IPM Stratergies for Fig

  Fig Diseases Rust Anthracnose Leaf spot Leaf mosaic (virus) Alternaria rot Aspergillus rot Smut Fig mosaic Leaf Blig...

 

Fig Diseases

1. Rust
2. Anthracnose
3. Leaf spot
4. Leaf mosaic (virus)
5. Alternaria rot
6. Aspergillus rot
7. Smut
8. Fig mosaic
9. Leaf Blight
10. Fig Rust
11. Disease cycles
12. IPM for Fig

Rust

Disease symptoms:

• Rust generally develops late in the summer, and in years when disease is severe, it can cause the trees to defoliate in a matter of a few weeks. If this happens on a regular basis, the overall growth of the trees can be reduced and yields can be affected.
• Another consequence of defoliation is that if it occurs early in the summer, the trees will put out new growth that is then at risk of being damaged by early frosts. On the other hand, if defoliation occurs in the fall, the trees may go dormant earlier than usual, which then protects them from early frosts.
• Initially, symptoms of fig rust are visible as small, yellowish spots on the upper surface of the leaves. As these spots (or lesions) grow larger, they turn a reddish-brown color but remain relatively smooth.
• On the lower surface of the leaf, the lesions are a reddish-brown color and have a slightly raised, blister-like appearance. Heavily infected leaves often turn yellow or brown, particular y around the edges, and drop prematurely.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus mainly survives through teliospores (thick walled, resting spores) on leaves left in the orchard or on the soil surface.
• The disease spread by air-borne uredospores from infected tree.

Favourable conditions:

• Temperature ranging from 25.5 to 30.5° C with relative humidity of 86-92°C favours high intensity of rust.

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms:

• Anthracnose is a common plant fungal disease that can attack all plant parts during any growth stage.
• Anthracnose symptoms tend to be most conspicuous on the fig tree's leaves and ripe fruits. Anthracnose first appears on leaves as small black, yellow or brown spots.
• As the anthracnose disease progresses, these spots enlarge and merge to affect entire areas.
• This fig tree disease can also cause cankers to form on stems and petioles, resulting in severe defoliation and root rot.
• Infected fruit develop sunken, circular spots that might emit pink spores. The disease can be controlled by spraying aureofungin at 40 ppm in soap solution + 20 ppm CuS0₄.

Survival and spread:

• The disease spread by means of planting materials-borne and air-borne conidia and also through the infected plant debris.

Favourable conditions:

• Continuous rain.
• Temperature of 28-30˚C.
• High humidity

Leaf spot

Disease symptom:

• Initially minute brown spots appear on the leaves which enlarge into uniform or zonate, prominent, reddish brown lesions with dark brown margins.
• These lesions later coalesce to form irregular patches and affected leaves sheds earlier.
• The centre of the leaf become papery and drops off. Cobweb like mycelium spread over the lower surface of leaves and later on ultimately become powdery.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus overwinters as mycelium on infected plant residues and in dry conditions survives for 20 weeks in soil.
• The fungus is planting materials borne with 22.9% planting materials transmissible nature.

Favourable conditions:

• The disease is favoured by 25-27° C temperature and 12 hrs of wet foliage.
• The disease spreads rapidly in rainy season. Hot weather and frequent rains during the milk and wax stages of plant development favour infection.

Leaf mosaic (virus)

Disease symptoms:

• Fig trees are also susceptible to fig mosaic,
• Symptoms appear in the form of large, yellowish spots on the leaves. These spots contrast sharply with the normal green foliage, creating a mottled effect.
• As the mosaic disease progresses, the spots become surrounded by a rust-colored ring, which is caused by the sub-epidermal or epidermal cells dying.
• Some fig tree varieties also develop mosaic lesions on the fruits. The fig mosaic virus also causes some tree species to suffer from premature fruit drop.

Survival and spread:

• Virus transmitted by thrips.
• Weed hosts serve as the natural reservoir for virus.

Alternaria rot

Disease symptoms

• Small, olive-green specks or sunken yellow-olive lesions covered in green spores on fruit.
• Water-soaked areas on fruit surface where figs touch.

