IPM Stratergies for Banana

Banana Pests Pests of National Significance Insect pests Diseases Weeds Pests of Regional Significance Insect pests ...

Banana Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
2. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematodes
3. IPM for Banana

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Banana rhizome weevil: Cosmopolitus sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• Banana stem weevil: Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• Banana leaf eating caterpiller: Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Banana aphid: Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Banana thrips:
• Rust thrips: Cheatanophothrips signipennis Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Leaf thrips: Helionothrips kadaliphilus Ramak (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Flower thrips: Thrips florum Schumtz (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Banana leaf and fruit scarring beetle: Nodostoma (Basilepta) subcostatum Jac. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
• Banana lacewing bug: Stephanitis typicus Distant (Hemiptera: Tingidae)

Diseases

• Panama wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (E.F.Sm.) W.C.Snyder & H.N. Hansen
• Mycosphaerella leaf spot:
• Yellow sigatoka: Mycosphaerella musicola R. Leach ex J.L. Mulder
• Black sigatoka: Mycosphaerella fi jiensis Morelet
• Anthracnose: Colletrotrichum musae Green & Goos, Gloeosporium musarum Cke. & Massee
• Tip rot or bacterial soft rot: Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Edward
• Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD): Bunchy top virus or Banana virus - 1 or Musa virus–1
• Banana bract mosaic virus: Banana bract mosaic virus (BBMV; potyvirus)
• Banana streak disease (BSV): Banana streak virus (Badna virus)
• Infectious chlorosis: Cucumber mosaic virus (Cucumovirus)

Weeds

Broad leaf

• Spiny pigweed: Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Slender pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Carrot weed: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Common purslane: Portulaca olaracea L. (Portulacaceae)
• Tridax daisy: Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae)
• Spurge: Euphorbia hirta L., E. geniculata, Ortega (Euphorbiaceae)
• Knotweed: Polygonum plebeium R.Br. (Polygonaceae)
• Touch me not weed: Mimosa pudica L. (Mimosaceae)

Grasses

• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers (Poaceae)
• Crab grass: Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop (Poaceae)
• Indian goosegrass: Eleusine indica L. Gaetrn (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nut sedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Hard scale: Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• Fruit fly: Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Karnataka)
• Bag worm: Kophene cuprea Moore. (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)
• Banana scab moth: Nacoleia octasema Meyr (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Uttar Pradesh)

Diseases

• Cigar end rot: Verticillium theobromae (Turconi) E.W. Mason & S. Hughes (Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala)
• Finger tip or black tip rots: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Karnataka, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh)

Nematodes

• Burrowing nematode: Radopholus similis Cobb. (Manipur, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Goa, Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar  Pradesh)
• Root-lesion nematode: Pratylenchus coff eae Zimmerman. (Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Tamil Nadu)
• Spiral nematode: Helicotylenchus multicinctus Cobb (Tripura, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra)
• Root knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh)

IPM for Banana

To know the IPM practices for Banana, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

139 ratings

Banana: Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre planting*
2. Planting*
3. Vegetative stage
4. Post harvest
5. Management of regional pests

