IPM Stratergies for Coffee

Coffee Diseases Coffee leaf rust Brown eye spot disease Damping off /Collar rot Black rot Berry blotch Die back or Anthranos...

Coffee Diseases

1. Coffee leaf rust
2. Brown eye spot disease
3. Damping off /Collar rot
4. Black rot
5. Berry blotch
6. Die back or Anthranose
7. Root Diseases
8. IPM for Coffee

Coffee leaf rust

Disease symptoms

• Infection occurs on the coffee leaves.
• The first observable symptoms are small, pale yellow spots on the upper surface of the leaves.
• As these spots gradually increase in diameter, mass of orange urediniospores (= uredospores) appear on the undersurface.
• The fungus sporulates through the stomata rather than breaking through the epidermis as most rusts do, so it does not form the pustules typical of many rusts.
• The powdery lesions on the underside of the leaves can be orange-yellow to red-orange in color, and this colour expression has considerable variation from one region to another.

Survival and spread

• Hemileia vastatrix survives primarily as mycelium in the living tissues of the host, and since infected leaves drop prematurely; this effectively removes a huge amount of potential inoculum from the epidemic.
• But a few green leaves always persist through the dry season, and dry urediniospores can survive about 6 weeks, so there is always some viable inoculum to infect the newly formed leaves at the start of the next rainy season.

Favourable conditions

• Rain or dew, high humidity. The whole process of infection requires about 24 to 48 hours of continuous free moisture, so while heavy dew is enough to stimulate urediniospore germination, infection usually occurs only during the rainy season.

Brown eye spot disease

Disease symptoms:

• Symptoms appear as small, chlorotic spots on leaves that expand to 3/16 to 5/8 inch in diameter.
• The outer portion of the leaf spot becomes brown, and the center appear grey.
• The eye-like appearance of the infected spot distinguishes it from other leaf spot diseases.
• Affected leaves may defoliate prematurely.

Survival and spread

• Pathogen survives in leaf debris.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity, rain, warm temperatures and drought, stress after flowering favours the disease.

Damping off /Collar rot

Damage symptoms

• The fungus causes pre-emergence and post emergence damping off.
• In post-mergence damping off, collar region near soil level is infected leading the rotting of tissues and death of seedlings.

Survival and spread

• Pathogen survives in the soil in the form of sclerotia which is the source of primary inoculum. The pathogen is dispersed as sclerotia, and these sclerotia dispersal occur by means of wind, water or soil movement between host plants.

Favourable conditions

• Presence of host plant, frequent rainfall/irrigation and increased temperatures in spring and summer favours the development of disease.

Black rot

Disease symptoms

• The most important symptom is dark brown or black decaying leaves, twigs and developing berries from which the name black rot is derived
• The leaves hang down by means of fungal mycelial strands – mycelial threads can be seen on twigs and petioles
• Sclerotia can be seen all over the affected areas. Infection leads to defoliation and berry drop.

Survival and spread

• The fungus mostly spreads by contact from leaf to leaf through the vegetative mycelium.
• The pathogen spread through infected plant debris.
• Mycelium lies on twigs throughout year.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity, rain and warm temperatures favour the disease.

Berry blotch

Disease symptoms

• Necrotic spots on the exposed surface of green berries enlarge and cover the major portion. Fruit skin shrivels and sticks fast to the parchment.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen is seed borne and conidia are spread by wind.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity, rain and warm temperatures favours the disease.

Die back or Anthranose

Disease symptoms

• On infected leaves circular to greyish spots of 2-3 mm in dia. appears.
• On berries small dark coloured sunken spots are formed. Beans become brown. Die-back also occurs.

Survival and spread

• The fungus occurs as a saprophyte on dead tissue on the outer layer of the bark, which provides the major source of inoculum.
• Fungus release large numbers of water borne conidia during the wet season.
• Conidia are spread by rain water percolating through the canopy and rain splash can disperse conidia between trees.
• Long distance dispersal occurs primarily by the carriage of conidia on passive vectors such as birds, machinery etc.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity, rain and warm temperatures favors the disease.

Root Diseases

Disease symptoms

• Stump or brown root disease: Affected bushes show a gradualyellowing of leaves and defoliation and death of plant.
• Affected roots are brittle and show dark brown wavy lines of the fungus.
• Red root disease: Affected bushes show a gradual yellowing of leaves and defoliation and death of plant
• Affected roots show dark red encrustation of the fungal mycelium. When the root is washed with water red colour of fungus mycelium could be confirmed.
• Fusarial root disease or wilt: Affected plants show sudden wilting and yellowing of leaves leading to defoliation and death of aerial parts.
• Roots turn brown to pinkish.