Survival and spread

• Fungi over winter in plant debris.
• C. herbarum usually more common on green fruit, Alternaria spp. primarily a problem on ripe fruit.

Favourable condition

• It is favoured by warm wet weather

Aspergillus rot

Disease symptoms

• Internal tissue of figs bright yellow in color.
• Part or all of the interior turned to powdery mass of spores.

Survival and spread

• Disease emergence favors water-stressed trees.

Favourable condition

• It is favoured by warm wet weather

Smut

Disease symptoms

• Internal sections of fruit or entire inside of fruit discolored.
• Infected areas turn black and are covered with powdery black spores.

Survival and spread

• Fungus is transferred to fruit by some species of fly, thrips and beetle.
• Fig varieties with smaller ostioles (pores) on the fruit are less susceptible to the disease than those with large ostioles.

Favourable conditions:

• Optimum environmental conditions for maximum infection include: temperatures between 20 and 25°C and slightly acidic soils favour the disease developments.

Fig mosaic

Disease symptoms:

• Yellow spots and mottling on foliage.
• Margins of spots are diffuse and blend gradually back into the green of the leaf.
• Spots may be distributed uniformly across the leaf surface or as irregular patches.
• Mature lesions develop a brown-red band around their margin

Transmission

• Transmitted by fig mites or by grafting from infected tree

Leaf Blight

Disease symptom

• In early stages of infection, small areas in the leaves become yellow and appear watersoaked.
• With continual development, the upper surface becomes silvery white, and the lower surface becomes light brown and covered with a thin fungal web.
• In most cases, the leaves will turn brown and shrivel.
• It affects primarily the leaves but may develop on some fruit if it is new and a severely affected leaf or stem tip.

Survival and spread:

• Primary : The fungus survives in infected plant debris or in the soil
• Secondary: The spores are transported by water, wind, insects, other animals including man, and machinery.

Favourable conditions:

• Warm, rainy and wet weather

Fig Rust

Disease symptoms:

• The disease is first evident as small, angular, yellow-green flecks on the leaf.
• The spots do not become extremely large but do become more yellow and finally a yellowish-brown.
• The margin of the spot is reddish in color.
• On the upper surface the spots are smooth, while on the lower surface the spots appear as small blisters.
• Brown spores are released from the blisters at maturity.
• As infection continues, the leaves become more yellow, and finally they begin to die around the leaf margins.
• Eventually death and defoliation occur.
• Complete defoliation can occur in two or three weeks.
• Fig rust generally becomes a problem as the fruit reaches maturity.

Survival and spread:

• The pathogens reproduce and survive in spots on leaves or stems and in fallen plant host debris.

Favourable conditions:

• Frequent rains and warm weather are favorable conditions for these pathogens.
• For hosts, poor plant nutrition, poor soil drainage, and stagnant air are predisposing factors to infection by the algae.

Disease cycles

IPM for Fig

 

 

To know the IPM practices for Fig, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.88   

 

43 ratings

 

Fig Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing/Pre-planting
2. Planting
3. Vegetative stage
4. Maturity/Flowering stage
5. Reproduction/Fruiting stage

