IPM Stratergies for Brinjal, Cabbage and Cauliflower

31 ratings IPM Strategies for Brinjal Key pests Integrated Pest Management strategies Nursery Main crop Do’s and Don’t...

31 ratings

IPM Strategies for Brinjal

1. Key pests
2. Integrated Pest Management strategies
1. Nursery
2. Main crop
3. Do’s and Don’ts
4. Related Resources

Among various vegetables, brinjal is common and extensively grown all over the country. One of the major constraints identified in its production is the increasing incidence of insect pests, diseases and nematodes, sometimes resulting in substantial yield losses. Due to its tender and supple nature and its cultivation under high moisture & input regimes, brinjal is more prone to pest attack and at a conservative estimate cause about 35-40% losses.

Problems related to high use of pesticides

To mitigate the losses due to pests, a huge quantity of pesticides is used in brinjal.

• The vegetables which are harvested at short intervals are likely to retain unavoidably high level of pesticide residues which may be highly hazardous to consumers.
• The excessive reliance on chemicals has led to the problem of resistance, resurgence, environmental pollution and decimation of useful fauna & flora.

Key pests

Hadda beetle

Adults are pale brown and mottled with several black spots while grubs are yellowish in colour. Eggs are cigar-shaped, yellowish in colour and laid in groups. Grubs and adults scrap the leaves, feed on the green matter and totally skeletonise the leaves.

Aphids

Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves and the affected plants turn yellow, get deformed and dry away. Aphids also secrete honeydew on which sooty mould grows, which   hampers the photosynthetic activity.

 

Shoot and fruit borer

In the initial stages, larvae bore into shoots and the growing poi nt is killed. Appearance of wilted, drooping shoots is the typical symptom. Later larvae bore into fruits which become unfit for consumption.

 

Red spider mite

Larvae, nymphs and adults feed on the under surfaces of leaves. Affected leaves gradually start curling and finally get shrivelled.

Phomopsis blight and fruit rot

On leaves, disease appears as circular brown spots. Pale, sunken spots develop on the fruit later, which enlarge and cover the entire fruit surface and the internal portion of the fruit rots.

Little leaf

Characteristic symptoms are smallness of the leaves, shortening of the petioles and internodes of the stem and the leaves become narrow, soft, smooth and yellow. Plant appears like a bush. Fruiting is rare.

 

 

Sclerotinia blight

Downwards wilting of twigs occurs from top towards main stem. Fungal growth occurs near joints in severe cases. Finally whole plant wilts.

 

Root-knot nematode

The most characteristic symptom is the formation of knots or galls on the root system. Plants show stunted growth. Affected fields have patchy growth with poorly grown, stunted plants.

Integrated Pest Management strategies

Nursery

• Always prepare raised nursery beds about 10 cm above ground level for good drainage to avoid damping off etc.
• Cover the nursery beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks during June for soil solarisation which will help in reducing the soil borne insects, diseases like bacterial wilt and nematodes. However, care should be taken that sufficient moisture is present in the soil for its solarisation.
• Mix 250 gm of fungal antagonist Trichoderma viride in 3 kg of FYM and leave for about seven days for enrichment of culture. After 7 days mix in the soil in a bed of 3 sq. m.
• Seed of popular hybrids like F1- 321 be sown in beds in the first week of July. Before sowing, seed be treated with T. viride @ 4 gm/ kg. Weeding should be done from time to time and infected seedlings should be rogued out from the nursery.

Main crop

• Bird perches @ 10/ acre should be erected for facilitating field visits of predatory birds.
• Delta and yellow sticky traps @ 2-3/ acre should be installed for hoppers, aphids and white fly etc.
• Give 2 to 3 sprays of 5 % NSKE against sucking pests.
• Sprays of NSKE also bring down the borer incidence significantly. Neem oil (2%) application is also helpful in reducing borer infestation, though marginally. If incidence of leaf hopper and other sucking insect pests is still above ETL, then apply imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 150 ml/ha.
• Pheromone traps @ 5/ acre should be installed for monitoring and mass trapping of shoot & fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis. Replace the lures with fresh lures after every 15-20 day interval.
• Release egg parasitoid T. brasiliensis @ 1 – 1.5 lakh/ ha for shoot & fruit borer, 4-5 times at weekly interval.
• Apply neem cake @ 250 kg/ ha (in two splits) in soil along the plant rows at 25 and 60 DAT for reducing nematodes and borer damage. Don’t apply neem cake when there is heavy wind velocity or temperature is above 300C.
• Clipping of borer damaged shoots and collection and destruction of damaged fruits i.e. clean cultivation helps in management of borer and phomosis disease effectively.
• If the borer incidence crosses ETL (5% infestation), apply cypermethrin 25 EC @ 200 g a.i/ha (0.005%) or carbaryl 50 WP @ 3 g/litre of water or endosulfan 35 EC @ 0.07%.
• Continuous cropping of brinjal leads to more borer and wilt infestation. Therefore, crop rotation with nonsolanaceous crops should be followed.
• Periodically collect and destroy the egg masses, larvae and adults of hadda beetle.
• Rogue out the little leaf affected plants from time to time.
• Use of green manure, mulching with polythene, soil application with bleaching powder will reduce the infection of bacterial wilt disease.