Management	Activity
Pre planting*
Nutrients	• Banana requires high amount of nutrients, which needs to be supplied in the form of manures and fertilizers. • Nutrients should be supplied on the basis of soil test report and recommendations. • Generally banana crop requires 7-8 Kg N, 0.7- 1.5 Kg P and 17-20 Kg K per metric ton yield. • In acidic soils, use dolomite (Mg2CO3) or limestone (CaCO3) as soil amendments.
Weeds
Nematodes**, banana corm weevil and diseases	Cultural control: • Deep ploughing during summer • Use of disease free planting material. • Storage of large corms in the sun for two weeks prior to planting. • Select healthy suckers. • Avoid growing Robusta, Karpooruvally, Malbhog, Champa and Adukkar. • Grow less susceptible varieties like Poovan, Kadali, Kunnan, Poomkalli. • Intercropping of banana with Crotalaria juncea, marigold reduces burrowing nematodes Chemical control: • Before planting, the suckers should be dipped in carbofuran 3% CG @ 33g/ sucker then shade dry for 72 hrs then go for planting for rhizome weevil. • For nematode treat the suckers with carbofuran 3% CG @ 50g/suckers.
Planting*
Nutrients	• At the time of planting, apply 10 kg FYM, 200 – 250 g N; 60-70 g P; 300 g K/ plant. • Further application of 100 g potash and also 40 g of phosphorus are essential and applied at planting. Application of full dose of P and K at planting and N in three equal doses in shallow rings about 8-10 cm deep are recommended.
Weeds	Cultural Control: • Use weed free suckers for planting. • Adopt intercropping of recommended crops (e.g. cowpea etc.) with recommended agronomic practices. Chemical Control: • Pre-emergence application of diuron 80% WP@ 0.8 Kg in 250 l of water/acre if infestation by the weed species as recommended by CIBRC.
Nematodes**, banana rhizome weevil and diseases	Cultural control: • Use of cover crop calopogonium. • Crop rotation with non-host crops. Chemical control: • Before planting, the suckers should be dipped in carbofuran 3% CG @ 33g/ sucker then shade dry for 72 hrs then go for planting for rhizome weevil. For nematode treat the seed with carbofuran 3% CG @ 50g/suckers.
Vegetative stage
Nutrients	• The application of 25 % N in organic form, 75 % N in inorganic form along with growing green manure crops is found to be beneficial. • Application of 25% N as farmyard manure and 1 Kg. neem cake is beneficial. • Apply 100 g of N/plant as top dressing in three equal split doses 60, 90 and 120 days after planting. • In acidic soils, triple superphosphate or diammonium phosphate is recommended. • Application of 100 g K in two splits during vegetative phase should be done. • Application of 200-300 g K2O is recommended depending upon the cultivar. • Muriate of potash is generally used as a source of K. But in soils with pH above 7.5, potassium sulphate is advantageous. • Micronutrients: Combined foliar application of ZnSO4 (0.5%), FeSO4 (0.2%), CuSO4 (0.2%) and H3BO3 (0.1%) applied at 3, 5 and 7 months after planting helps to increase yield and quality of banana. • Fertigation: In order to avoid loss of nutrients from conventional fertilizers i.e. loss of N through leaching, volatilization, evaporation and loss of P and K by fixation in the soil, application of water soluble or liquid fertilizers through drip irrigation (fertigation) should be adopted.
Weeds	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy egg masses and caterpillars • Use burning torch to kill the congregating larvae • Summer ploughing to expose to the pupae. • Grow repellant plants: Ocimum/basil • Attractant plants: Carrot family, sunflower family, buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, shrubs (minute pirate bug & lacewing) • Nectar rich plants with small flowers i.e anise, caraway, dill, parsley, mustard, sunflower, buckwheat and cowpea (Braconid wasp) Mechanical control: • Hand pick and destroy the egg masses and caterpillars • Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts. • Use pheromone @ 4-5 traps/acre. • Use light trap to attract and kill the adults. Biological control: • Field release of egg parasitoids such as Telenomus spodopterae, T. remus • Encourage the activity of larval parasitoids Ichneumon promissorius, Carcelia spp., Campoletis chlorideae • Pupal parasitoids such as Ichneumon sp etc. • Predators such as Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, Coccinellids, King crow, Braconid wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, red ants • Conserve nematode such as Ovomermis albicans
Banana rhizome weevil	Cultural control: • Removal of pseudostems below ground level • Trimming the rhizome • Prune the side suckers every months. Mechanical control: • Pheromone lure (‘cosmolure’) can be used for monitoring as well as trapping of banana rhizome weevil. Installing traps at low trap density 2/acre. • Initially placed in a line of 10 meters from a border and 20 meters apart. Chemical control: • Soil incorporation at the time of planting carbofuran 3% CG @ 33g/sucker.
Banana lacewing bug/ tingid bug	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy the damaged leaves, flowers and fruits along with life stages Chemical control: • Spray carbofuran 3% CG @ 166g/sucker or dimethoate 30% EC @ 594-792 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or oxydemeton – methyl 25% EC @ 600-800 ml in 600- 800 l of water/acre or quinalphos 25% EC @ 1200-1600 ml in 200-400 l of water/ acre, direct the spray towards the crown and pseudostem base
Banana thrips	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy the damaged leaves, flowers and fruits along with life stages • Use blue pan water sticky trap @ 4-5/acre • Destroy all volunteer plants and old neglected plantations. Use healthy and pest free suckers for planting • Hot water treatment of suckers prior to planting. • Bunch covers (which cover the full length of the bunch) protection applied very early. • Regular checking of fruit under the bunch covers is essential to ensure that damage. • Conserve predators such as coccinellid and lacewings
Leaf and fruit scarring beetle	Cultural control: • Practice clean cultivation by removing the grass weeds from the banana plantations.
Banana aphids	Cultural control: • Use yellow pan water sticky trap @ 4-5/acre • Ensure clean cultivation • Encourage activity of predator coccinellids such as Scymnus, Chilomenes sexmaculatus, and lacewing, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi Chemical control: • Apply carbofuran 3% CG @ 166g/sucker or dimethoate 30% EC @594-792 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or oxydemeton – methyl 25% EC @1200-1600 ml in 600- 800 l of water/acre, direct the spray towards the crown and pseudostem base upto ground level.
Hard scale insect**	Cultural control: • Collect and destroy the affected plant parts. Biological control: • Field release of coccinelid predators like Chilocorus nigritus, Symnus coccivora
Banana scab moth	Cultural control: • Careful selection of following suckers of equal size will ensure a concentrated bunching cycle that streamlines control. Biological control: • A range of spiders and other general predators exert a measure of natural control.
Sigatoka disease	Cultural control: • Removal and destruction of the aff ected leaves. • Prevent water accumulation around the plant and go for periodical weeding. • Select tolerant varieties such as Ney Poovan, Pachanadan, Karpuravalli, Fhia 1 (Gold fi nger), Sannachenkadali Chemical control: • Mancozeb 75% WP @600-800 g in 400 l of water/acre. • Propiconazole 25% EC @ 0.1% (100 ml/100 l water.) in 200-400 l of water/acre. • Copper oxychloride 50% WP @ 1Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre.
Moko diseases	Cultural control: • Providing good drainage • Disinfestation of tools with formaldehyde diluted with water in 1:3 ratio. • Crop rotation (3 years rotation with sugarcane or rice) & providing good drainage • Allow fallow period or flooding during off -season.
Bunchy top disease	Cultural control: • Avoid growing of susceptible cultivars viz., Rasthali, Monthan, Red banana and Virupakshi. • Grow resistant cultivar Poovan. • Removal and destruction of affected leaves followed by spraying with BM (1%) +linseed oil (2%). • Select tolerant varieties such as Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Fhia 1 (Gold finger), Anai komban, Nivedya Kadali.
Tip rot	Cultural control: • Remove infected plants and destroy. Chemical control: • Drench with mancozeb 75% WP @ 600-800 g in 400 l of water/acre.
Anthracnose	Cultural control: • Proper sanitation of handling and prompt cooling to 14° C are essential in minimising the disease in cold storage.
Cigar end rot**	Cultural control: • Prompt cooling to 14° C; proper sanitation of handling facilities reduce the incidence in the cold storage. Chemical control: • Mancozeb 75% WP @ 600-800g in 400 l of water/acre.
Infectious chlorosis	Cultural control: • Destroy infected plants • Use disease free suckers • Dry heat treatment of suckers at 40º C for 1 day • Avoid growing cucurbits as intercrop Chemical control: • Control aphid vector by applying carbofuran 3% CG @ 166g/sucker or dimethoate 30% EC @ 594-792 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre or oxydemeton – methyl 25% EC @ 1200-1600 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre.
Banana bract mosaic virus/streak mosaic	Cultural control: • Dry heat treatment of suckers at 40º C for 1 day. • Avoid growing cucurbits as intercrop
Reproductive stage (5th-7th month):
Weeds	• Same cultural practices as in vegetative stage. • Left over weeds before shading of seeds should be removed to reduce the weed seed bank/spread.
Banana stem weevil	Cultural control: • Remove dried leaves periodically and keep the fi eld clean • Prune the side suckers every month • Use healthy and pest free suckers to check the pest incidence • Do not dump infested materials into manure pit • Uproot infested trees, chop into pieces and burn • Use longitudinally split pseudostem trap at 26/acre. • 2ml at 45 cm from ground level; another 2m at 150 cm from ground level. • Uproot infested trees, chop into pieces and burn.
Post harvest
Anthracnose	• Same as in vegetative stage
Note: The pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume sprayer. * Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as rhizome, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required). ** Pests of regional significance

Management of regional pests

Fruit fly:

• Grow less susceptible variety
• Create physical barrier between the host fruits and the egg-laying female fruit fly can be provided by bagging or rapping the fruits before maturity. Bags can be made from double layers of newspaper or brown paper.
• The whole fruit bunches may be bagged inside banana leaves at later stage.
• The collection and destruction of fallen, damaged and overripe fruits is strongly recommended to reduce the resident population of fruit flies.
• Fruit fly trap can be erected at every 20 meter distance.
• Early harvesting may also reduce the fruit infestation and damage.

Bag worm:

• The sanitary measures like hand picking and destroying the infested leaf parts should be adopted.

Fingertip or black tip rots:

• Wrap the banana fruit bunch in plastic bag prior to hot water dip.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.04   

 

139 ratings

Banana: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Panama wilt
2. Mycosphaerella leaf spot, yellow sigatoka, black sigatoka
3. Anthracnose
4. Moko disease/bacterial wilt
5. Tip over or bacterial soft rot
6. Bunchy top/curly top
7. Banana bract mosaic virus (BBMV)
8. Banana streak disease (BSV)
9. Infectious chlorosis (CMV)
10. IPM for Banana

Panama wilt

Disease symptoms

• Yellowing of the lower most leaves starting from margin to midrib of the leaves
• Yellowing extends upwards and finally heart leaf alone remains green for some time and it is also affected.
• The leaves break near the base and hang down around pseudostem.
• Longitudinal splitting of pseudostem. Discolouration of vascular vessels as red or brown streaks.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen spreads through infected rhizomes

Favourable conditions

• Continuous cultivation in the infested field or monocroping results in buildup of inoculum

Mycosphaerella leaf spot, yellow sigatoka, black sigatoka

Disease symptoms

• Early symptoms appear on the third or fourth leaf from the top, i.e., on young leaves.
• Small spindle shaped spots on foliage with greyish centre and yellowish halo running parallel to veins.
• If the fruit is nearing maturity at the time of heavy infection, the flesh ripens but evenly and individual bananas appear undersized and their flesh develops a buff pinkish colour, and store poorly.

Survival and spread

• The conidia of the fungus are carried by wind ,rain water and old dried infected leaves and they help to spread the disease

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms

• At the initial stage, small, circular, black spots develop on the affected fruits. Then these spots enlarge in size, turn to brown colour
• The skin of the fruit turns black and shrivels and becomes covered with characteristic pink acervuli. Finally the whole finger is affected. Later the disease spreads and affects the whole bunch.
• The disease results in premature ripening and shriveling of the fruits which are covered with pink spore masses.
• Occurrence if black lesions on the pedicel causes withering of the pedicel and dropping of the fingers from the hands
• Sometimes the main stalk of the bunch may become diseased. Infected fruits become black and rotten

Survival and spread

• The spread of the disease is by air-borne conidia and numerous insects which frequently visit banana flowers also spread the disease

Favourable conditions

• The disease is favoured by high atmospheric temperature and humidity, wounds and brusies caused in the fruit and susceptibility of the variety

Moko disease/bacterial wilt

Disease symptoms

• Leaves become yellow and progress upwards. The petiole breaks and leaves hang.
• When it is cut open discolouration in vascular region with pale yellow to dark brown colour.
• The discolouration is in the central portion of the corm.
• Internal rot of fruits with dark brown discoloration.
• When the pseudostem is cut transversely bacterial ooze can be seen.

Survival and spread

• The bacterium survives in infected plant material, vegetative propagative organs, wild host plants, and soil.

Favourable conditions

• High temperatures and high soil moisture generally favors disease

Tip over or bacterial soft rot

Disease symptoms

• This disease is more pronounced on young suckers leading to rotting and emitting of foul odour
• Roting of collar region is a commonest symptom followed by epinasty of leaves, which dry out suddenly
• If affected plants are pulled out it comes out from the collar region leaving the corm with their roots in the soil
• In early stage of infection dark brown or yellow water soaked areas are more in the cortex area When affected plants are cut open at collar region yellowish to reddish ooze is seen.

Survival and spread

• Bacteria survive in crop debris and infect by water splash through damaged tissues.
• Worse in hot wet weather. The bacteria spread in contaminated water.

Favourable conditions

• Higher temperatures and high humidity are ideal growing conditions for the bacteria

Bunchy top/curly top

Disease symptoms

• Prominent dark green streaks on the petioles and midrib along the leaf veins.
• Marginal chlorosis and curling of leaves
• Petioles fail to elongate
• Leaves are reduced in size, chlorotic, stand upright and become brittle and are crowded at the top (Bunchy top) and shoe dark green streaks with ‘J hook’ shape near the midrib.
• Flowers display mottled and streaked discolouration
• Plants show marked stunting

Survival and spread

• Vector: banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa
• The disease can be spread by infected plant debris, plant wounds and injuries.

Favourable conditions

• Hot and damp weather with plenty of rainfall trigger the disease to occur.

Banana bract mosaic virus (BBMV)

Disease symptoms

• The disease is characterized by the presence of spindle shaped pinkish to reddish streaks on pseudostem, midrib and peduncle
• Typical mosaic and spindle shaped mild mosaic streaks on bracts, peduncle and fingers also observed
• Suckers exhibit unusual reddish brown streaks at emergence and separation of leaf sheath from central axis
• Clustering of leaves at crown with a travelers palm appearance, elongated peduncle and half filled hands are its characteristic symptom.

Survival and spread

• The disease is caused by a virus belonging to potyvirus group. The virions are flexuous filamentous
• The virus is transmitted through aphid vectors such as Aphis gosypii, Pentolonia nigronervosa and Rhopalosiphum maidis. In field the disease spread mainly through suckers

Banana streak disease (BSV)

Disease symptoms

• A prominent symptom exhibited by BSV is yellow streaking of the leaves, which becomes progressively necrotic producing a black streaked appearance in older leaves.

Survival and spread

• The virus is transmitted mostly through infected planting materials, though mealy bugs (Planococcus citri) and more probably Saccharicoccus sacchari are also believed to transmit it. Shoot tip culture does not eliminate it from vegetatively propagated materials.

Infectious chlorosis (CMV)

Disease symptoms

• The disease manifests itself in all stages of crop growth.
• Due to repeated use of suckers from infected plants the disease spreads and resulting in the gradual decrease in yield and quality.
• The disease is known to occur in all banana-growing states.
• Light yellow streaks run parallel to leaf veins giving the leaf a striped appearance.
• The streaks run usually from mid rib to edge of the blade.

Survival and spread

• Virus is disseminated by suckers and Aphis gossypi.

 

IPM for Banana

To know the IPM practices for Banana, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

173 ratings and

Banana: Insect and Mite Management

1. Banana rhizome weevil
2. Banana stem weevil
3. Banana leaf eating caterpillar
4. Banana aphid
5. Rust thrips
6. Lacewing bug
7. Banana scab moth
8. Hard scale
9. IPM for Banana

Banana rhizome weevil

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are laid singly, white in colour present on the upper part of rhizome.
• Grub: Grub is apodous, yellowish white with red head.
• Pupa: Pupa is white in colour, occur in inside the corm and tunneling.
• Adult: Adult is dark weevil, newly emerged weevil is red brown.

Damage symptoms

• Grubs bore into the rhizome and cause death of the plant. Presence of dark coloured tunnels in the rhizomes and withering of outer leaves.

Favourable conditions

• Weevils hide under debris or in the soil around banana plants during the day and are active at night

Banana stem weevil

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are laid at random on cut ends of pseudostem, yellowish-white, cylindrical in shape.
• Grub: Grubs are apodous, creamy white with dark brown head.
• Pupa: Pupa is pale yellow colour, fibrous cocoon formed inside the tunneling on the periphery.
• Adult: Adults are robust, reddish brown and black.

Damage symptoms

• Grub bore into pseudostem making tunnels.
• Tunneled part decomposes and pseudostem becomes weak.
• They also cut holes on outer surface later blackened mass comes out from the bore hole.
• Wilting of the plant.

Favourable conditions

• Infestation of the weevil normally starts in 5 month old plants.

Banana leaf eating caterpillar

Biology

It is found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world, wide spread in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato, cabbage and various other cruciferous crops.

• Egg: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
• Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when full grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts 15-30 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil, pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
• Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the margin of wing. Pest breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. Adults live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes 32-60 days. There are eight generations in a year.

Damage symptoms

• Young larvae feed by scrapping the leaves from ventral surface
• Later on feed voraciously at night on the foliage

Banana aphid

Biology

• Nymph : Oval or slightly elongated, reddish brown with six segmented antennae
• Adult:Small to medium sized aphids, shiny, reddish to dark brown or almost black. They have six segmented antennae and prominent dark veins. Adults start producing young one day after reaching maturity. They can give birth to 4 aphids per day with an average production of 14 off spring per female.

Damage symptoms

• Leaves are bunched into a rosette appearance.
• Leaf margins are wavy and upward rolling.
• Do not produce bunches.
• It is vector of bunchy top disease.
• Seen in colonies on leaf axils and pseudostem.

Rust thrips

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are not visible to the naked eye. Eggs are laid just below the fruit or pseudostem surface. In summer, eggs hatch in about eight days
• Larva: The wingless creamy white larvae are smaller but have the same shape as the adult. The larval period lasts about 8-10 days.
• Pupa: Pupae are white, 1 mm in length, similar to the larvae and can crawl. The pupal stage lasts 7-10 days
• Adult: The adult is slender, 1.5 mm long, creamy yellow to golden brown with delicate feathery wings.

Damage symptoms

• The early symptoms appear as water-soaked smoky areas where the colonies congregate to feed and oviposit between touching or adjacent fruit.
• These areas then develop the typical rusty-red to dark brown-black discolouration.
• Further rusty growth of the fruit and yellowing of leaves.

Lacewing bug

Biology

• Small, whitish lacewing bug found in colonies on the foliage

Damage symptoms

• Causing a sickly and spotted appearance of the plant. The foliage of infested plants turns pale or yellow and dries up.
• The pest infestation is more common during the post monsoon period especially in drier regions of the country.

Banana scab moth

Biology

• The moth is small (25 mm wingspan) tan to light brown with small black spots on the wings.
• The flattened eggs are laid in clusters ranging from a few to 30 eggs. The eggs resemble shiny overlapping fish scales.
• The yellow to orange larvae grow to about 25 mm before pupating.

Damage symptoms

• Larval feeding causes superficial scarring on young fruit. Damaged areas form a black callous, rendering the fruit unmarketable.
• Feeding is generally confined to the curve of the fruit adjacent to the bunch stalk and between the fingers. Damage ceases after the hand lifts. Mature larvae can be found under the bracts enclosing the male flower or ‘bell’.

Favorable conditions

• This pest is most active during the hot wet summer months but sudden outbreaks can occur throughout the year in some localities.
• Damage occurs progressively as the hands lift and increases in severity towards the lower hands.

Hard scale

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are laid beneath the scale. Adult females shrink in size as they lay their eggs. The female rotates as it deposits eggs so that eggs are arranged in concentric circles around the females. Eggs are laid in batches of 3 or 4 at a time. 65 to 110 eggs were laid by female. The eggs are white when first laid and turn yellow after a few days.
• Nymph: The larvae, called crawlers, have well-developed legs and antennae and a pair of bristles at the tip of the abdomen. The free living stage lasts from 2 to 48 hours, but usually does not exceed 12 hours. After the larvae have attached themselves to the leaf, they go through a period of rapid growth for 7-11 days before the first molt. The second larval stage lasts for 5-8 days for males and 8-10 days for females.
• Pupa: The male pupal period lasts for 4-6 days. Females continue to grow after their second molt for 8-9 days and do not change in body shape. When the female stops growing, she begins to lay eggs and is then considered an adult.
• Adult: The adult female is orange-yellow semitransparent, circular in shape and approximately 1/12 inch in diameter. Females produce an average of 90 eggs throughout her lifetime. The adult male does not feed and is short lived. Reproduction primarily occurs through parthenogenesis, or reproduction without fertilization, in which females are able to produce both male and female progenies. Occasionally a female may lay eggs that produce only male scales.

Damage symptoms

• Grubs bore into the rhizome and cause death of the plant.
• Presence of dark coloured tunnels in the rhizomes.
• Death of unopened pipe, withering of outer leaves

 

 

 

IPM for Banana

To know the IPM practices for Banana, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

115 ratings

Banana: Natural Enemies

1. Natural Enemies of Banana Insect Pests
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
2. Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests
3. IPM for Banana

Natural Enemies of Banana Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Predators

Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Natural enemies	Attractant/repellent/trap plants
Banana aphid
·  Predators: Coccinellids such as Scymnus, Chilomenes sexmaculatus, lacewings such as Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, predatory mantids, ladybird beetles and parasitic wasps	• Attractant plants: Carrot family, sunflower family, marigold, buckwheat, spear mint (syrphid mite, lace wing, minute pirate bug, damselbug and ladybird beetle) • Cosmos, brambles (praying mantis) • Nectar rich plants with small flowers i.e anise, caraway, dill, parsley, mustard. (aphid parasite and Braconid wasp) sunflower, buckwheat and cowpea (Braconid wasp)
Hard scale insects
·  Predators: Parasitic wasps, lacewings, ladybird beetles, ants and predatary mites.	• Nectar rich plants with small flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill, parsley, mustard, sunflower, buckwheat and cowpea attract parasitic wasps, predatory mites, Braconid wasp • Corn flower (Centaurea cyanus), coriander, sunflower, cosmos attract lacewings. • French bean attract predatory mites
Leaf eating caterpillar
• Egg parasitoids: Telenomus spodopterae, T. remus • Larval parasitoids: Ichneumon sp, Carcelia spp Campoletis chlorideae • Pupal parasitoid: Ichneumon sp • Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, Coccinellids, King crow, Braconid wasp, dragon fly, spider, robber fly, reduviid, praying mantis, red ants • Nematode parasite: Ovomermis albicans	• Attractant plants: Carrot family, sunflower family, buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, shrubs (minute pirate bug & lace wing) • Nectar rich plants with small flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill, parsley, mustard, sunflower, buckwheat and cowpea attract parasitic wasps, predatory mites, Braconid wasp • Corn flower (Centaurea cyanus), coriander, sunflower, cosmos attract lacewings. • French bean attracts predatory mites
Thrips
• Parasitoid: Ceranisus menes, • Predators: Lacewings, ladybird beetles. Syrphid fly, minute pirate bug, predatory thrips, spiders, damselbug.	• Attractant plants: Carrot family, sunflower family, buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, corn flower (Centaurea cyanus), coriander, cosmos attract lacewings, minute pirate bug & lacewings

 

IPM for Banana

To know the IPM practices for Banana, click here.

Source: NIPHM, and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

133 ratings and

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Nutritional Deficiencies/Disorders of Banana

1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Boron
5. Magnesium
6. Sulphur
7. Iron
8. Copper
9. Zinc
10. Manganese
11. Calcium
12. IPM for Banana

Nitrogen

Leaves of all ages become pale green. Mid ribs, petioles and leaf sheaths turn reddish pink and rosette in appearance. Plantations with poor root growth exhibit such symptoms. Bunch weight and fruit quality is affected.

Control: Application of urea (300g/plant) followed by irrigation is recommended.

Phosphorus

Plants show stunted growth with poor root development. Old leaves show saw tooth marginal chlorosis, curling of leaves, breaking of petioles and bluish green colour of younger leaves.

Control: Application of DAP (50g/plant) followed by irrigation is recommended.

Potassium

The deficiency symptoms include orange yellow colour of old leaves, scorching along the margins, reduction in total leaf area, curving of midribs etc. Choking of leaves delay flower initiation leading to reduction in yield and quality.

Control: Spraying Potassium Sulphate (1%) solution on the leaves is recommended.

Boron

Deficiency symptoms include reduced leaf area, curling of leaves, lamina deformation, appearance of white stripes perpendicular to the veins on the lamina of young leaves, thickening of secondary veins and inhibition of root and flower formation.

Control: Application of Borax salt (25 g/plant) in the soil around the root zone of the plant is recommended

Magnesium

Yellow discolouration is observed in the mid blade and midrib portion, however, the margins of the leaf remain green. Purple mottling of the petioles, marginal necrosis and separation of leaf sheaths from the pseudostem is also seen.

Control: Application of Magnesium Sulphate (25g/plant) followed by irrigation is recommended.

Sulphur

The defi ciency symptoms include yellow or white appearance of young leaves, necrotic patches on the leaf margins, thickening of veins, stunted growth and small or choked bunches.

Control: Application of complex fertilizer (20:20:0:15) @ 20 g/plant followed by irrigation is recommended.

Iron

The younger leaves turn yellow or white.

Control: Spraying Iron Sulphate (0.5%) along with Urea (1%) on the leaves is recommended.

Copper

Both young and old leaves show symptoms of chlorosis and curve towards the base, which gives an umbrella like appearance to the plant.

Control: Spraying Copper Sulphate (0.5%) on the leaves is recommended.

Zinc

Symptoms appear mostly in limed soils or soils with high pH. Young leaves become smaller in size and more lanceolate in shape. In the furling leaf high amount of anthocyanin pigmentation appear on its underside. The unfurled leaf has alternating chlorotic and green bands. Fruit is light green, twisted, short and thin.

Control: Spraying Zinc Sulphate (0.5%) on the leaves is recommended.

Manganese

Narrow green edge appears at the leaf margins of second or third youngest leaf, which further spreads along the main veins towards the midrib. However, the interveinal areas remain green giving comb tooth appearance.

Control: Spraying Manganese Sulphate (0.5%) on the leaves is recommended.

Calcium

The defi ciency symptoms include deformation or absence of leaf lamina (spike leaf), marginal leaf necrosis and thickening of veins

Control : Application of lime (50g/plant) followed by irrigation is recommended.

IPM for Banana

To know the IPM practices for Banana, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.09   

 

106 ratings