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing/Pre-planting
	Common cultural practices: Timely planting should be done. Orchard sanitation Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations
Nutrients	Nutrient should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone. Adopt integrated nutrient management approach for supply of nutrients. Prepare land by ploughing and harrowing. Fig is planted in square system of planting at a spacing of 5 m x 5 m accommodating about 160 plants per acre. Pits of 0.6 cubic m are dug for planting the cuttings. Fill the pits with top soil mixed with 25 kg FYM treated with Trichoderma.
Weeds	Deep ploughing during summer Ploughing the field before planting to destroy existing weeds in the field.
Nematodes	Cultural control: Use certified resistant planting materials Clean planting materials by sieving or by using 2% salt water floatation to remove galls and prevent ear cockle diseases. Galls can be separated by coarse sieve from the healthy planting materials Winnowing or fanning Brine flotation: 2% salt solution in place of plain water removes almost 100 % galls. Deep ploughing of orchards during summer to control nematodes, Soil solarization for control of soil borne pathogens and nematodes. Apply well rotten farm yard manure only to discourage termite infestation. Avoid late plantation
Planting
	Common cultural practices: Use healthy and certified plants Grow resistant/tolerant varieties. Irrigation should be done by ring method to reduce possibility of diseases Avoid growing in low-lying areas and flooding. Do not delay irrigation until the tree exhibits moisture stress symptoms. Common mechanical practices: Remove and destroy the diseased orchard.
Nutrients	Planting is done in pits already filled with top soil and farm yard manure. The planting is generally done during June to September. Apply 20 g each of Azospirillum and Mycorrhizae per plant in pits at planting
Weeds	Use weed free planting materials for planting. Remove weeds from the pit, if any and then plant seedlings.
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Intercultural and hand weeding Timely irrigation Avoid water logging Avoid water stress Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: Remove and destroy alternate wild hosts and weeds Use of pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre Installation of light trap @ 1/ acre Prune and burn all attacked shoot and branches. Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	Apply manures and fertilizers (kg/tree/year) according to the age of plant as mentioned below; Quantity of manures and fertilizers (kg/tree/year) Age (Year) FYM Neem Cake Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium 1 25 0.50 0.060 0.040 0.040 2 25 0.50 0.120 0.080 0.080 3 25 1.00 0.180 0.120 0.120 4 30 1.50 0.240 0.160 0.160 5th year onwards 35 2.00 0.300 0.200 0.200 Manures and fertilizers should be applied in 20-30 cm deep and 30cms wide trench along the drip line of the tree.
Weeds	Hoeing is recommended during the first year to check weed growth. Weeding should be done on regular basis especially around the plants. Earthing up is done before or after the onset of monsoon to avoid water-logging and also to help the plants to stand erect. To suppress the weeds between rows, leguminous trees and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during initial 5 years. Use straw or plastic Mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period
Stem borer	Cultural control: Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of tree. Remove alternative host like mango, moringa, silk cotton in the near vicinity. Avoid injury at the base of trunk while pruning Keep the orchard healthy following good agricultural practices. Kill the stem borer larvae by inserting a flexible wire inside the hole and plug the hole with the cotton wick soaked in petrol or chloroform or kerosene and seal it with mud. Mechanical control: Prune and burn all attacked shoot and branches during winter. Biological control: Exclude alternatives host trees, such as silk cotton, fig tree and remove the infested branches from the garden to prevent the spread of the pest. Use neem based biopesticide inside the hole. Lantana camera leaf extracts @5%
Fruit fly	Cultural control: Tree rotation, enhancement of soil quality, choice of resistant varieties, water management, monitoring/screening, orchard sanitation, mechanical barriers, post-harvest treatment. Prior to harvest (30-40 days) collect and disposed off infested and fallen fruits to prevent further, multiplication and carry-over of population. Ploughing of orchard during November-December to expose pupae to sun’s heat which kills them. Infestation is high, use bait splash on the trunk only once or twice at weekly interval. To prepare bait splash, mix 100 gm of jaggery in one litre of water Managing fruit flies also reduces anthracnose disease and prevents late fruit fall. Mechanical control: Collect and destroy the adult flies Biological control: Rove beetles, weaver ants, spiders and birds and bats, Release of parasitoids such as Opius longicaudatus, O. vandenboschi, O. oophilus and Bracon spp
Fig midge	Cultural control: Removal of Johnson grassy weed Biological control: Neem seed kernel extract 5% Parasitoids: Aprostocetus sp.
Mealy bug	Cultural control: Prune affected shoots during winter. Destroy ant colonies. Grow attractant plants Bachelor's Buttons or cornflower (Centaure acyanus), coriander attract wasps. Mechanical control: Collect and destroy the damaged leaves, twigs and stems Use sticky barrier (5cm length) on trunk Biological control: Coccinellids like R. fumida, chrysopid like Chrysoperla zastrowii silemi and drosophilid like Cacoxenus perspicax
Scale	Cultural control: Collect the egg carrying female in mounds before spreading to hibernation places. Biological control: Coccinellids, P. kenyae, Chilocorus sp., Hyperaspis, Scymnus, Cryptolaemus.
Leaf roller	Cultural control: Deep ploughing and soil solaraisation before planting. Collect and burn all infested leaves. Biological control: Conserve parasites such as Apanteles angeleti, Trathala flavoorbitalis and Cadurcia vanderwulpi Conserve predators such as lacewings, assassin bugs, and minute pirate bugs.
Thrips	Cultural control: Monitor the tree regularly. Adult thrips can be monitored by mass trapping with coloured (blue, yellow or white) sticky traps or water traps in the nursery or orchard. Ploughing and harrowing, and solarisation can kill pupae in the soil from previously infested trees. Inter-cropping with tomatoes may reduce the populations of thrips Biological control: Various biological control agents, including minute pirate bugs, Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and entomopathogenic nematodes, Thripinema spp. (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae)
Coccid	Cultural control: Sanitation is also important for reducing the pest population by disposing of fallen fruit, which may serve as hosts for the overwintering females. Grow attractant plants for natural enemies: viz., sunflower family, carrot family plants, buckwheat. Control ants and dust which can give the scale a competitive advantage Mechanical control: Pruning of infested branches and twigs Collection and destruction of pruned infested material. Biological control: Olive scale is effectively controlled by two parasites Aphytis maculicornis and Coccophagoides utilis. Parasitoids such as Encarsia perniciosi and Aphytis diaspidis cause effective parasitization. Coccinellid predators such as Chilocorus infernalis, Chilocorus rubidus, Pharoscymnus flexibilis check the pest infestation to some extent. Spray dormant oil in late winter before spring. Apply mixture of manure compost tea, molasses and citrus oil. Garlic-pepper tea also helps.
Fig moth	Mechanical control: Sieving, picking out, or winnowing, It is important to destroy any insects found in the by-products or left-overs immediately. Larvae living inside the grain are only inadequately eliminated. Biological control: Larval parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor Pupal parasitoid, Antrocephalus mitys Spraying neem oil.
Fig jassids	Cultural control: Apply adequate amount of nitrogen Mechanical control: See the common mechanical practices Biological control: Conserve coccinellids like Brumus suturalis, Chilochorus nigritus, Coccinella septumpunctata,Menochllus sexmaculata, Scemnus nubillus Predatory lygaeid Geocoris tricolor and Anthocoris sp., Several mantids like Eumantissa giglio, Cariagrion coromandeliorum, Ichneura sp., Dolichopus sp. and Therevia sp. Release predators viz., Chrysoperla zastrowii sillemi Chemical control: Spraying of dimethoate 30% EC @ 594- 792 ml/acre diluted in 600-800 l of water
Rust	Cultural control: Angle sprinklers and drip irrigation reduces disease incidence.
Anthracnose	Cultural control: Eliminate other susceptible plants such as Johnson grass.
Leaf spot	Cultural control: Proper irrigation with drip or micro sprinklers Improved tree nutrition [nitrogen], etc.) reduces the disease incidence. Avoid heavy tree pruning during the dormant period Sandy soils and in some heavy soils, control has been achieved with preplant fumigation
Leaf mosaic	Cultural control: Clean cultivation by removing the weeds specially Parthenium, Commelina etc. both inside and neighbouring plots Follow optimum plant population in the orchard Remove the affected plants. · Control the mite vector
Alternaria rot	Cultural control: Rot can be minimized by picking fruit before it becomes overripe. Reducing dust in orchards may also help to reduce the incidence of rot
Aspergillus rot	Cultural control: Avoid stressing trees by providing adequate irrigation. Reducing dust in the orchard may help to reduce incidence of rots
Smut	Cultural control: Remove all old fruit an crop debris from orchard. Try to reduce dust around trees
Fig mosaic	Cultural control: Do not collect propagation material from any trees showing symptoms of disease. Controlling fig mites may help to reduce incidence of disease
Leaf Blight	Cultural control: Sanitation
Maturity/Flowering stage
Nutrients	Apply recommended micronutrients, if deficiency is observed. To correct the deficiency of Zinc and Boron micro-nutrients, apply ZnSO4 (0.5%) and H2BO3 (0.1%) as foliar spray.
Weeds	Remove weeds around the plants. Use straw or plastic for mulching to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period. Whenever intercrop not grown between the rows of trees, slashing and mowing of weed may be adopted
Stem borer, Fruit flies, Fig midge, Mealy bug, Coccid, Leaf roller, Thrips, Scale, Fig moth, Fig jassids, Rust, Antracnose, Leaf spot, Leaf mosaic, Alternaria rot, Aspergillus rot, Smut, Fig mosaic, and Leaf Blight	Same as mentioned in the above vegetative stage
Reproduction/Fruiting stage
Stem borer, Fruit flies, Fig midge, Mealy bug, Coccid, Leaf roller, Thrips, Scale, Fig moth, Fig jassids, Rust, Antracnose, Leaf spot, Leaf mosaic, Alternaria rot, Aspergillus rot, Smut, Fig mosaic, and Leaf Blight	Same as mentioned in the above vegetative stage

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.98   

 

51 ratings

Fig insect pests

1. Stem borer
2. Fruit flies
3. Mealybug
4. Coccid
5. Leaf roller
6. Fig moth
7. Thrips
8. Scale
9. IPM for Fig

Stem borer

Biology:

• Egg: The female cuts the tree bark and lays eggs singly into these cuts, laying a total of up to 200 eggs. Egg is a brownish-white cylinder, 6.2 mm, with narrowly rounded ends. On hatching the larvae start to tunnel into the sapwood of the trunk or branches.
• Larva: Larval development takes about 2 years. As a very large species, the larval tunnel measuring 2 or 3 centimeters in width that is correspondingly large and very damaging to the tree. The larvae tunnel through the sapwood and because of their size, they make large tunnel which interfere with sap flow and affect foliage and fruit production.
• Adult: The adult beetle emerges by a short tunnel running to the exterior and ending in a circular exit-hole. The maximum life recorded for the adult is eight months.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Grub tunnels in the sapwood on the trunk or branches
• Grub bore into the sap wood and making irregular tunnels.
• Feeding the vascular tissues
• interruption of nutrient and water transport on the tissue
• Drying of terminal shoot in early stage
• Frass comes out from several points and sometimes sap oozes out of the holes

Fruit flies

Biology: Development from egg to adult under summer conditions requires about 16 days. The mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops to the ground, and forms a tan to dark brown puparium. Pupation occurs in the soil. About nine days are required for attainment of sexual maturity after the adult fly emerges. The developmental periods may be extended considerably by cool weather. Under optimum conditions, a female can lay more than 3,000 eggs during her lifetime, but under orchard conditions from 1,200 to 1,500 eggs per female is considered to be the usual production. Apparently, ripe fruit are preferred for oviposition, but immature ones may also be attacked.

• Egg: The white, elongate and elliptical egg measures about 1.17 x 0.21 mm and has a chorion without sculpturing
• Larva: The third-instar, which has a typical maggot appearance, is about 10 mm in length and creamy white. The only band of spinules encircling the body is found on the first segment. The external part of the anterior respiratory organs, the spiracles, located one on each side of the pointed or head end of the larva, has an exaggerated and deflexed lobe at each side and bears many small tubercles. The caudal segment is very smooth. The posterior spiracles are located in the dorsal third of the segment as viewed from the rear of the larva.
• Pupa: The mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops to the ground, and forms a tan to dark brown puparium about 4.9 mm in length. ‘
• Adult: The adult, which is noticeably larger than a house fly, has a body length of about 8.0 mm; the wing is about 7.3 mm in length and is mostly hyaline. The color of the fly is very variable, but there are prominant yellow and dark brown to black markings on the thorax. Generally, the abdomen has two horizontal black stripes and a longitudinal median stripe extending from the base of the third segment to the apex of the abdomen. These markings may form a T-shaped pattern, but the pattern varies considerably. The ovipositor is very slender and sharply pointed.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The damage to trees caused by fruit flies result from 1) oviposition in fruit and soft tissues of vegetative parts of certain plants, 2) feeding by the larvae, and 3) decomposition of plant tissue by invading secondary microorganisms.
• Larval feeding in fruits is the most damaging. Damage usually consists of breakdown of tissues and internal rotting associated with maggot infestation, but this varies with the type of fruit attacked. Infested young fruit becomes distorted, callused and usually drop; mature attacked fruits develop a water soaked appearance. The larval tunnels provide entry points for bacteria and fungi that cause the fruit to rot. When only a few larvae develop, damage consists of an unsightly appearance and reduced marketability because of the egg laying punctures or tissue break down due to the decay.

Natural enemies of fruit flies:

Predators: Rove beetles, weaver ants, spiders and birds and bats

Parasitoids: Opius longicaudatus, O.vandenboschi, O.oophilus and Bracon spp

Mealybug

Biology:

• Eggs: The life cycle of D. stebbingi starts with egg laying in loose soil around infected trees. Between April and May, purple-colored eggs are laid in egg-sacs comprising mass of wax threads, in the loose soil around (within 2–3 m radius) the infested mango trees.
• Nymphs: The nymphs emerge with the rise in temperature during January and travel up the trees via stem to feed on cell sap, adjacent to the fruiting parts. Therefore, heavy immature fruit falling occurs. Eggs hatch in December–January and nymphs start ascending the trees to succulent shoots and base of fruiting parts.
• Adults: the flying males emerge to mate with the flightless mature females while crawling down to the ground for egg laying. Female and male appearance starts during March–April. Males are winged and short-lived after mating, and do not cause damage to the trees. Drosicha stebbingie has a total lifecycle of 24-26 days.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Occurring primarily in older, well-shaded groves planted on heavy soils.
• They will feed on the roots, bark, foliage, and fruit. The mealybug injects toxic salvia while extracting plant sap resulting in defoliation, fruit discoloration, fruit splitting, and fruit drop.
• Mealy bugs usually gather in large numbers, causing premature leaf drop and twig dieback when they feed. Like psyllids, they secrete honeydew, which attracts black sooty mold

Natural enemies of mealybug:

R. fumida, Chrysoperla zastrowii silemi and Cacoxenus perspicax

Coccid

Biology:

Adults: Adults are flat and oval, approximately 3mm in length, pale yellow and covered with wax. One female can lay an average of 200-300 eggs per cluster.

Life cycle:

Natural enemies of coccid:

Coccinellids, P. kenyae, Chilocorus sp., Hyperaspis, Scymnus, Cryptolaemus

Leaf roller

Biology:

• Eggs: They laid 3-81 eggs singly or in batches on either side of the leaves. Eggs hatched in 4.74-5.94 days
• Larva: Larvae fed on the mesophyll gregariously (1st instar) or individually (later instars) under the silken webs spun by them. Larvae were full-grown in 30.60-35.87 days
• Pupa: the pupal stage among the plant debris under the trees
• Adult: This insect remained active from March to Sept. and passed through 4 overlapping broods. Moths lived for 3.6-10.57 days.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms:

Natural enemies of leaf roller:

• Parasites: Apanteles angeleti, Trathala flavo-orbitalis and Cadurcia vanderwulpi
• Predators: lacewings, assassin bugs, and minute pirate bugs.

Fig moth

Biology:

• Eggs: The eggs are translucent yellow with a sculptured surface.
• Larva: The larvae range from 1.5-15 mm in length and are light brown with dark brown spots with a sparse covering of hair.
• Pupa: Pupae are dark-brown and found within a relatively light pupal case.
• Adult: The adult forewings are greyish-brown with scattered darker patches. The wing span is 11-20 mm and both fore- and hind-wings have broadly rounded tips and short fringes of hairs.

Life cycle:

Natural enemies of fig moth:

Parasitoid: Habrobracon hebetor, Antrocephalus mitys

Thrips

Biology:

• Egg: The eggs are microscopic (0.075 mm long and 0.070 mm wide), kidney-shaped and creamy white in color. The eggs hatch between two to seven days, depending upon temperature. Larvae and adults tend to gather near the mid-vein or borders of the host leaf.
• Larva: The two larval stages are completed in eight to ten days and the pupal stage lasts for 2.6- 3.3 days.
• Pupa: pupae are generally found on leaves, leaf litter or on the axils of leaves, in curled leaves or under the calyces of flowers and fruits.

Life cycle

Natural enemies of thrips:

Predators: minute pirate bugs, Orius spp.

Scale

• Egg: Eggs are laid under the female scale and are 0.2.0.3 mm long. Initially pale orange, they turn pink before hatching. Red eyespots are visible within the eggs before they hatch.
• Crawlers: They are are light pink.orange with red or black eyes, 0.2.0.3 mm long. They are most abundant in summer (December). There is a second smaller generation in autumn (March-April). Crawlers can be dispersed by wind and workers, or on farm machinery. Although crawlers can wander for up to 36 hours, they usually settle within 2.3 hours. Once settled, (usually on the midrib of a leaf) crawlers shed their skin (moult). First instars are 0.6.0.8 mm long and 0.2.0.4 mm wide.
• Adult The ridges of the letter 'H' are distinct and are characteristic of black scale. When egg laying commences, the scale surface becomes smoother and darker, almost black. The female dies 38 after laying eggs, though the scale covering remains on the leaves or twigs. The size of adults is variable, 1.9-5 mm long, 1-4 mm wide and 1.2-2.5 mm high.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms:

• The direct damage is caused by insertion of stylets during feeding by the nymphs, which can cause premature leaf drop and twig dieback.
• High populations can cause host death. Severe infestations may result in shoot or branch dieback
• When large populations of scale occur, sooty mold may become a problem due to the mold’s growth on the large quantities of honeydew excreted by these scales

Natural enemies of Scale:

• Parasites: Aphytis maculicornis and Coccophagoides utilis.
• Parasitoids: Encarsia perniciosi and Aphytis diaspidis
• Predators: Chilocorus infernalis, Chilocorus rubidus, Pharoscymnus flexibilis

IPM for Fig

 

 

To know the IPM practices for Fig, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.21   

 

33 ratings

Fig Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
1. Broadleaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
3. Nematodes
4. Rodents
5. Pest of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Disease
6. IPM for Fig

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Stem borer: Batocera rufomaculata (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Cerambicidae)
• Fruit fly: Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae)
• Fig midge: Anjeerodiplosis peshawarensis Mani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
• Mealybug: Drosicha stibbingi Green (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
• Coccid: Pseudococcus lilacinus Cokerell. (Hemiptea: Pseudococcidae)

Diseases

• Rust: Cerotelium fici(Castagne) Arthurct pests
• Anthracnose: Sphaceloma fici caricae Wani & Thirum.
• Leaf spot: Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan 8
• Alternaria rot (Surface mold): Alternaria spp., Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link, Ulocladium altum (Preuss) Sacc.
• Aspergillus rot: Aspergillus spp
• Smut: Aspergillus spp.
• Fig mosaic: Fig mosaic virus (FMV)
• Leaf Blight: Pellicularia kolerga Cooke
• Fig Rust: Physopella fici (Castagne) Arthur

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Tick weed: Cleome viscosa L. (Capparaceae)
• Horse Purslane: Trainthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
• Devil’s Horsewhip: Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Creeping thistle: Cirisium arvense (L.)Scop (Asteraceae)
• Spurge: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)
• Spiny Amaranth: Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae)

Grasses

• Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd (Poaceae)
• Crab grass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
• Yellow foxtail: Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae)
• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
• Southern crab grass : Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nut sedge : Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Umbrella sedge : Cyperus difformis L. (Cyperaceae)

Nematodes

• Root-knot nematode: Meliodogyne sp (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)
• Sheath nematode: Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski (Tylenchida: Criconematidae)
• Spiral nematodes: Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae)
• Lance nematodes: Hoplolaimus sp. (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae)
• Dagger nematode: Xiphinema sp. (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae)

Rodents

• Soft furred orchard rat: Rattus meltada Gray (Rodentia: Muridae)
• Indian mole rats/smaller bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis Gray (Rodentia: Muridae)
• Common house rat: Rattus rattus L. (Rodentia: Muridae)

Pest of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Leaf roller: Phycodes minor Moore (Lepidoptera: Brachodidae)
• Fig moth: Ephestia cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
• Thrips: Scirtothrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Fig jassids: Velucariae sp
• Scale: Parlatoria oleae Colvee (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• Borer: Aclees sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Disease

• Mosaic disease (viral disease)

IPM for Fig

To know the IPM practices for Fig, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.21   

 

33 ratings

Natural Enemies of Fig Insect Pests

1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Fig

Parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Fig

To know the IPM practices for Fig, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage