sulphate 2.62 % SC@ 0.4 l in 200 l of water/acre or cymoxanil50%WP@ 0.24% or 240 g/100 l water as required depending upon the crop stage and equipment used or cyazafamid 34.5% SC@ 80 ml in 200 l of water/acre or dimethomorph50%WP @ 400 g in 300 l of water/acre or fosetyl-AL 80% WP @ 560-800 g in300-400 l of water/acre or kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC@ 240-280 ml in 200 l of water/acre or mancozeb75%WP @ 0.6-0.8 Kg in 300 l of water/acre or propineb70%WP @ 0.30%or300 g/100 l water As required depending uponcrop stageand plant protection equipment used or zineb75%WP@ 0.6-0.8 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or ziram80%WP@0.6-0.8 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or cymoxanil8%+ Mancozeb64%WP @ 600-800 g in 200-400 l of water/acre or famoxadone16.6%+ Cymoxanil22.1%SC @ 200 ml in 200-300 l of water/acre or fenamidone4.44%+ FosetylAI 66.7%WG@ 800-1000 g in 200-300l of water/acre or fenamidone10%+ mancozeb50%WDG @ 600 g in 200-300 l of water/acre or metalaxyl M 4%+ mancozeb 64% WP @ 200-400 l/acre of 0.25% or metalaxyl8%+ mancozeb 64% WP@ 200 l/acre of 0.5% or metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5% WG @ 600-700 g in 300 l of water/acre
Anthracnose, Blight	Cultural control: • Prophylactic measures should be followed for effective control. • All affected twigs or canes showing cankers should be removed while pruning. • The pruned twigs and leaves should be burnt or buried deep in the soil. Chemical control: • Same as sowing stage.
Bitter rot and bacterial leaf spot, Rust	Cultural control: • Collecting and burning the infected plant parts minimizes the spread of the disease. • Increase air circulation in the vineyard • Remove disease cane from the vineyard during normal pruning operations in the dormant season. • Follow up hand pruning
Flowering & Fruiting stage*
Nutrients	• Collect about 200 random petiole samples (fifth leave from the base) 45 days after summer pruning (flower bud initiation) and analyze for the nutrients. Spray the following nutrients for the correction of the deficiency. • Spray zinc sulphate @ 2g/l or magnesium sulphate @ 2g/l or magnesium oxide @ 1g/l or borax @ 1 – 2 g/l
Weeds	• Remove weeds around the plants. • Use straw or plastic mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period.
Leaf eating caterpillar	• Same as vegetative stage.
Stem borer/Cane borer	• Same as vegetative stage.
Hoppers	• Same as vegetative stage.
Mealybugs	• Same as vegetative stage.
Flea beetle	• Same as vegetative stage.
Girdle beetle/Grape cane girdler	• Same as vegetative stage.
Thrips	• Same as vegetative stage.
Hoppers	• Same as vegetative stage.
Leaf roller/Folder	• Same as vegetative stage.
Powdery mildew, Downy mildew	Cultural control: • Remove abnormal un-harvested bunches from vines and burn them. • Remove all shoots emerging from the crown near ground. • Shoots hanging from trellises towards ground should be tied on trellises or can be removed if they are extra. Chemical control: • Same as vegetative stage
Blight, Anthracnose, Bitter rot and Bacterial leaf spot	Cultural control: • Promote good air circulation and light penetration by controlling weeds and suckers, proper pruning, and positioning or removing shoots for uniform leaf development. • Where possible, rows should be planted in the direction of the prevailing wind. Good air circulation and light penetration will promote faster drying of plant parts and reduce disease incidence. • Prevent wounding of berries by controlling insects, birds and other grape diseases.
Botrytis rot	Cultural control: • Careful handling in the field, pre-cooling and refrigeration helps in controlling the disease. • Pruning and thinning of the vineyard reduces • Humidity around the clusters.
Blue rot	Cultural control: • Avoiding injuries to the ripe berries helps to reduce soft rot. • Clean planting stock; (i) Disease wood removal and immediate burning; (ii) fungicide application at shoot extension and later if temperatures are cool.
Birds. Bats	Cultural: • Remove nesting and roosting areas • Bird patrols: takes time and energy but still effective, wear bright colors • Pyrotechnics – bombs and whistlers • Whistles: Thunderer is the Cadillac of whistles • Site selection: no trees, open fields • Noise makers: propane canons, electronic scare devices • Nets: still the best option for full protection • Traps • Tape, balloons, kites, etc. • Trap crops
Postharvest
Black mould Rot, blue mould rot, green mould rot, botrytis rot	Cultural control: • Careful handling and prompt refrigeration to 1-2 ºC or below prevents the disease in storage. • Inclusion of SO2 releasing pads in the boxes while packing helps to control the disease.
Rhizopus rot	Cultural control: • Inclusion of SO2 releasing pads in the boxes 2 while packing, removing of diseased berries during grading, avoiding injury to the berries while packing and handling helps to restrict the growth of fungi. • Avoiding injuries to the ripe berries helps to reduce soft rot. Physical control: • Maintaining cold storage temperature between 40-10 ºC prevents fungal growth.
Note: Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application (If Commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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117 ratings and

Grapes: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Downy mildew
2. Powdery mildew
3. Anthracnose
4. Greenaria bitter rot
5. Bacterial leaf spot
6. Alternaria blight
7. Black rot
8. Blue mould rot
9. Black mould rot
10. Green mould rot
11. Rhizopus rot
12. Botrytis bunch rot or gray mold
13. Rust
14. Foot rot
15. IPM for Grapes

Downy mildew

Disease symptoms

• The fungus is an obligate pathogen which can attack all green parts of the vine.
• Symptoms of this disease are frequently confused with those of powdery mildew. Infected leaves develop pale yellow-green lesions which gradually turn brown. Severely infected leaves often drop prematurely.
• Infected petioles, tendrils, and shoots often curl, develop a shepherd's crook, and eventually turn brown and die.
• Young berries are highly susceptible to infection and are often covered with white fruiting structures of the fungus. Infected older berries of white cultivars may turn dull gray-green, whereas those of black cultivars turn pinkish red.

Survival and spread

• The fungus overwinters mainly in the fallen leaves which are the source of primary infection. Secondary infection occurs by motile zoospores by splashing rain.

Favourable conditions

• The most serious outbreaks have been found to occur when a wet winter is followed by a wet spring and a warm summer with intermittent rains

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms

• Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Uncinulanecator, can infect all green tissues of the grapevine.
• Tissues are generally susceptible to infection throughout the growing season.
• Diseased leaves appear whitish gray, dusty, or have a powdery white appearance. Petioles, cluster stems, and green shoots often look distorted or stunted. Berries can be infected until their sugar content reaches about 8%.
• If infected when young, the epidermis of the berry can split and the berries dry up or rot. When older berries are infected, a netlike pattern often develops on the surface of the berry.

Survival and spread

• The powdery mildew fungus overwinters in dormant buds or as specialized structures on the surface of the vines. When conditions are favorable for growth of the fungus in spring, spores are produced, released, and cause new infections. Secondary spread of the disease can occur if spores are produced in these new infections.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity and moist weather favours the development of disease.

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms

• Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Elsinoe ampelina, is also known as bird’s-eye rot from its appearance on the fruit.
• The disease appears first as dark red spots on the berry. Later, these spots are circular, sunken, ashy-gray and in late stages these spots are surrounded by a dark margin which gives it the “bird’s-eye rot” appearance. The spots vary in size from 1/4 inch in diameter to about half the fruit.
• The fungus also attacks shoots, tendrils, petioles, leaf veins, and fruit stems. Numerous spots sometimes occur on the young shoots. These spots may unite and girdle the stem, causing death of the tips. Spots on petioles and leaves cause them to curl or become distorted.

Survival and spread

• The primary infection by diseased vines and secondary infection by wind-borne conidia.

Favourable conditions

• Continuous/intermittent rains and high humidity are responsible for the development of disease.

Greenaria bitter rot

Disease symptoms

• This fungus can infect all green parts of the vine including leaves, tendrils, new shoots, as well as berries. However, mature leaves and ripe fruit are not susceptible. Infections of leaves first appear as red spots on the upper leaf surface in late spring.
• These circular spots enlarge and become tan to light brown with distinct, dark borders. Small, pinpoint black fruiting structures of the fungus often develop in the centers of these spots.
• Most serious damage usually occurs on the berries. On the fruit, infections first appear as whitish spots which enlarge to sunken areas with dark borders. Significant infections usually occur when the grape is pea-size or larger. As infection progresses, the fruit becomes black, wrinkled, mummified, and look like raisins. Infected grapes often shatter,leaving only the stem.

Survival and spread

• The fungus overwinters on mummified berries on the soil or in old clusters still hanging in the vines. Secondary infections can occur when additional spores are produced on the newly infected tissues.

Favourable conditions

• Moisture and temperature above 20-25 °C favours the development of disease.

Bacterial leaf spot

Disease symptoms

• The young growing shoots are affected first. Disease infects leaves, shoots and berries. The symptoms appear as minute water soaked spots on the lower surface of the leaves along the main and lateral veins.
• Later on these spots coalesce and form larger patches. Brownish black lesions are formed onthe berries, which later become small and shriveled.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives in infected plant residue in soil and seed borne.

Favourable conditions

• The disease is more prevalent during June-August and again in February-March.
• Temperature range of 25-30 ºC and relative humidity of 80-90% is favourable for the development of the disease.

Alternaria blight

Disease symptoms

• The disease attacks both leaves and fruits. Small yellowish spots first appear along the leaf margins, which gradually enlarge and turn into brownish patches with concentric rings. Severe infection leads to drying and defoliation of leaves.
• Symptoms in the form of dark brown-purplish patches appear on the infected berries, rachis and bunch stalk just below its attachment with the shoots.

Survival and spread

• The disease is externally and internally seed borne. The pathogen survives through spores (conidia) or mycelium in diseased plant debris or weed.

Favourable conditions

• Moist (More than 70% relative humidity) and warm weather (12-25 ºC) and intermittent rains favours disease development.

Black rot

Disease symptoms

• The disease attacks the leaves, stem, flowers and berries. All the new growth on the vineis prone to attack during the growing season.
• The symptoms are in the form of irregularly shapedreddish brown spots on the leaves and a black scab on berries.
• Occasionally, small elliptical darkcoloured canker lesions occur on the young stems and tendrils. Leaf, cane and tendril infection canoccur only when the tissue is young, but berries can be infected until almost fully-grown if an activefungicide residue is not present.
• The affected berries shrivel and become hard black mummies.

Survival and spread

• Pathogen survives in soil and plant debris.

Favourable conditions

• Warm and moist climate with extended periods of rain and cloudy weather favours the development of the disease.

Blue mould rot

Disease symptoms

• Scanty growth - white and turn bluish green are seen.
• Decay the berries.
• Infected tissues become soft and watery.
• Infected berries emit a mouldy flavor.
• The fungus covers whole berries and it looks like bluish green in colour.

Survival and spread

• Spores of this fungus are very common in the air and soil which are the source of infection.

Favourable conditions

• Blue mold is most common when temperatures are higher than 10-14°C.
• Free moisture for six hours or longer on the onion surface is necessary for infection to occur.

Black mould rot

Disease symptoms

• It is a post-harvest disease. The fungus enters the berries through the injuries caused due to poor post-harvest handling operations.
• The pulp of infected berries is reduced is reduced to watery consistency.
• Berries look black in colour.

Survival and spread

• Spores of this fungus are very common in the air and soil which are the source of infection.

Favourable conditions

• Black mold is most common when temperatures are higher than 30°C (86°f) in the field or 24 °C in storage.
• Free moisture for six hours or longer on the onion surface is necessary for infection to occur.

Green mould rot

Disease symptoms

• It is a post-harvest disease. The fungus enters the berries through the injuries caused due to poor post-harvest handling operations.
• Infected berries are discolored yellowish green, and affected fruits shrivel.
• Masses of powdery green spores generally covered the bunch of grapes.

Survival and spread

• Spores of this fungus are very common in the air and soil which are the source of infection.

Favourable conditions

• Green mold is most common when temperatures are higher than 30°C in the field or 24°C in storage.
• Free moisture for six hours or longer on the surface is necessary for infection to occur.

Rhizopus rot

Disease symptoms

• Round irregular, light brown and water soaked lesion appear on fruits.
• Decaying fruits emits fermented, moudly smell.
• Conidia aseptate, small and globose
• It is a post-harvest disease. Under warm and moist conditions the fungus grows rapidly producing acoarse grey mat of mycelium.
• Injury caused to the berries by tight packing and storage temperaturehelp the fungus grown during storage. If the infected berries are trimmed at harvest, it does not occurafter harvest under ideal storage conditions.

Survival and spread

• Spores of this fungus are very common in the air and soil which are the source of infection.

Favourable conditions

• Black mold is most common when temperatures are higher than 30°C in the field or 24°C in storage.
• Free moisture for six hours or longer on the surface is necessary for infection to occur.

Botrytis bunch rot or gray mold

Disease symptoms

• One or more berries of a cluster show signs of decay just before harvest. The decay may progress to include most of the berries in a cluster. The infected fruit may become covered with a grayish-tan powder containing the spores of the fungus.
• Berry stems and cluster stems may be invaded, causing them to shrivel.
• When the fungus decays berries low in sugar, the rotting berry has a sour odor and taste.
• If the berries are nearly mature and have a high sugar content, the decaying berry is quite firm, dry, and somewhat sweetish to the taste. Berries that have split or have been punctured often are attacked by other organisms, resulting in a sour or moldy decay.

Survival and spread

• Fungus survives in all decaying vegetation. Its spores are present in the vine yard throughout the year.

Favorable conditions

• Brown mold is most common when temperatures are higher than 30°C in the field or 24°C in storage.
• Free moisture for six hours or longer on the surface is necessary for infection to occur.

Rust

Disease symptoms

• The symptoms are in the form of numerous orange coloured pustules on the lower surface of the leaves. In case of severe infection such pustules cover the entire leaf surface leading to severe defoliation.

Survival and spread:

• The pathogens reproduce and survive in spots on leaves or stems and in fallen plant host debris.

Favourable conditions

• Moisture and temperature above 20° C favours the development of disease.

Foot rot

Disease symptoms

• Roots show black, sunken, necrotic lesions. In cross section, the base of the trunk appears necrotic and xylem vessels may be black in colour.
• Leaves may appear to be water stressed or scorched, and vines may be stunted and/or killed.
• Cylindrocarpon may occur in combination with other plant pathogens.

Survival and spread

• Cylindrocarpon is a common soil-borne fungus which causes root rot in many plant species.
• It survives in soil as mycelium and also produces conidia (spores) and chlamydospores (spores that can survive adverse conditions).

Favourable conditions

• Moderate humidity and moist conditions

IPM for Grapes

To know the IPM practices for Grapes, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

Grapes: Insect Pests Management

1. Leaf eating caterpillar
2. Mealybugs
3. Mites
4. Thrips
5. Grape leaf folder
6. Girdle beetle/grape cane girdler:
7. Flea beetle
8. Rose chafer beetle
9. Grapevine stem borer
10. Root-knot nematode
11. IPM for Grapes

Leaf eating caterpillar

Biology

It is found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world, wide spread in India. Besides grapes, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato, cabbage and various other cruciferous crops.

• Egg: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
• Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when full grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts 15-30 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil, pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
• Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the margin of wing. Pest breeds throughout the year.
• Moths are active at night.
• Adults live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes 32-60 days.
• There are eight generations in a year.

Damage symptoms

• In early stages, the caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll content of leaf lamina giving it a papery white appearance. Later they become voracious feeders making irregular holes on the leaves.
• Irregular holes on leaves initially and later skeletonisation leaving only veins and petioles
• Heavy defoliation.

Natural enemies of leaf eating caterpillars

• Parasitoids: Egg: Trichogramma chilonis, Telenomus spp.; Larval: Campoletis chloridae, Peribea orbata, Glipapanteles africanus, Carcelia sp, 6. Ichneumon spp., Cotesia ruficrus, Chelonus carbonator; Pupal: Blepherella setigera, Sarcophaga dux , Sarcophaga albiceps, Brachimeria lasus, Lasiochalcidia erythropoda.
• Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, C. crassinervis, King crow, braconid wasps, dragon flies, spider, praying mantids, Harpactor costalis, Rhynocoris fuscipes, R. squalis , Polistes stigma, Coranus spiniscutis,

Mealybugs

Biology

• Egg: These eggs are orange in colour (M. hirsutus) or yellowish white (P. citri). Theyhatch in about 5 days
• Nymph: The first instar nymphs are also called as crawlers, which are mobile.
• They settle on the plants, start sucking the sap and form the colonies.
• Crawlers are orange in colour (M. hirsutus) or yellowish white (P. citri).
• The total nymphal period is 19 days for male and 21 days for female. The male nymph forms a cottony cocoon in which the pupal stage is found mainly in the winter season
• Adult: The adult female mealybugs are pinkish (M. hirsutus) or yellowish white (P. citri) and sparsely covered with white wax. The male and female mealybugs are similar in early stages.
• The female passes through three nymphal instars while male passes through four nymphal instars.
• The adult male has a pair of wings and a pair of halteres. Males are very rare and female mealybugs are commonly found causing the damage in the field.
• Mealybug completes the life cycle in about 30 days. Without mating, they are known to reproduce partheno-genetically throughout the year.

Damage symptoms

• Nymphs and adult mealybugs suck the sap from the trunk cordons, buds, spurs, aerial roots, leaves, shoots, nodes, flower panicles and bunches.
• Infestation of the growing point especially with the pink mealybug results in malformation of leaves and
• Shoot tips.
• Honeydew excreted by mealybug nymphs and adults, support the growth of sooty mould on leaves, shoots and bunches
• Sooty and sticky bunches harbouring mealybugs and their white cottony wax masses are unfit for marketing as table grapes.
• Raisins cannot be prepared from such infested bunches.
• The pest attack weakens the grownup vines.
• In case of severe mealybug infestation young vines often die.
• The grape mealybug causes losses up to 100 per cent in severe cases in the vineyard.

Natural enemies of mealybug

• Parasitoid: Parasitic wasps,
• Predator: Coccinellid (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri).

Mites

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are found on the upper surface of the leaves when the population levels are high. Eggs are also laid in its webbing.
• Freshly laid eggs are minute measuring 0.1 mm white, spherical, transparent and appear like a water droplet.
• Later they change into dull white, gradually turn brown and then become transparent along sides with red spot visible before hatching. The female mite produces 30-50 eggs. Hatching takes place in 4-6 days.
• Nymph: The newly hatched nymphs have translucent larva has six legs. Dark spots appear soon after feeding on the dorsal side.
• The protnymph and deutonymphal stage has eight legs. The deutonymph stage is similar in appearance to an adult female but smaller. Nymphal period is 6-8 days.
• Adult: Freshly emerged adult females are 0.5 mm long and devoid of spots but as the feeding begins, the spots become more distinct. Usually two large, diffuse spots appear forward. Adult spider mite females are reddish. Their pointed abdomens and smaller size easily recognize males. Adult mites live for about 15 days. Breeding is rapid in summer months
• Life cycle completed in 10-14 days depending on weather conditions.

Damage symptoms

• Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from lower surface of tender leaves causing the cells to collapse and die.
• In heavy infestations, the mites remove chlorophyll up to 70% leading into development of brown burnt patches on the infested leaves, which wither and finally dry.
• Discoloration of leaves leads to reduction in photosynthesis thereby affecting the vigour of the plants.
• Severe infestation of spider mites results in delay in maturing and ripening of bunches and reduction in sugar content thereby affecting the quality of grapes.

Natural enemies of mites

• Predators: Predatory mites, predatory beetles such as small staphilinids (Oligota spp.), ladybird beetle, lacewing, predatory thrips, anthocorid bug (Orius spp.), mirid bug; Lacanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii, Beauveria spp. (entomo pathogenic fungi).