Survival and spread

• The fungus survives in soil or plant debris, which is the source of primary inoculum.

Favourable conditions

• The disease is favoured by cool and moist soils

IPM for Coffee

To know the IPM practices for Coffee, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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Coffee Nutritional Deficiencies

1. Nitrogen (N)
2. Phosphorus (P)
3. Potassium (K)
4. Calcium (Ca)
5. Magnesium (Mg)
6. Sulphur (S)
7. Zinc (Zn)
8. Iron (Fe)
9. Manganese (Mn)
10. Copper (Cu)
11. Boron (B)
12. Molybdenum (Mo)
13. IPM for Coffee

Nutrient	Deficiency symptoms & Ameliorative Measure	Excess Supply	Nutrient deficient leaves/plant
Nitrogen (N)
Yellowing of older leaves commencing from petiole, midrib, veins and extending to the whole leaf. Yellowing intensifies to olive or yellowish orange under more open conditions. Defoliation and die back, reduction in leaf size, poor growth when deficiency is severe. Remedial measure: Foliar application of 0.5 – 2.5% urea or soil application of N fertilizers.		Succulent growth, leaves will be dark green, thick and brittle; poor fruit set.
Phosphorus (P)
Reduced growth of plant, restricted root development and leaves dark green. Symptoms appear in older leaves. Irregular yellow areas appear first which may spread to the whole leaf producing mottled appearance. Leaves may turn red or violet under severe conditions and drop easily. Remedial measure: Foliar application of 0.5% SSP or 1% DAP.		Shows up as deficiency of Zn, Fe, or Co. Interferes with N absorption.
Potassium (K)
Necrosis or scorching of tip and margins in older leaves. Defoliation and dieback under severe deficiency. Remedial measure: Foliar application of 0.1% MOP.		Causes N deficiency in plant and may affect the uptake of other positive ions such as Mg and Ca
Calcium (Ca)
Inhibition of bud growth; young leaves abnormally green; leaf tips may stick together; curling/cupping of young leaves; stem structure weakened; premature shedding of fruit and buds. Remedial measure: Liming of soil with good quality calcitic lime		Interferes with Mg absorption; high Ca usually causes high pH which then precipitates many of the micronutrient so they become unavailable to the plant.
Magnesium (Mg)
In older leaves, large yellow areas (usually surrounded by a light green band) appear in between lateral veins and in either side of the midribs. Yellowing will gradually extend towards leaf margin. Severe deficiency leads to dark, necrotic spot on leaf tip and heavy defoliation. Remedial measure: Soil application of dolomitic lime or foliar spray of 0.1% Magnesium sulphate		Interferes with Ca uptake; small necrotic spots in older leaves; smaller veins in older leaves may turn brown; in advanced stage, young leaves may be spotted.
Sulphur (S)
Yellowing of the youngest pair of leaves; chlorosis of mature leaves with newer leaves smaller in size and more chlorotic than the mature leaves; shoot growth is restricted; roots and stems are thinner, hard and woody. Remedial measure: Soil application of elemental S or fertilizer containing S.		Usually excess S is from air pollution
Zinc (Zn)
Young leaves are abnormally small and narrow, lanceolate in shape with interveinal chlorosis; leaves bunched at the end of branch (rosette); short internodes; defoliation and dieback in severe deficiency. Remedial measure: Foliar spray of 0.25% Zinc Sulphate neutralized with spray lime.		Appears as Fe deficiency. Interferes with Mg.
Iron (Fe)
Interveinal chlorosis primarily on young tissue, which may turn light green to yellowish and white when deficiency is severe; all veins including the smallest ones remain green giving a very fine mottling/ reticulation. Remedial measure: Provide good drainage.		Rare except on flooded soils
Manganese (Mn)
Interveinal chlorosis in young leaves with checkered effect/coarse mottling; induced by excessively high pH. Remedial measure: Correcting soil pH		Smaller leaves, cupping of leaves along mid-rib; yellowing of the leaf margin; shortening of internodes; defoliation; found under strongly acid conditions
Copper (Cu)
Young leaves twisted and bent along the midrib; may show slight chlorosis in leaf margins; secondary veins salient (“ribs”), brown symmetric spots.		Can occur at low pH; shows up as Fe deficiency. Watery and blackish spots in the central part of leaf can also occur.
Boron (B)
Young leaves smaller, irregular in shape, leathery texture and without chlorosis; characteristic death of growing tip which turns black; development of lateral branches resulting in fan shaped structure. Remedial measure: Foliar application of boric acid 100g/200 litre water		No reduction in leaf size, mottled chlorosis near the margin, purple hue in the base of mid rib. Tips and margins of leaves exhibit chlorotic/necrotic spots coalescing into a marginal scorch; oldest leaves are affected first; plants are easily damaged by excess application
Molybdenum (Mo)
Very rarely Mo deficiency occurs. Interveinal chlorosis on older leaves; twisted leaves (whiptail); marginal scorching and rolling or cupping of leaves; symptoms similar to N deficiency may develop.		Intense yellow or purple color in leaves; rarely observed