Natural enemies (beneficial insects)

Do’s and Don’ts

Do’s	Don’ts
Timely sowing Field sanitation Always use freshly prepared neem seed kernel extract (NSKE). Apply pesticides only when required Wash brinjal before consumption	Don’t apply more than the recommended dose of the pesticide Don’t repeat the same pesticide consecutively Don’t apply mixture of pesticides Don’t apply highly hazardous insecticides like monocrotophos in vegetables Don’t apply pesticides just before harvesting Don’t consume produce till 3-4 days after application of pesticides

Source : Extension leaflet of National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR)

Related Resources

1. Insects and mite pests on brinjal – A field guide for identification and management
2. Field Guide to Non-chemical Pest Management of Brinjal (Egg plant)

 

3.07   

 

199 ratings and

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Cabbage and Cauliflower diseases

1. Damping Off
2. Club root of crucifers
3. Alternaria leaf spot
4. Black rot
5. Downy Mildew
6. Powdery mildew
7. White rust
8. IPM for Cabbage and Cauliflower

Damping Off

Pythium aphinidermatum (Eds.) Fitz.; Rhizoctonia sonali Kuhn

Symptoms:

• Damping off of Cabbage occurs in two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the post-emergence phase.
• In the pre-emergence the phase the seedlings are killed just before they reach the soil surface.
• The young radical and the plumule are killed and there is complete rotting of the seedlings.
• The post-emergence phase is characterized by the infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the collar at the ground level.
• The infected tissues become soft and water soaked. The seedlings topple over or  collapse.

Favourable Conditions:

• High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24° C for few days are ideal for infection and development of disease.
• Crowded seedlings, dampness due to high rainfall, poor drainage and excess of soil solutes hamper plant growth and increase the pathogenic damping-off.

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Soil, Seed, Water
• Secondary: Conidia through rain splash or wind

Club root of crucifers

Also known as Finger and toe disease: Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin

Symptoms:

• Stunting and yellowing of plants
• Leaves become yellowish and wilt on hot days.
• Club like swelling of root and root lets
• Club root is particularly prevalent on soils with a pH below 7, whereas it has been observed that the disease is often less serious on heavy soils and on soils containing little organic matter

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Soil borne resting spores, which survive for longer periods in soil (10yrs.) Collateral hosts: Broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, mustard, raddish, turnip
• Secondary: Resting spores or zoospores carried through irrigation water or by root contact.

Favourable conditions:

• It occur at a temp range of 12 - 27⁰C (25⁰C)
• High soil moisture
• Neutral to acidic soils 5-7.0 pH

Alternaria leaf spot

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc; A. brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire

Common on cabbage, cauliflower and mustard.

Symptoms:

• Spots are small, dark coloured
• They enlarge, soon become circular & 1mm. in diameter
• Under humid conditions groups of conidiophores will be formed in the spot
• Spots develop concentric rings
• Finally the spots coalesce leading to blighting of leaves.
• The fungus is seed borne and cause shriveling of seeds and poor germination
• Linear spots also appear on petioles, stems, pods & seeds

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Mycelium persisting in the seed or as spores on seed or from debris
• Secondary: Wind or insect borne conidia

Favourable conditions:

• Soil temperature of around 28⁰ C
• High humidity or persistent dew
• Moist weather with intermittent showers>

Black rot

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Dowson) Dye, et al.

Serious on cabbage, cauliflower, knol-khol and raddish

Symptoms:

• First appear as chlorotic or yellow (angular) areas near the leaf margins
• Yellow area extends to veins and midrib forming characteristic ‘v’ shaped chlorotic spots which later turn black
• Veins and veinlets turn brown and finally black
• Vascular blackening extend beyond affected veins to midrib, petiole and stem
• In advanced stages, infection may reach the roots system and blackening of vascular bundles occurs. Bacterial ooze can also be seen on affected parts
• If the infection is early, the plants wilt and die
• If the infection is late plants succumb to soft rot and die.

Survival and spread:

• Primary :Bacterial cells internally seed borne and soil borne
• Secondary: Bacterial cells dispersed through irrigation water and rain splashes.

Favourable conditions:

• Relative humidity > 90%
• High soil moisture
• Frequent rains

Downy Mildew

Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr. Syno. (Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pers.) Constant., 2002

Severe in raddish, cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, and knol-khol.

Symptoms:

• Small purplish brown spots on under surface of leaves
• Small, pale yellow angular spots on upper surface of leaves, with downy growth on the under surface. The spots coalesce and the leaves shrivel and dries up prematurely
• In cabbage, these spots expose the heads to soft rot
• Cauliflower curds look brownish at the t
• Stems show dark brown and depressed lesions or streaks which later develop downy growth of fungus.

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Oospores in infected plant debris or in soil
• Secondary: Wind borne and rain splashed sporangia

Favourable conditions:

• It occur at a moderate temperature range of 12-27⁰ C
• High soil moisture
• Neutral to acidic soils 5-7.0 pH

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz.ex Junnell

Infects mostly cabbage and cauliflower

Symptoms:

• White powdery spots on the upper surface of leaves, stems,
• flower parts etc.
• Finally the mildew may cover the entire surface
• Infected plants may show rotting and do not have normal growth

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Dormant mycelium in infected plant debris
• Secondary: Wind borne conidia.

Favourable conditions:

• It occur at a moderate temperature range of 12-27⁰ C
• Dry conditions with morning relative humidity of 80%

White rust

Albugo candida (Pers. ex Lév.) Ktze

Symptoms:

• White, shiny raised blisters (pustules) on the lower surfaces of leaves, stems and flowers
• Pustules coalesce to form irregular patches
• The epidermis ruptures exposing white spore mass which gives the pustule a powdery appearance
• Distortion of the floral parts including petals, pistils and anthers due to hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
• Plants malformed beyond recognition

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Oospores in soil and sporangia from perennial weed hosts in the vicinity
• Secondary: Wind borne and rain splashed conidia (sporangia) or autonomous zoospores

Favourable conditions:

• Relative humidity > 90%
• High soil moisture
• Frequent rains

IPM for Cabbage and Cauliflower

To know the IPM practices for Cabbage & Cauliflower, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.09   

 

35 ratings

Cabbage and Cauliflower Insect pests

1. Diamondback moth
2. Cabbage head borer
3. Cabbage leaf webber
4. Cabbage aphids
5. Painted bug
6. Tobacco caterpillar
7. Cabbage butterfly
8. IPM for Cabbage and Cauliflower

Diamondback moth

It is distributed worldwide infesting cruciferous plants of Brassica spp. such as cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Turnip Brassica rapa etc.

• Egg: Each female lays 50-60 small whitish eggs singly along the veins on underside of leaves at night times. Egg hatches in about 7 days.
• Larva: Larva is greenish with short thin hairs on the body. Full grown caterpillar measures 1-1.5 cm and its body tapers towards both ends. Larval period is 14 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside a thin loose mesh of silken cocoon. Pupal period is about 7 days.
• Adult: The moth is greyish brown with narrow wings having pale white triangular markings on inner margin of each forewing which form three diamond shaped white patches dorsally when wings are folded over back at rest. Hence the name, diamondback moth. The pest is active throughout the year.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Caterpillars feed on under surface of leaves and bite holes in leaves and cause serious damage
• Withered appearance of affected leaves.
• Skeletonized leaves.

Egg parasitoids - Trichogramma spp.

Larval parasitoids

Brachymeria spp.            Eriborus spp.

Brachymeria excarinata Cotesia plutellae

Cabbage head borer

It infests cabbage, cauliflower, knolkhol and beetroot.

• Egg: Female moth lays yellowish shiny eggs on leaves. Eggs hatch in about 4 days.
• Larva: The caterpillar becomes full grown in about 9 days. Full grown caterpillar is 12-15 mm, greyish yellow with seven purplish brown longitudinal stripes on the body
• Pupa: Full grown larva pupates in the larval burrow itself or in the soil. Pupal period is about 6 days.
• Adult: Adult is pale yellowish-brown moth having grey wavy lines on the forewing.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Caterpillars web the leaves and bore into stem, stalk or leaf veins.
• They bore into the cabbage head also making it unfit for consumption. The damage results in Webbed leaves
• Holes in cabbage head with fecal matter

Egg parasitoids: Trichogramma spp.

Larval Parasitoids:

Brachymeriaspp, Eriborusspp Apanteles ruficrus

Cabbage leaf webber

It infests cabbage, radish, mustard and other cruciferous plants.

• Eggs: Female moth lays eggs in masses of 40 -100 on underside of leaves. They hatch in 5 -15 days
• Larva: Caterpillar webs together the foliage and feeds on leaves. It also feeds on flowers and pods in the case of mustard and flower heads in cabbage and cauliflower. Caterpillar bears red head with brown longitudinal stripes and rows of tubercles on the body. Larval period is 24-27 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in a cocoon within the webbed leaves. Pupal period is 14-40 days.
• Adult: Adult is small with light brownish forewings.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Webbed leaves with fecal matter
• Skeletonized leaves

Egg parasitoid: Trichogramma

Larval parasitoids:

Brachymeria spp Eriborus spp Apanteles ruficrus

Cabbage aphids

The aphids are yellowish green (B. brassicae) and multiply parthenogenetically.

Damage symptoms:

This pest infests crucifers in cold season. Both the nymphs and adults suck sap from plant causing loss of vigour. Sooty mould develops on excreted honeydew reducing the photosynthesis.

Parasitoid:

Predators:

Painted bug

Nymphs are reddish in colour. Adult is yellow with black markings

Symptoms of damage:

• It is a serious pest of cruciferous crops and widely distributed. Both nymphs and adults suck sap from leaves, shoots and pods resulting in wilting and loss of vigour of the plant.
• It feeds on cabbage, caluliflower, radish etc.

Tobacco caterpillar

It is found throughout the tropical and sub tropical parts of the world, wide spread in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato, cabbage and various other cruciferous crops.

• Eggs: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
• Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when full grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts 15-30 days
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
• Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the margin of wing. Pest breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. Adults live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes 32-60 days. There are eight generations in a year.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• In early stages, the caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll content of leaf lamina giving it a papery white appearance. Later they become voracious feeders making irregular holes on the leaves.
• Irregular holes on leaves initially and later skeletonization leaving only veins and petioles
• Heavy defoliation.
• Bored fruits with irregular holes

Parasitoid:

Predators:

Cabbage butterfly

• Larva: The caterpillar is velvety green and measures about 4.2 cm in length. The caterpillars are gregarious initially but disperse as they grow.
• Pupa: Pupation is in damaged leaves.
• Adult: Adult is a butterfly with its fore wings snow white having black distal margins. Hind wings pure white with black apical spots.

Symptoms of damage:

• They skeletonise leaves and bore into heads of cabbage and cauliflower

IPM for Cabbage and Cauliflower

 

 

To know the IPM practices for Cabbage & Cauliflower, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

5   

 

2 ratings

Cabbage and Cauliflower Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematodes
2. Weeds
1. Major Kharif weeds
2. Major Rabi weeds
3. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematodes
4. IPM for Cabbage and Cauliflower

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)
• Head borer, Hellula undalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) (Andhra, Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab)
• Leaf webber, Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh)
• Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, West Bengal)
• Cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Punjab, West Bengal)
• Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh)

Diseases

• Damping off, Pythium aphanidermatum (Eds.)Fitz ; Rhizoctonia sonali Kuhn (Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal)
• Black rot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Dowson) Dye, et al. (Delhi, Manipur, Maharashtra, Rajasthan)

Nematodes

• Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica
• Reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis

Weeds

Major Kharif weeds

Broadleaf weeds

• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F.
• Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.
• Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L.
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L.
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk.

Grassy weeds

• Rabbit/Crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv.
• Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd.
• Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Scop. Sedges
• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L.
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L.

Major Rabi weeds

Broadleaf weeds

• Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L.
• Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L.
• Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All.
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam.
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L.

Grassy weeds

• Blue grass: Poa annua L.
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz.

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh)
• Leaf eating caterpillar, Spilosoma oblique Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
• Serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifoli (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
• Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Homoptera: Aphididae) (Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tripura)
• Cut worm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Painted bug, Bagrada cruciferorum Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Diseases

• Club root: Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. (Bihar, Kerala, West Bengal)
• Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV): CaMV (Himachal Pradesh)
• Ring spot: Mycosphaerella brassicicolaI (Fries ex Duby) Lindau
• Black leg: Phoma lingam (Tode) Desm (Leptosphaeria maculans).
• Alternaria spot: Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., A. brassicicola (Schow.) Wiltshire (Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan)
• White rust: Albugo candida (Lev.) Kunze. (Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka)
• Root rot: Pythium spp.
• Soft rot: Erwinia carotovora (L.R. Jones) Hollander

Nematodes

• Stunt nematode, Pratylenchus pratensis

IPM for Cabbage and Cauliflower

To know the IPM practices for Cabbage & Cauliflower, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

32 ratings

Cabbage and Cauliflower Crop stage-wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing
2. Seed Sowing/ Transplanting stage
3. Sowing/Planting
4. Vegetative stage
5. Head state

Management	Activities
Pre-sowing
Nutrients	Add well rotten farm yard manure (FYM) @ 8- 10 t/acre or vermicompost @ 5 t/ acre treated with Trichoderma spp. and /or Pseudomonas sp @ 2 kg/acre. Incorporate at the time of field preparation 1 week (vermicompost) or 2 to 3 weeks (FYM) before transplanting.
Weeds	At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique to minimize the weeds menace in field. Keep the nursery weed free by hand pulling of the weeds. Black plastic mulch prevents entry of light, which restricts germination of weed seeds and growth.
Resting stages of pests and nematodes	Deep summer ploughing Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil borne pests. Apply neem cake @ 100 kg/acre at the time of transplanting for reducing nematodes and borer damage. In nematode severe area apply carbofuran 3% CG @ 20,000 g/acre
DBM	Cultural control: Removal and destruction of plant remnants, stubbles, debris after harvest and ploughing the field. Trap crop: Sowing 2 rows of bold seeded mustard as a trap crop for every 25 rows of cabbage to attract moths to mustard. Plant the first row 12 days before transplanting and the second row 25 days after transplanting Grow intercrops such as tomato, garlic, coriander and carrot in alternate rows with cabbage
Seed Sowing/ Transplanting stage
Nutrients	Before sowing, soil testing should be done to find out the soil fertility status. Nutrient should be provided as per soil test recommendations. For varieties apply 32 kg N/acre in three equal splits. The first one (33.3%) at the time of transplanting as basal dose. For hybrids apply 48 kg N/acre in three equal splits. The first one (33.3%) at the time of 30 transplanting as basal dose. For varieties apply entire quantity of P and K @ 60 and 40 kg /acre, respectively, at the time of sowing. For hybrids apply entire quantity of P and K @ 90 and 60 kg/acre, respectively, at the time of sowing. Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar application. Biofertilizers: For seed treatment with Azotobacter and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB) cultures @ 8-10 g/kg seed For seedling root dip treatment with Azotobacter and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB) cultures @ 250 g /acre seedlings
Weed management	Keep the nursery weed free by hand weeding. Avoid carrying weed seedlings along with cabbage seedlings.
Sowing/Planting
Black rot	Cultural control: Crop sanitation Resistant varieties: Crop rotation for 2-3 years with noncruciferous crops
Damping off	Cultural control: Quality seed and a chemical or heat pasteurized planting medium should be used. Excessive watering and poorly drained areas of field should be avoided Use raised beds: more than 15cm height is better for water drainage or use pro trays for raising seedlings Chemical control: Soil drench with captan 75% WP @ 1000 g in 400 l of water/acre Treatment with captan 75% WP @ 20-30 g/kg seed.
Alternaria leaf spot	Cultural control: Long rotations (3 years) without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds such as wild mustard. Plant later plantings upwind of earlier plantings. Allow for good air circulation (i.e. wide spacings, rows parallel to prevailing winds, not close to hedgerows). Chemical control: Spray zineb 75% WP @ 600-800 g in 300- 31 400 l of water/acre or mancozeb 75% WP @ 600-800 g in 300 l of water/acre
* Applying Trichoderma as seed and nursery treatment and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative stage
Nutrients	Top Dressing Apply second dose (33.3%) 30 days after transplanting and irrigate the crop immediately after fertilizer application. Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular micronutrient.
Weeds	Weeding and hoeing should be done once within 20-25 days after transplanting and second time 45 days after transplanting. Deep hoeing should be avoided. Mulching with black Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) sheets of 30micron thickness by burying both the ends into the soil to a depth of 10 cm will avoid weed growth.
DBM	Cultural control: Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring. Biological control: Release egg parasitoid, T. chilonis/pretiosum @ 20,000/acre 4-6 times at weekly interval. Release larval parasitoids, Diadegma semiclausm @ 1,00,000/acre (Hills – below 25 –27ºC) or Cotesia plutellae (plains) @ 20,000/acre from 20 days after planting Conserve other parasitoids such as Brachymeria spp., Eriborus spp. etc. Fungal pathogens, for example, Paecilomyces spp. and Zoophthora radican are effective. Foliar spray with 5% NSKE or azadirachtin 0.03% (300 ppm) neem oil based WSP @ 1000-2000 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre Chemical control: Spray flubendiamide 20% WG @ 15 g in 150 l of water/acre or lufenuron 5.4% EC @ 240 g in 200 l of water/acre or spinosad 2.5% SC @ 240–280 in 200 l of water/acre 32 or indoxacarb 15.8% EC @ 106.4 ml in 200–400 l of water/acre or emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 60- 80 g in 200 l of water/acre or fipronil 5% SC @ 320–400 ml in 200 l of water/acre. (last spray should be 15 days before harvesting).
Cabbage borer	Cultural control: Collect and destroy caterpillars mechanically in the early stages of attack. Chemical control: Malathion 50 EC @ 600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre..
Cabbage leaf webber	Cultural control: Remove and destroy the webbed leaves with caterpillars within. Set up light traps @ 1/acre. Biological control: Conserve parasitoids such as Cotesia crocidolomiae etc.
Cabbage Aphid	Cultural Control: Install yellow sticky traps, yellow water pan traps @ 12/acre to monitor alates (winged adult). Biological control: Conserve parasitoids such as Aphidius colemani (adult and nymph), Diaeretiella spp. (adult and nymph), Aphelinus spp. (adult and nymph) etc. Conserve predators such wasps, green lacewings, earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders etc. Chemical control: Foliar spray with dimethoate 30% EC @ 264 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or fenvalerate 20% EC @ 120-150 ml in 240- 300 l of water/acre or phosalone 35% EC @ 571 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or acetamiprid 20 % SP @ 300 ml in 200-240 l of water/acre.
Tobacco caterpillar	Cultural control: Field sanitation and rouging Repellant plants: Ocimum/Basil Setting up light traps for adults @ 1/acre. Erecting of bird perches for encouraging predatory birds such as mynah, drongo etc. Use of ovipositional trap crops such as 33 castor @ 250 plants/acre and collection of larvae from flowers Installing pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring insect activity Biological control: Spray NSKE 5% against eggs and first instar larvae. Spray NPV @ 40LE/ac in combination with jaggery 1 kg, sandovit 100 ml or Robin Blue 50 g thrice at 10-15 days interval on observing the eggs or first instar larvae in the evening hours. Conserve parasitoids such as Trichogramma chilonis (egg), Tetrastichus spp. (egg), Telenomus spp. (egg), Carcelia spp. (larval-pupal), Campoletis chlorideae (larval) etc. Conserve predators such as lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea), coccinellids, king crow, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants etc. Chemical control: Spray trichlorfon 5% GR @ 300 g/acre or thiodicarb 5% GR @ 300g/acre or chlorfluazuron 5.4% EC @ 600 ml in 200 l of water/acre
Cabaage butterfly	Cultural control: Fine-mesh netting in nursery will stop butterflies from reaching the crop and lay eggs. Collect and destroy eggs or caterpillars mechanically by hand- usually on the underside of the leaves. Intercropping cabbages with Nasturtium results in fewer eggs laid on cabbage by the butterflies. Biological control: Release Trichogramma spp. Erect bird perche Conserve parasitoids such as Cotesia glomeratus (larval), Pteromalus puparum (larval) etc.
Club rot diseases	Cultural control: Use disease free seedlings A pH slightly above neutral (usually about pH 7.2) helps to minimize disease Add hydrated lime to soil to increase pH to 7.2 34 ( 6 weeks before planting @ 1.5 t/ac) Avoid excess irrigation
Downy mildew	Cultural control: Destruction of infected plant debris Avoid of thick sowing and excessive moist conditions Use a 3- year rotation without cruciferous crops Avoid overhead irrigation Allow for good air movement (i.e. wide spacing, rows parallel to prevailing winds, not close to hedgerows)
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: Destruction of infected plant debris Maintain proper spacing
White rot	Cultural control: Sanitary measures and destruction of weeds Crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops
Black rot	Same as in seedling stage
Alternaria leaf spot	Same as in seedling stage
DBM and other lepidopteran insects	Same as in vegetative stage
Head state
Nutrients	The third dose (33.3%) 50-60 days after transplanting and if they are long duration varieties third dose at 75-80 days after transplanting. Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular micronutrient.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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30 ratings

Cabbage and Cauliflower Nutrient deficiency symptoms

1. Whip-tail
2. Browning
3. Buttoning
4. Riceyness
5. Blindness
6. Internal tip burn
7. Phosphorus
8. Zinc
9. IPM for Cabbage and Cauliflower

Whip-tail

In this condition, the leaf blades do not develop properly and become strap like. The growing point is severely deformed and no marketable curd is formed. This condition in cauliflower results because of the deficiency of molybdenum which occurs in acidic soils below 4-5 pH.

Correction measures: It may be controlled by liming the soil which reduces the acidity and increases the soil pH up to 6.5. It may also be controlled by the application of 1-2 kg/ac of sodium or ammonium molybdate.

Browning

Browning is a common problem in cauliflower. In this the stem becomes hollow and the curd becomes brown. Affected curds develop a bitter taste. Browning occurs because of the deficiency of boron.

Correction measures: This condition may be controlled by the application of borax or sodium borate @ 20 kg per hectare. In case of acute deficiency, spray of 0.25 to 0.50% solution of borax @ 1-2 kg/ac will give satisfactory results. It has been reported that boron and molybdenum increase curd size and weight as well as ascorbic acid content when applied together.

Buttoning

This disorder of cauliflower is identified by the development of small curd or 'button' while the plants are small and consequently the curd gets open. This is caused due to the deficiency of nitrogen, by planting seedlings older than 6 weeks, or any other factors that cause check in growth in the early stage of seedlings. These factors may be insufficient moisture supply, water logging, hot and dry weather, carelessness in proper and timely weeding and pest and disease attack. If an early variety is grown 37 late, its growth is checked due to lower temperature and the curds remain under sized or buttoned.

Such factors should be avoided to get proper size of the curd.

Riceyness

A premature initiation of floral buds in cauliflower is characterized by riceyness. In this case the peduncle elongates and the curd becomes granular and loose. Such curds are considered to be of poor quality for marketing. This condition may result from any temperature higher or lower than the optimum required for a particular variety. Rampant growth, heavy nitrogen dressing and high relative humidity may also play some role in developing this condition. It may also appear when the harvesting of curds is delayed and they become over mature.

Blindness

When the terminal bud does not develop or gets broken or eaten away by the insects, the condition is called 'blindness. In other words the plant grows without the terminal bud with no formation of curd or head. The leaves become large, dark green and leathery. These types of plants should be removed from the field.

Internal tip burn

Tipburn is a nonpathogenic internal disorder that is associated with the death of leaf tissue, usually along the leaf margins in the interior of the head. At first the tissue turns tan or light brown, but later may appear to be dark brown or even black. The affected tissue loses moisture and takes on a papery appearance. The extent of the symptoms may vary from a narrow band along the leaf margin(s) of one or a few leaves to a rather extensive zone involving a number of leaves. The condition is not progressive, but does become increasingly evident as head maturity approaches. If an affected head is harvested at an early state of maturation, little evidence of the disorder may be observed. For this reason, fresh market cabbage does not as often show visible symptoms of tipburn as do more-mature processing cabbage heads. Affected tissue may be invaded by secondary pathogens  (i.e., bacterial soft rot), which can cause further breakdown. Because tipburn cannot be detected externally, the head must be cut open to determine whether the disorder is present

Phosphorus

Pigmentation in old leaves; curd size and quality will be affected

Correction measure Soil application of recommended dose phosphorus.

Zinc

Young leaves become small; curd color will be affected.

Correction measure: Foliar spray of ZnSO₄ @ 0.5%

IPM for Cabbage and Cauliflower

To know the IPM practices for Cabbage & Cauliflower, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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