Thrips

Biology

• Egg: Hyaline, globular laid in mass. Eggs are inserted in the tender tissue on the underside of the leaves. Hatching takes place in 8-10 days
• Nymph: Nymphs tiny, slender, fragile and straw yellow in colour. After feeding, nymphs move down to the soil and pupate in the top 8-18 cm. Nymphs are similar to adults but are without wings.
• Adult: Adults with heavily fringed wings. Total life cycle is completed in about 15 days.
• S. dorsalis is found in almost all chilly growing areas. It is a polyphagus pest. Besides chilli, it also infests brinjal, cotton, groundnut, castor, bottlegourd, guava, tea and grapevine. It is more common on un-irrigated chilli crop than irrigated one.

Damage symptoms

• Damage is caused both by nymphs and adults by rasping the lower surface of the leaf with their stylets and sucking the oozing cell sap.
• The injured surface is marked by the number of minute spots thereby producing a speckled silvery effect.
• Curling of the leaves is observed in case of heavy incidence.
• The thrips also attack blossoms and developing berries.
• The affected berries develop a corky layer and become brown and fetches low price in the market.

Natural enemies of thrips

• Predators: Predatory mite (Amblyseius swirskii), predatory thrips (Aeolothirps spp.), anthocorid bug (Orius insidiosus) etc.

Grape leaf folder

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are small (about 1/32 inches long), flat, iridescent, elliptical structures laid singly on the underside of a leaf, often in the angles between a vein and the leaf surface.
• Larva: Larvae are 3/4 inch long when fully grown. They are glossy, translucent yellow green on the sides and somewhat darker above, with scattered fine yellow hairs on each segment.
• The head and prothoracic shield are light brown, and there are light brown spots on the sides of the first two thoracic segments. Larvae wiggle vigorously when disturbed and drop to the ground.
• Pupa: Pupae average a little over 1/2 inch long; they are light brown just after pupation, but soon turn dark.
• Adult: The adult is a very dark brown, almost black, moth with a wingspread of about 1 inch. The front wings each have two white spots. The hindwings of the female also have two white spots, while those of the male have only one large white spot. There are two white bands across the abdomen. The male antennae are thickened and distorted in the center; the female antennae are smooth

Damage symptoms

• A larva is large enough it folds the leaf, exposing the under surface; the edge is held in place by bands of silk thread.
• It is within the protection of this fold that the larva feeds, skeletonizing the leaf of the upper surface.
• When the larvae are numerous the injury to the vine becomes conspicuous, even at a considerable distance, because the light color of the under surface of the folded leaves contrasts boldly with the dark green of the upper side normally presented, thus giving the vine a patchy appearance.
• Larvae roll muscadine leaves, which are thinner than bunch grape leaves.

Natural enemies of leaf folder

• Larval parasitoid: Bracon cushmani, Cardiochiles spp
• Predators: Lacewing, spider

Girdle beetle/grape cane girdler:

Biology

• Egg: The female hollows out a small cavity in the shoot, places a single egg into it ,and fills the egg cavity with frass. Then she proceeds to girdle the cane at two places: just below the egg cavity and several inches above. The egg is 0.7 mm long, and off-white. It takes about 10 days for the egg to hatch.
• Larva: The fully-grown larva is white with a brown head, legless, and measures 8 mm in length. It burrows in the center of the shoot on either side of the egg cavity larval development takes over a month. The shoot in which the larva feeds either breaks off at the girdled point or dies back to the first node below the egg cavity and drops to the ground
• Pupa: The pupa is light- colored but becomes darker just prior to emergence. Some of the adult features such as legs and snout are already clearly visible in the pupal stage. Development to the adult is completed after about two weeks.
• Adult: The shiny-black adults are small, 3 mm long weevils with a characteristic curved snout. Except for their color they resemble the reddish-brown adults of the grape cane gallmaker, Ampeloglypter sesostris. The adult beetles emerge from infested canes during August and subsequently overwinter in trash on the ground.
• In May of the following year the adults leave their over wintering sites. When grape shoots are 30 to 50 cm long, usually in late May before grape bloom, the female begins to lay her eggs and girdle new canes.
• Egg-laying continues for about one month.

Damaged symptoms

• The girdling by the female causes the terminal growth of the new shoots to bend over above the upper girdle and drop to the ground
• Later the whole infested shoot dies back to the lower girdle and falls from the vine Vines 'pruned' by the grape cane girdler have a ragged appearance suggesting serious injury to the plant.
• Girdling of the terminal growth has little or no effect on the crop unless fruit-producing nodes are close to attacked shoot tips.

Flea beetle

Biology

• Egg: Yellow to orange, cylindrical in shape, rounded on 1end and 1mm in length and 0.4 mm in width. Eggs are laid near the buds or loose cane.
• Larva: Newly hatched larvae is dark brown in colour but late turns light brown, 7-9 mm in length, and whole body is cover with back shiny and rectangular plates of varius sizes which gives the spotted appearance of larvae
• Pupa: Pupae bright yellow, 4-6 mm long, and with consipicous reddish brown eyes. Wings and legs are off white colour.
• Adult: Adults are oval in shape, metallic shining blue, and 4-5 mm in length. The antennae are thread like. The thighs of hind legs are enlarge and enabling the adult to jump quickly when disturbed.

Damage symptoms

• The adult beetles scrap the sprouting buds after each pruning.
• Damaged buds fail to sprout. The beetles also feed on tender shoots and leaves, and tendrils causing substantial damage.
• The tender shoots may wither and drop down. The losses are heavy when the sprouting buds are damaged after forward pruning.
• Damage is caused by adult beetles feeding on primary buds, which prevents them from developing into shoots, thus resulting in a decreased yield.
• The greatest economic loss occurs when beetles feed on buds from “bud swell” until the “first leaf separates from the shoot tip” stages.
• Once shoot growth reaches 7 cm, damage caused by the grape flea beetle normally does not affect yield.
• Although primary damage is caused by adult flea beetle to the developing buds, larval damage can also occur on the foliage and is typically limited to several leaves and vines.

Rose chafer beetle

Biology

• Egg: chafer needs sandy soil to lay eggs, plants on sandy sites are most likely to be infested. It feeds on plant material for 3 to 4 weeks, lays eggs in the soil, and then dies soon afterwards.
• Grub: The eggs hatch in 1 to 2 weeks, and the small white grubs feed on the roots of grasses and weeds. The rose chafer overwinters as larvae in the soil.
• Adult: The adult chafer is pale green to tan color, slender, approximately ½ inch long, with a reddish head and long, spiny, reddish brown legs.

Grapevine stem borer

Biology

• Egg: Capsule shaped eggs are laid singly in each of the slits and the slits are covered with a hard gummy substance.
• Larva: Newly hatched flat-headed cream coloured grubs burrow into the trunk or arms and feed inside and make them hollow.
• Pupa: Larvae pupate within 3-5 days, dark brown in colour.
• Adult: An adult beetle is about 4 cm long and dull yellow with minute spots. They remain inside the vine up to May. Thereafter, they pupate inside the tunnel made in the vine. The insect is a borer, the grub of which bores in to stem and branches and causes drying and withering of affected branches.
• The adult beetles start emerging from the vines during July to September by making a round hole on the vine. Female beetles make conspicuous slits on the bark of the trunk and arms of the vine.

Damage symptoms

• Presence of saw dust like substance under the vine indicates the damage done by the grub. Damaged vines get weakened and growth gets affected.
• The maturity of berries is also delayed which ultimately affects the grape production in terms of both yield and quality.

Natural enemies of stem borer

• Predators: Lacewing, coccinellids, King crow, dragon fly, spider, robber fly, praying mantis , Ovomermis albicans, a nematode.

Root-knot nematode

Biology

• Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and the adult male and female.
• Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first molt occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
• Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature.
• Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 70 to 80°F.

Damage symptoms

• Infected plants in patches in the field
• Formation of galls on host root system is the primary symptom
• Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a „beard root‟ symptom
• Infected roots become knobby and knotty
• In severely infected plants the root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent. The roots are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and transport of water and nutrients
• Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted
• Nematode infection predisposes plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens

Survival and spread

• Primary: Egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculums.
• Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water dispersed.

Favourable conditions

• Loamy light soils.

IPM for Grapes

To know the IPM practices for Grapes, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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108 ratings

 

3.07   

 

129 ratings

Nutritional Deficiencies of Grapes

1. Nitrogen
2. Potassium
3. Magnesium
4. Phosphorus
5. Sulphur
6. Boron
7. Iron
8. Manganese
9. Zinc
10. IPM for Grapes

Nitrogen

Deficiency symptoms

• Overall reduction in growth.
• Leaves become uniformly light-green or yellow. Reddening of petiole
• Berries may be small

Management

• Soil application of urea @ 20-60 Kg/acre
• Foliar spray of urea (0.3 – 0.5%) 1- 4 times along the growing season , depending on the deficiency severity.

Potassium

Deficiency symptoms

• Starts as yellowing (white varieties) or bronze-reddening (red varieties) of olderleaf margins.
• As the deficiency worsens, leaf margins become necrotic and curl upwards and inter-vein alchlorosis develops.
• Berry set can be poor.

Management

• Soil application of 200- 320 Kg K₂O/acre for 2-3 years
• Foliar sprays of sulphate of potash (0.4 -1%), 3-4 times every 15 d before and after flowering.
• Other commercial fertilizers containing K can be used

Magnesium

Deficiency symptoms

• Bright yellow (white varieties) or red (red varieties) wedge-shaped areas extend inwards between the veins on older leaves.
• When severe, necrosis extends inwards from the leaf margins.
• Fruit cluster stem necrosis and berry withering

Management

• Soil application of 20-40 Kg MgO/acre
• Foliar application of Magnesium sulphte (2%if MgO =32% or if MgO = 16%) or magnesium chloride /nitrate (1-1.5%) 3-6 times every week, beginning from fruit set
• Sprays against stem necrosis by magnesium sulphate (as above).

Phosphorus

Deficiency symptoms

• Vines may have stunted shoots and fruitfulness is likely to be poor.
• Appearance of red dots on basal leaves, especially on the mid or terminal lobes and at first distant from secondary veins.
• The red dots, at first randomly distributed, later line up at right angles to the secondary veins and form dark red bars, which coalesce into islands between green veins.

Management

• Apply ammonium mono phosphate as an N source (11-52-0).

Sulphur

Deficiency symptoms

• Reddening of young leaves. Red dots near the edges of adults leaves. Red dots may coalesce later into red bars at right angles to the vein leaves can drop
• Reduced growth lignification is impaired
• Small and loose cluster, due to reduced fruit set

Management

• Soil application of 20-40 Kg/acre P₂O₅

Boron

Deficiency symptoms

• Shoot tip death and short internodes, resulting in shoots with a zigzag appearance.
• Yellowing or reddening dots rolling down, corrugation and odd shapes in young leaves
• Fruit set is often poor and bunches often have „hen and chicken‟ berries
• Browning of hypodermal cells and breaking of berry

Management

• Soil application of borax(Sodium tetraborate) 12-32 Kg/acre
• Foliar application of solubor(20.5%B),0.25% 3 times every 15 days ,beginning from 5^th -6^th leaf development stage.

Iron

Deficiency symptoms

• Young leaves show interveinalchlorosis.
• When severe, leaves are likely to be very pale with necrotic blotches. Shoots are likely to be stunted in their growth.
• Loose cluster shot berries

Management

• Soil application of Fe-EDTA or foliar application of Ferrous Sulphate (250g/100 litre water) + citric acid (50g) + liquid detergent

Manganese

Deficiency symptoms

• Stunted growth
• Interveinal chlorosis or reddening of adults leaves. mosaic like arrangement of yellow /red spots, bordered by the smallest green veins
• Delay of berry ripening

Management

• Foliar sprays of manganese sulphate (0.2 -0.5%) , 3 times, one before and two after flowering
• Foliar sprays of Manganese chelates.

Zinc

Deficiency symptoms

• Short internodes, resulting in shoots with a zigzag appearance
• Shoot tips have small upward curling of leaves.
• Mottled, light coloured interveinal colouring on leaves. Small, poorly developed bunches with hen and chicken berries.

Management

• Soil application borax (sodium tertaborate) 12-16 Kg/acre
• Foliar sprays of zinc sulphate (0.5 -1.0%) neutralized with calcium carbonate,3 weeks before flowering

IPM for Grapes

To know the IPM practices for Grapes, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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