IPM Stratergies for Cherry

  21 ratings and Cherry Pests Pests of National Significance Insect pests Diseases Weeds Broadleaf Grasses Sed...

 

21 ratings and

Cherry Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
1. Broadleaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
4. Pest of Regional significance
1. Insect pests
5. IPM for Cherry

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Stem borer: Aeolesthes sarta Solsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
• Round headed borer: Macrotoma crenata Lameere (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
• Indian gypsy moth/Kashmir willow defoliator/hairy caterpillar: Lymantria obfuscata Walk. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Diseases

• Leaf spot/shot hole/brown rot: Cercospora circumcissa Sacc; C. rubrotincta Ellis & Everh
• Bacterial gummosis: Pseudomonas sp
• Silver leaf canker: Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar
• White root rot: Dematophora necatrix Berl. ex Prill
• Whiskers rot: Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill.
• Collar rot/root rot: Phytophthora sp
• Coryneum blight/shot hole: Stigmina carpophila (Lév.) M.B. Ellis
• Powdery mildew: Podosphaera clandestine (Wallr.) Lév.
• Crown Gall: Agrobacterium tumefaciens Smith Townsend
• Prunus Necrotic Ringspot: Virus

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Tropical spiderwort: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae)
• Creeping wood sorrel: Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
• Goat weed:Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Sow thistle: Sonchus spp. (Asteraceae)
• Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Mock strawberry: Duchesnea indica (Andr). Focke (Rosaceae)
• Musk rose/rosehip: Rosa moschata Herrm. (Rosaceae)
• Brambles: Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)
• Common purslane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae)

Grasses

• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Perse. (Poaceae)
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
• Cogon grass: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae)
• Large crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis L. (Scop.) (Poaceae)
• Knot grass: Paspalum distichum L. (Poaceae)
• Wire grass: Eleusine indica L. (Poaceae)
• Coutch grass: Elymus repens L. Gould. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Annual sedge: Cyperus compressus L. (Cyperaceae)

Pest of Regional significance

Insect pests

• Leaf roller/tiger moth: Panaxia principalis Kollar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Mealy plum aphid: Hyalopterus arundinis Geoffroy (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Case bearer caterpillar: Coleophora nigricella Stephens (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae)
• Pear psylla: Psylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
• Defoliating beetles: Adoretus sp. & Brahmina sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Root borer: Dorysthenes hugelii Redt. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Green peach aphid: Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Chaffer beetle: Protaetia impavida Jonson (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Blossom thrips: Thrips flavus Schrank (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

IPM for Cherry

To know the IPM practices for Cherry, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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31 ratings

Cherry Beneficial insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Larval parasitoids:
2. Nymphal/adult parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Cherry

Natural Enemies of Cherry Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Larval parasitoids:

 

Nymphal/adult parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Cherry

To know the IPM practices for Cherry, click here.

Source: NIPHM ; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.9   

 

31 ratings

Cherry Diseases

1. Leaf spot/shot hole
2. Bacterial gummosis
3. Silver leaf canker:
4. White root rot
5. Collar rot
6. Coryneum blight/shot hole
7. Powdery mildew
8. Crown gall
9. Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
10. IPM for Cherry

Leaf spot/shot hole

Disease symptoms

• Cercospora leaf spot is a fungal disease that occurs on leaves when plants are under stress.
• The fungus can develop both in seedbeds and after plants have been transplanted into bags
• Brown spots on leaves gradually expanding with reddish brown margin.
• Spots occur on the both leaf.
• Then there are many spots on leaves appear to have been burnt.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives in the soil as well as in plant debris.

Favourable conditions

• Lack of air movement. Soil too wet and too much shade or too much sun favour the development of disease.
• Lack of nitrogen and potassium.

Bacterial gummosis

Disease symptoms

• Cankers on twigs at bases of flower and leaf buds, in pruning wounds or at the base of spurs which exude amber colored gum
• Cankers spread upwards and form sunken areas in winter; if pathogen enters dormant buds they may be killed or open normally in Spring before collapsing in early Summer; infected buds may be symptomless

Survival and spread

• Pseudomonas syringae survives on plant surfaces, is spread by splashing rain, and is favored by high moisture and low temperatures in spring.
• The disease is worse in low or sandy spots in the orchard. Vigorous trees are less susceptible to bacterial canker, while young trees, 2 to 8 years old, are most affected. The disease rarely occurs in first year of planting, and is uncommon in nurseries.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity and warm temperature favour the development of disease.

Silver leaf canker:

Disease symptoms

• Silver Leaf is a fungal disease and its name refers to the silver luster of leaves that occurs on some hosts
• First sign of the disease is twig and branch die-back. Leaves that are affected may later start to show brown areas in the middle and at the edges.
• Toxins produced by the fungus affect leaves, and on some hosts it may kill branches or entire trees. Diagnosis can be confirmed by cutting through a branch that is at least 2.5cm (1in) in diameter, wetting the cut surface and checking it for a brown stain in the wood.

Survival and spread

• The fungus survives in the soil as well as in twig canker.

Favourable conditions

• High soil moisture and temperature

White root rot

Disease symptoms

• Yellow foliage, shriveled fruit, and little or no new growth are symptoms of Dematophora root rot
• Cottony, white mycelia cover small feeder roots, and roots decay.
• Mycelia grow into soil and upward in the tree, forming small, pale patches under or in bark of major roots, the root crown, and lower trunk, which eventually decay.
• Older mycelium becomes gray or black. The fungus can also cause a purple canker in wood at the root crown of young trees.
• Diseased trees will defoliate and always die prematurely, usually within 1 to 3 years of initial infection.

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Soil, seed, water
• Secondary: Conidia through rain splash or wind

Favourable conditions

• Wet and water lodged soil, heavy rain and 14-17 ºC helpful for disease development.

Collar rot

Disease symptoms

• Symptom expression depends upon how much of the root or crown tissues are affected and how quickly they are destroyed.
• Generally, crown rots advance rapidly and trees collapse and die soon after the first warm weather of spring. Leaves of such trees wilt, dry, and remain attached to the tree. Chronic infections, usually of the roots, cause reduction in growth and early senescence and leaf fall.
• These trees may be unthrifty for several years before succumbing to the disease. Phytophthora infections typically kill young trees because their root systems and crown areas are small compared to those of mature trees.

Survival and spread

• Pathogen overwinters in infected trees, or in colonized fallen plant debris.

Fabourable conditions

• Fungus favours cool (10-16 ºC) wet soil.

Coryneum blight/shot hole

Disease symptoms

• First symptoms of infection appear as small red spots on young leaves which enlarge and become purple with a tan-white center.
• The spots then drop out of the leaf blade to leave a “shothole.” Severe leaf infections produce numerous holes and give the affected leaves a very tattered appearance.
• Fruit infections begin as purple-red spots on the fruit skin as early as shuck-split and may occur as late as at harvest.

Survival and spread

• The fungus typically overwinters on infected dormant buds and in small twig cankers.

Favourable conditions

• Temperatures of 70-80°F and wet weather splashed and wind-blown rain favours the development of disease.

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms

• Light colored circular lesions on leaves inside tree canopy which develop a powdery appearance; lesions may coalesce to cover leaf.
• If infection is severe, leaves may blister and infected shoots may be distorted and stunted; infected fruits may have slightly depressed areas on the surface containing.

Survival and spread

• The fungus overwinters in buds on twigs and as chasmothecia, which are sporecontaining structures, on the bark of twigs and branches.
• Secondary spores produced in spring spread the fungus to new growth.

Favourable conditions

• nfections can be severe in commercial orchards during years of low rainfall, high humidity, and warm temperatures (70 to 80°F).

Crown gall

Disease symptom

• Rough, abnormal galls develop on roots or trunk. Galls are not hard, but soft and spongy.
• The centers of older galls decay. Young trees become stunted; older trees often develop secondary wood rots.

Survival and spread

• The batceria survives in the soil.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity and warm temperature favour the development of disease

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus

Disease symptom:

• Symptoms Shock symptoms, followed by chronic symptoms, are produced in trees not already infected.
• The occurrence of shock symptoms apparently depends on climatic conditions.
• The number of virus strains and the difference in tolerance of host species results in unlimited variations in symptoms.
• Symptoms generally consist of chlorosis, necrosis, leaf deformity, and stunting. Entire plants may be affected, or only a portion may show symptoms.
• Normal PNRSV symptoms consist of a few rings or chlorotic areas that may develop into severe necrotic spotting and a shothole appearance.
• Careful inspection of sweet cherry trees in late spring may reveal scattered older leaves or entire spurs with necrotic spotting or etched rings.
• Sometimes one branch will show tattered leaves or symptoms of the rugose mosaic strain.
• Yield on trees infected with the normal strain is reduced about 5%.

Survival and spread:

• Virus spreads through transmission by vectors
• Weed hosts serve as natural virus reservoirs.
• Long and continuous dry spell increases the disease incidence.

IPM for Cherry

To know the IPM practices for Cherry, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.9   

 

31 ratings

Cherry Insect Pests

1. Stem borer
2. Shot hole borer/pin hole borer
3. Pear psylla
4. Green peach aphid
5. Thrips
6. IPM for Cherry

Stem borer

Biology

• Eggs: White, 3–4 mm long. Usually 1 to 3 eggs are laid per niche and females may lay a total of 240 to 270 eggs. The development of larvae within the egg lasts 9 to 17 days.
• Larva: Pale yellowish, covered with golden hairs, 60–70 mm long, with black mandibles.
• Pupa: The following spring, the larvae resume feeding and construct tunnels deep into the wood. At the end of July, they prepare pupation cells protected by double plugs made from borings. Pupation occurs in these cells and about two weeks later adults appear.
• Adult: The adult of A. sarta has an elongated dark grey-brown body, 28–47 mm long, with elytra covered with short silvery hairs. Shiny silvery spots form two irregular bands crossing the elytra. The male is usually smaller than the female. The male has antennae 2.5 times as long as the body, whereas the female antennae are shorter than the body.

Damage symptoms

• Large emergence holes in trunks and large branches, and borings at the basis of infested trees, are indications of the presence of the pest. The adult beetles are conspicuous and may be seen sitting on the trunks. Branch and tree dieback is easily detected by seeing wilting and drying leaves.

Shot hole borer/pin hole borer

Biology:

• Eggs: The female lays 52 eggs on an average. The eggs hatch in 5 to 7 days.
• Larva: The larvae have 5 instars and complete their development in 38 to 50 days constructing larval galleries 5-8 cm in length.
• Pupa: The larvae pupate for 6-18 days and finally the adults emerge to attack new suitable trees.
• Adults: The adults live for 45-60 days and the total life-span of this species ranges from 97 to 124 days. This common shot-hole borer overwinters in larval stage on trees. The copulation takes place at the entrance hole. The maternal gallery is one armed longitudinal, in average 4.6 cm long.

Life cycle

Natural enemies of shot hole/pin hole borer

• Parasitoids: Rhaphitelus maculatus, Eurytoma morio, Eupelmus vindex, Cheiropachus quadrum, Spathius sp, Macromesus harithus, Heydenia indica, Eupelmus vindex, Eupelmus kashmiricus and Eupelmus valsus

• Predators: Monomorium minutum , Tetramorium christiei, Polemistus sp., big-eyed bug, earwig, ground beetle, pentatomid bug.
• Entomopathognic fungi: Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium aurantiogriseum and Geosmithia putterillii

Pear psylla

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are minute, oval, and creamy white to yellow. Eggs laid before buds open in spring, and through early fall, eggs are deposited in lines or rows on the terminals and fruit spurs after buds open, eggs are deposited along mid-veins and petioles of developing leaves and on stems and sepals of blossoms. Eggs are hatch when foliage appears and continues throughout growing season.
• Nymph: Early instars are about 1.6 mm long and light yellow; later instars are dark green to dark brown with wing pads and two conspicuous red eyes. Nymphs are cylindrical, but appear flattened and found on the undersides of leaves. Pass through five instars, which are generally covered by a drop of honeydew. Moves little at first but later instars move easily. Feeds and develops on new growth and water sprouts. Produces honeydew.
• Adult: Adults are 4 mm long and red-brown to black; larger and darker than summer adults. It resembles miniature cicada with wings held roof-like over the abdomen. Hides under bark, under litter on the orchard floor, or in sites outside the orchard. Adults leave the pear trees in Oct.-Nov. for wintering sites and return about 6 weeks before bloom. Feed by sucking juice from the host tree. Begin laying eggs after buds begin to swell.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms

• Nymphs and adults suck sap primarily from the tender foliage of the new shoots and water sprouts. Feeding by nymphs produces a large amount of honeydew, which makes the tree sticky and promotes the growth of sooty mold (black fungus). The honeydew can run onto fruit causing dark russet blotches or streaks resulting in unmarketable fruit.

 

Natural enemies of psylla

Predators: Lacewings, ladybird beetles, minute pirated bugs, predatory mites, anthocorid bugs, spiders

Green peach aphid

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are deposited on Prunus spp. trees. The eggs measure about 0.6 mm long and 0.3 mm wide, and are elliptical in shape. Eggs initially are yellow or green, but soon turn black. Mortality in the egg stage sometimes is quite high.
• Nymph: Nymphs initially are greenish, but soon turn yellowish, greatly resembling viviparous (parthenogenetic, nymph-producing) adults. They are of four instars, with the duration of each averaging 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, and 2.0 days, respectively. Females gave birth to offspring six to 17 days after birth, with an average age of 10.8 days at first birth. The average length of life was about 23 days, but this was under caged conditions where predators were excluded. The daily rate of reproduction averaged 1.6 nymphs per female. The maximum number of generations observed annually during these studies was determined to be 20 to 21, depending on the year.
• Adult: Up to 8 generations may occur on Prunus in the spring, but as aphid densities increase winged forms are produced, which then disperse to summer hosts. Winged (alate) aphids have a black head and thorax, and a yellowish green abdomen with a large dark patch dorsally. Theymeasure 1.8 to 2.1 mm in length. Winged green peach aphids seemingly attempt to colonize nearly all plants available. They often deposit a few young and then again take flight. This highly dispersive nature contributes significantly to their effectiveness as vectors of plant viruses.

Life cycle

Damage symtpoms

• Most species of plant feeding thrips, have piercing and rasping mouthparts.
• The surface of the leaf develops a crinkled silvery appearance as a result of damage to cells below the surface.
• Lightly-infested plants show silvery feeding scars on the under surface of leaves, especially alongside the mid rib and veins.
• Heavily-infested plants show silvering and browning of leaves, stunting of young leaves and terminal growth, with fruit scarred and deformed.

• Developing leaves become distorted in the growing tips.

Natural enemies of thrips

• Parasitoids: Thripobius semiluteus
• Predators: Predatory mite, predatory thrips, hover fly, mirid bug, Oligota spp., Orius spp etc.

Thrips

Biology:

• Egg: The eggs are deposited within plant tissues singly.
• Larva and pupa: Larvae have two stages, which feed on plant tissues. The second instar larvae, when mature, fall to ground, where they molt to prepupae and pupae in the soil.
• Adult: After emergence, the adults move to the growing parts of the plants such as young leaves, flowers, or young fruits, where they feed and lay eggs (about 200 eggs per female). Adults are usually found on young leaves, while larvae are found on lower or older leaves. A 25°C, the life cycle is completed in approximately 17 days. Adults are winged sucking rasping insects ranging from 5-14 mm in length. Their slender bodies are shiny pale or black with silver stripes Life cycle completed in 11-43 days. Produce many generations in a year heaviest damage occur in spring. In colder region, life cycle is longer with fewer generations.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Most species of plant feeding thrips, have piercing and rasping mouthparts.
• The surface of the leaf develops a crinkled silvery appearance as a result of damage to cells below the surface.
• Lightly-infested plants show silvery feeding scars on the under surface of leaves, especially alongside the mid rib and veins.
• Heavily-infested plants show silvering and browning of leaves, stunting of young leaves and terminal growth, with fruit scarred and deformed.
• Developing leaves become distorted in the growing tips

Natural enemies of thrips:

• Parasitoids: Thripobius semiluteus
• Predators: Predatory mite, predatory thrips, hover fly, mirid bug, Oligota spp., Orius spp etc.

IPM for Cherry

 

 

To know the IPM practices for Cherry, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.9   

 

31 ratings

Cherry: Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-planting*
2. Planting*
3. Vegetable stage
4. Reproductive/fruiting stage

Management	Activity
Pre-planting*
	Common cultural practices: Timely planting should be done. Use resistant and non–infected planting material Proper field selection should be made for raising the orchards of cherry. Avoid planting of saplings infected with scales, borer and disease Make use of balanced dose of chemical fertilizers and avoid excessive use of nitrogen which should be used in split doses only. Grow the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the orchard bunds. Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum for the management of aphids and thrips. French bean acts as an attractant plant for predatory thrips. Grow ecological engineering plants.
Nutrients	Nutrient should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone. Prepare land by ploughing and harrowing. Pits of 1m x 1m x 1m size are dug at a distance of 6 m on contour lines or in square system of planting. Pits are filled with a mixture of top soil, 35-40 Kg farmyard manure and half Kg super phosphate one month before planting.
Weeds	Deep summer ploughing
Soil borne fungus, resting stages of insects and weeds	Cultural control: Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil-borne pests. Biological control: Apply neem cake @ 100 Kg/acre at the time of transplanting for reducing borer damage as well as to reduce the soil borne diseases while preparing the nurseries.
Planting*
Nutrients	Planting is done in December-January in pits already filled with farm yard manure. Add mycorrhiza culture @ 50 g/pit or a basket of soil taken from old cherry orchard to ensure mycorrhiza association with seedling roots.
Weeds	Plough the field before the planting Use weed free seedlings for planting. Remove weeds from the pits before planting.
Diseases and insect pests	Select resistant varieties.
Vegetable stage
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts. Apply white wash impregnated with glue regularly on the tree trunks to avoid sun burn and winter injury. 2-3 bee colonies/ha should be provided on each orchard at the time of bloom. Proper irrigation should be adopted. Trees should neither be forced to drought nor water lodging conditions. Rogue out infected plants Avoid water lodging at tree base and improve drainage of the orchards. Maintain vigour of the tree to keep away shot hole/pin hole borers, bark beetles and other pest infestation. Keep the trees as free as possible from mechanical wounds, winter injury, crotch separation and canker. Proper pruning of the trees be made for obtaining quality fruits and good yield. Pruning cuts should be made close to the branches leaving no stubs. Cut wound should be covered with superior white lead pants. Solarization of nursery beds should be under taken to destroy soil pests. Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed. Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages of plant The infested shoots and seed capsules may be collected and destroyed Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use yellow sticky traps for aphids and blue for thrips @ 4-5 trap/acre. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Erect bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies. Ladybird beetle, Adalia sp, Synharmonia sp, Exochomus sp, Stethorus sp @ 30-50 adults/infested tree. Lacewing and Syrphus sp. @ 10-20 first instar larvae/tree
Nutrients	Since fruit development and vegetative growth occurs simultaneously, it has high demand for mineral nutrients. The amount of manure and fertilizer to be applied is influenced by the age or size of tree, soil types, fertility, cultural practices and anticipated fruit yield. For achieving higher yields of quality product, generally nutrients should be applied according to the age of plant using organic and inorganic sources as mentioned below; Age of tree (years) Farm Yard Manure (Kg) Fertilizers (grams per plant) Calcium Ammo. Nitrate (CAN) Super Phosphate (SSP) Muriate of Potash 1-3 10-20 200-600 160-480 100-300 4-6 25-35 800-1200 640-960 400-600 7-9 35-50 1400-1800 1120-1440 700-900 10th year and above 60 2000 1600 1000   Farmyard manure should be applied in December along with a full dose of super phosphate and muriate of potash. Nitrogen is applied in 2 splits, first half at 2-3 weeks before flowering and the remaining half a month later. The fertilizers should be applied in 20-30 cm deep and 30cms wide trench along the drip line of the tree.
Weeds	Mulch the tree basin in April with 10 to 15 cm thick dry grass or hey to reduce weeds and conserve the soil moisture Grow green mannuring crops e.g. bean, pea, red clover or white clover in the tree basins to manage the weed and improve soil texture and fertility. Us slashing and mowing between the rows to control the weeds.
Root borer**	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Avoid growing Malvaceous crops in sequence. For others follow common cultural practices. Mechanical control: Collect and destroy the grubs of root borer while preparing basin. Destroy the affected seedlings. Biological control: Spray NSKE 5%
Stem borer/ round headed borer	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Follow common cultural control. Mechanical control: Clean the stem borer hole with flexible wire and plug the hole with 25 mud/cow Cover the exposed part of the stem with dry grass or gunny bag once a month from March to October. Biological control: Spray NSKE 5%
Shot hole borer/pin head borer	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Maintaining trees in a sound and vigorous condition with sufficient fertilizers, water, and sunburn prevention will keep uninfested tree limbs from becoming damaged and prevent attack by this beetle. Pruning can be helpful in eliminating areas in older trees infested with shot hole borer. Severely infested trees should be removed. Burn or remove all infested wood from the orchard before the growing season starts. Do not leave pruned limbs or stumps (healthy or infested) near orchards (for example, woodpiles) as beetles can emerge from these materials before they dry out and then migrate into orchards. Biological control: Spray NSKE 5%
Aphids**, mealy plum aphid, green peach aphid	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Hairy caterpillar, case bearer caterpillar**	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Mechanical control: · Stapling burlap skirts around tree trunks infested with hairy caterpillars and collection of larvae and pupae from May to end of June and ensure their destruction.
Leaf roller/tiger moth**	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Pear psylla**	· Follow common cultural, mechanical, and biological practices.
Defoliating beetles**, chaffer beetle	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Maintain vigour by providing sufficient and balanced nutrients and avoid water stressing of the trees Mechanical control: Collect and kill the beetles in kerosennized water. Shake the non-bearing plants/trees over a cloth sheet at dusk and collect and destroy the beetles.
Blossom thrips	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes. Mechanical control: Removal and proper disposal and burning the infected leaves Chemical control: Lime sulphur 22% SC @ 0.8-2.0 l/acre Captan 50% WP @ 1 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre Captan 75% WP @ 0.67 Kg in 6-8 l of water/acre
Bacterial gummosis	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes. Cultural control: Ensure that a suitable cherry variety and rootstock is chosen based on geographic location and environmental conditions to prevent stress to tree which predisposes tree to canker disease
Silver leaf canker	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes. Mechanical control: To control the disease, prune at the first sign of silvering. Make the cut below the diseased area into healthy wood. Cover pruning wounds that are larger than 1.5cm with pruning sealer. Remove and bury or burn all infected branches, leaves and twigs. This will help to reduce the amount of disease the following year.
White root rot, Fruit/whisker rot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes. Cultural control: Establish a dry zone and prevent soil movement or water runoff from that site. Mechanical control: Uproot and dispose of infected trees. Remove immediately adjacent trees that may also be infected. Remove as many root pieces from soil as possible and trench around the infected site to break root grafts.
Root rot/collar rot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes. Cultural control: Cherry trees should be planted in well-draining soil to minimize the frequency and duration of water saturated soil Trees should be propagated from resistant rootstock; Rootstocks vary in susceptibility to the different Phytophthora species; none are resistant to all pathogenic species of the fungus. Good soil drainage and more frequent but shorter irrigations reduce the risk of root and crown rot. Avoid locations with a history of Phytophthora root and crown rot, especially when planting susceptible rootstocks. Plant new orchards on berms to improve drainage at the crown area 27 and design the irrigation system so that the trunk and crown of the tree is not wet by sprinklers. Be sure to verify that Phytophthora is the causal agent before treating a new planting with fungicides, because a number of factors or pest problems can cause poor growth and death of trees.
Powdery mildew	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes. Cultural control: Keep proper spacing during sowing which promote good air circulation around tree canopies to lower humidity
Coryneum blight/shot hole	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes. Cultural control: Diligent sanitation and water management can provide adequate control where the incidence of shot hole is low. · Avoid overhead sprinklers or use a low angle to avoid wetting foliage. Mechanical control: Prune and dispose of infected tissue as soon as it appears. After leaf drop, inspect plants carefully and prune infected buds and twigs with lesions.
Crown rot/gall	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes
Prunus nectrotic ringspot virus	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institutes. Cultural control: Use nursery stock that has been tested and found to be free of all known viruses. If propagating your own trees, use both virus-indexed bud wood and virus-certified rootstock. Infected pollen should not be introduced into healthy orchards during pollination. Establish new plantings in blocks, the larger the better,and preferably at some distance from older orchards. Rogue infected trees in new virus-indexed orchards, but it is not economical to rogue or replant mature infected orchards unless trees are infected with the rugose strain. Complete orchard removal should be considered. Thermotherapy (24 to 32 days at 38°C) and/or apical meristem culture have been used to eliminate various viruses.
Reproductive/fruiting stage
Nutrients	Half dose of N is applied in spring before flowering and the other half dose of N is applied one month later. Fertilizers are applied in tree basin about 30 cm away from the tree trunk. The band application of nitrogenous fertilizers should be preferred over broadcasting. Apply recommended micronutrients, if deficiency symptoms are observed.
Weeds	Remove weeds around the plants/tree basin. Use straw or plastic mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period. Mulching tree basins with 10-15 cm thick dry grass also checks weed growth.
Borers	Same as in vegetative stage
Diseases	Same as in vegetative stage Cultural control: Collect and destroy fallen fruits.

Note: The dosages of pesticides are based on high volume sprayer

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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