IPM for Coffee

To know the IPM practices for Coffee, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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Coffee Beneficial Insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Larval/grub parasitoids
2. Nymphal/larval and adult parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Coffee

Parasitoids

Larval/grub parasitoids

Nymphal/larval and adult parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Coffee

To know the IPM practices for Coffee, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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Coffee Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-planting
2. Nursery
3. Planting stage
4. Young coffee plantations
5. Reproductive stage

Management	Activity
Pre-planting
	Common cultural practices: Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations. Land is cleared of heavy vegetation and large rocks prior to planting coffee. Selective retention of evergreen trees providing filtered shade at a spacing of 9 - 12 m is desirable. The land should be divided into blocks of convenient size by laying out footpaths and roads in between. Uprooting and in situ burning should clear the ground level bushy growth.
Nutrients	Soil should be deep, friable, open textured rich in plant nutrients with plenty of humus and of slightly acidic nature (pH – 4.5 to 6.5)
Weeds	Keep boundaries of coffee plantations weed free to prevent dispersal of weed seed.. Field should be well prepared by tillage operations and after tillage; the underground reproductive propagules of weeds must be collected and destroyed. Digging out of tubers and rhizomes of weeds is discouraged to prevent re-infestation from fragmented underground propagules.
Nematodes and soil borne pests	Cultural control: Use virgin soil for preparation of nurseries. Nurseries should be located far away from infested plantations. Gap filling should be practiced every year. Use resistant/tolerant Arabica varieties Sln 795, Sln 7, Sln 9, Sln 10 HRC (Hawaian Red Caturra) and Chandragiri Robusta varieties Sln 274, Sln 3, Peridenia C x R
Nursery
Nutrients	Apply nutrients on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the agro-climatic zone. Select light loamy soil of good drainage with high organic matter content with water and shade facilities. Form raised beds of 15 cm height, 1m width and at convenient length. Incorporate 30 - 40 kg of well rotten compost, 2 kg of finely sieved agricultural lime and 400 g of rock phosphate to a bed of 1 x 6 m size. In heavy soils, it is necessary to add coarse sand for drainage and aeration. Pre-sowing seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium should be done. Seeds are sown in in the bed 1.5 - 2.5 cm apart with the flat side down wards in regular rows and covered with a thin layer of fine soil and a layer of paddy straw. Water the beds daily and protect from direct sunlight by an over head pandal. Seeds germinate in about 45 days after which they are transplanted to a secondary nursery beds for raising bag nursery. Bag nursery- Polythene bags are filled with a prepared mixture containing jungle soil, FYM and sand in the proportion of 6:2:1. Seedlings are planted in polythene bags.
Weeds	Keep the nursery weed free by hand pulling of the weeds
Damping off	Cultural control: Do not re-use old nursery soil Avoid excess humidity in the nursery Disinfect soil prior to seeding. If the disease appears, affected seedlings and those surrounding them should be destroyed
Brown eye spot	Cultural control: Improvement of tree nutrition and shading should be sufficient to control the disease
Coffee scales	Cultural control: Destroy ant nests from the shade trees Promoting conducive environmental conditions for growth of the white halo fungus (Verticillium lecanii) Biological control Fungus: Verticillium lecanii Predators: Ladybugs.Parasitiods :Parasitic wasps.
Planting stage
Nutrients	Selective shade lopping may be done After the summer showers, pits of 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm are dug at 2 x 2 feet. The pits are left open for weathering and then filled and heaped for planting. At the time of filling, apply 500 g of rock phosphate and 20 g mycorrhiza culture per pit along with top soil. Planting is done along the contour in sloppy areas.
Weeds	Plant cover crop to avoid ground exposure. Use weed free compost and straw mulches. Plant green manure crop between rows. Closer spacing of plants, inter-planting with temporary shade trees (Gliricidia, Erythrina), use of quick growing planting materials will help uniform ground coverage and thereby reducing the weed growth.
Young coffee plantations
Irrigation	Promote irrigation in low rain fall areas. Irrigation enhances the fruit set. Promote backup irrigation after 15 days of blossom in robusta variety.
Nutrients	Nutrient Management - Apply major nutrients according to the age and growth stage of the crop as indicated in the table below; Age of plants Pre Blossom March N:P2O5:K 2O Post blossom May N:P2O5:K 2O Post monsoon October N:P 2O5:K2 O Total Young coffee 1st year after planting 15:10:15 15:10:15 15:10:15 45:30:45 2nd and 3rd year 20:10:20 20:10:20 20:15:20 60:45:60 4th year 30:20:30 20:20:20 30:20:30 80:60:80 Bearing coffee 5 years and above 40:30:40 40:30:40 40:30:40 140:90:120 For heavy bearing plants, nutrient requirement is high so, additional dose of nutrient should be applied.
Weeds	Slash weeding is recommended before flowering of weeds.
Coffee scales	Cultural control: Destroy ant nests from the shade trees Promoting conducive environmental conditions for growth of the white halo fungus (Verticillium lecanii) Biological control Fungus: Verticillium lecanii Predators: Ladybugs.Parasitiods :Parasitic wasps
White coffee stem borer	Management: Maintain optimum shade on the estates. (two tier system of shade trees). Trace the infested plants prior to flight periods i.e., before end of March and September every year by looking for ridges on the main stem and thick primaries. Collar prune the infested plants, uproot if the borer has entered into the root, and burn the affected plants immediately. Remove the loose scaly bark of the main stem and thick primaries using a coir glove or coconut husk to eliminate the cracks and crevices which are used by the female beetle to place eggs on the stem. Scrubbing should be done just prior to the flight preferably during March to September as this operation is mainly aimed at preventing stem borer females from depositing eggs. but care must be taken not to damage the wood under the bark. Spray Chloropyrifos 20 EC at the dosage of 600ml in 200l of water along with 200ml of any wetting agent on the main stem and thick primaries during the early part of the flight period i.e., April and October every year. In hot spot areas i.e., open patches and estate borders with badly managed estates, adopt scrubbing or 10% lime coating or stem wrapping with empty fertilizer bags after removing affected plants by tracing. Pheromone trap can install in the field at a height of 1.8m to 2m from the ground. The traps should be spaced out in the form of a grid of 25 traps ha-1 with a spacing of 20m between them.
Coffee berry borer	Cultural and Mechanical control: Proper adoption of cultural practices and phytosanitary measures important for management of coffee berry borer. Transportation of infested coffee to uninfected areas is the main reason for spread. Gunny bags should be fumigated with aluminium phosphide (ALP) under pest control agency/ technical expert approved by PPA before delivery to estates to avoid cross infestation. Timely harvest. Spread gunny bags or polythene sheets at the time of harvest to minimize gleaning. Remove gleanings and left overs. Maintain optimum shade and good drainage. Dipping infested berries in boiling water for 2-3 minutes kills all the stages inside. Drying of coffee beans with prescribed moisture content level during storage. o Arabica (10% moisture content) o Roubsta (11% moisture content) Install broca traps@ 10/acre at the distance of 20meter to collect the beetles after the coffee harvest. Traps can be installed around the drying yard during drying Biological control Application of spore suspension on the infested coffee bushes using a Knapsac sprayer during evening hours.
Shot hole borer	Mechanical control: Prune the effected twigs 2.5 to 7cm below the sht-hole and burn Remove and destroy all the unwanted / infested suckers during summer. Maintain thin shade and provide good drainage in the estate. Chemical control: Spraying of systemic fungicide Propiconazole (Tilt 25 EC) during August-September at the dosage of 0.02% a.i., i.e.,160ml in 200 l of water.
Root lesion nematode	Mechanical control: Dig up the nursery site and expose the soil to the sun during summer. Avoid obtaining nursery plants from unknown source Chemical control: Drench the seedlings in the nursery bag with carbosulfan 25 EC at the rate of 280 ml in 200 l of water. Mechanical control: Maintain adequate shade
Coffee mealy bug	Control ants by dusting quinalphos 1.5% or methyl parathion 2% Spray affected patches with 4 l of kerosene in 22 l of water along with 200 ml of any agricultural wetting agent. If the roots are infested with mealy bug and fungal association, drench the soil near the root zone with any one of the above insecticide along with 160g of Bayleton 25WP in 200 l of water. In case of young plants (2-4 years) drench with roger 30EC at 3.3ml per litre of water. Biological control: Leptomastix dactylopii
Green Scale & Brown Scale	Mechanical control: Control ants in the case of mealy bugs Remove and burn weeds which harbor the scale. Chemical control: Spray the affected patches with either quinalphos 25 EC at the dosage of 120 ml or dimethoate 30EC at 170ml in 200 l of water
Coffee red borer	Follow common cultural practices and mechanical control
Hairy caterpillar, white grub	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Coffee bean beetle	Cultural control: Maintain optimum temperature, relative humidity and moisture content (less than111%)
Coffee leaf rust	Cultural control: Wider spacing and appropriate pruning Chemical control: Spray copper oxychloride 50% WP 1.5-2.2 kg in 300-400 l of water/acre
Coffee berry disease	Cultural control: Provide recommended spacing specific to varieties Assure proper shade. Avoid retaining of infected berries.
Coffee wilt disease	Cultural control: Promote resistant varieties. Use disease free planting materials. Uproot and destroy the infected trees. Make a trench around the trees to depth of 30 cm and make sure the soil should be inside the circle.
Coffee stem canker	Cultural control: Promote resistant varieties. Use disease free planting materials. Uproot and destroy the infected trees. Make a trench around the trees to depth of 30 cm and make sure the soil should be inside the circle.
Brown eye spot disease	Cultural control: Brown eye disease is associated with a lack of in particular nitrogen and a lack of shade Improvement of tree nutrition and shading should be sufficient to control the disease
Black rot	Cultural control: Removal of diseased portions Chemical control: Copper oxy chloride 50% WP 1.5-2.2 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre
Berry blotch	Cultural control: Maintain medium shade overhead
Dieback/Ant hracnose	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Root rot	Cultural control: Burn the plants at site, isolate affected patches by digging deep trenches, ring the bark and poison the shade trees while thinning. Remove the affected plants and treat the soil at 1kg lime per plant to raise the soil pH. Treat the soil around the affected area with PDCB or brassicol at 0.4%. Maintain the vigour of plants.
Reproductive stage
Nutrients	As per table above. The rate of fertilizer application for mature coffee varies with yield and soil test values. Apply the recommended quantity of mixtures along the drip circle of plants. In the semi-circular furrow taken above the plant on the slope. Apply the fertilizers when there is adequate soil moisture and when the plantations are free from weeds.
Weeds	Hand weeding around collar region of young bushes is always safe and it should be done. Care should be taken so that the weeds do not flower and seeds infest the new areas.

Note: The dosages of pesticides use are based on high volume sprayer

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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Coffee Pests

1. Pests of Major Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
1. Broadleaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
3. Nematodes
4. Non insect pests
5. IPM for Coffee

Pests of Major Significance

Insect pests

• White coffee stem borer: Xylotrechus quadripes (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
• Coffee berry borer: Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• Coffee root mealybug: Planococcus citri Risso & P. lilacinus Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
• Shot hole borer: Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• Brown scale: Saissetia coffeae Walker (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
• Green scale: Coccus viridis Green (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
• Cock chafers or white grubs: Holotrichia spp. (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae)
• Hairy caterpillars: Eupterote spp. (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae)
• Coffee bean beetle: Araecerus fasciculatus (De. Geer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)
• Red coffee borer: Zeuzera coffeae Nietner (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

Diseases

• Coffee leaf rust: Hemileia vastatrix (Berk.)
• Black rot or koleroga: Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome

Root diseases

• Brown root disease: Fomes noxius Corner
• Red root disease: Poria hypolateritia Berk.
• Sandavery root disease: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. coffeae
• Coffee trunk canker: Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ell. & Halst)
• Berry blotch: Cercospora coffeicola (Cooke) Stev. & Wellman
• Brown eye spot disease: Mycosphaerella coffeicola (Cooke) Stev. & Wellman
• Coffee berry disease: Colletotrichum kahawae Waller & Bridge
• Coffee wilt disease: Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert
• Coffee bark disease: Fusarium stilboides Wollenw
• Damping off/Collar rot: Pellicularia filamentosa (Pat.) Rogers, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn
• Die back/ Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Mitchell.

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Slender amaranth: Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Climbing dayflower: Commelina diffusa L. (Commelinaceae)
• Puncture vine: Tribulus terrestis L. (Zygophyllaceae)
• Purslane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae)
• Garden spurge: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Grasses

• Bermuda grass: Cynodonn dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
• Large crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis L. (Poaceae)
• Purple top chloris: Chloris barbata Swartz (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Nematodes

• Lesion Nematode: Pratylenchus coffeae Goodey (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)
• Root-knot Nematode: Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid & White (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)

Non insect pests

• Mollusc: Giant coffee snail: Achatina fulica Férussac
• Rodents and Bats.

IPM for Coffee

To know the IPM practices for Coffee, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage