Cumin: Diseases,Symptoms and Pest Management

  Cumin: Diseases and Symptoms Wilt Powdery mildew Alternaria blight Damping off IPM for Cumin Wilt Disease symptoms:...

 

Cumin: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Wilt
2. Powdery mildew
3. Alternaria blight
4. Damping off
5. IPM for Cumin

Wilt

Disease symptoms:

• Disease produces wilting symptoms at seedling and later stage of plant growth
• Brownish discolouration of vascular bundles is seen when stem is cut longitudinal.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus is both soil- and seed-borne and survives as saprophyte in infected plant debris as a mycelium and chlamydospores.
• It spreads short distances by irrigation water, rains splash, wind, and through inter-cultural operations.
• After the plant dies the fungus invades all tissues, sporulates, and continues to infect neighbouring plants.

Favourable condition:

• Soil temperature is between 12.5° C and 14° C

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms:

• The crop is usually attacked by disease at flowering stage in cloudy weather during February-March.
• The powdery growth usually develops first on leaves which later can cover all succulent stems and branches including flowers.
• In severe case seed development may not take place.

Survival and spread:

• Disease is both soil and seed borne.
• Primary spread is through soil and seed, the secondary spread takes place by dispersal of conidia through wind, rain splashes

Favourable conditions:

• Cool high humid weather (20-25° C) or cloudy weather with high relative humidity (RH) > 80% favours conidial germination and disease development.

Alternaria blight

Disease symptoms:

• Disease appears during warm humid weather in the epidemic form at flowering stage and seed cannot mature to full size.
• Seeds become shriveled and are easily blown away during winnowing.
• Early sown crop gets high intensity of disease and produces unmarketable seed.

Survival and spread:

• Fungus overwinters as dormant mycelium in diseased and partly decayed crop refuse, in weeds of the cucurbit family and possibly in the soil. Fungus conidia can survive under warm, dry conditions for several months.
• Pathogen dispersed by air, clothing, tools and other equipment, running and splashing water are other means of spread.
• The germinating spores penetrate susceptible tissue directly or through wounds and soon produce a new crop of conidia that are further spread by wind, splashing rain, tools, or workers.

Favorable conditions:

• Disease becomes widespread in wet weather with temperature ranging from 20-32° C accompanied by high humidity and cloudy weather.

Damping off

Disease symptoms:

• Damping off occurs in two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the post-emergence phase.
• In the pre-emergence phase seeds get rotted and the seedlings are killed just before they reach the soil surface.
• Once the seedling emerges out of soil line a soft water soaked lesion appears near the collar region causes constriction and results in toppling over of the seedlings.
• The young radical and the plumule are killed and there is complete rotting of the seedlings.

Survival and spread:

• Disease is soil borne
• Primary spread of pathogen is through soil, water and the secondary spread of conidia spread through rain splash and wind

Favourable conditions:

• High humidity, high soil moisture, high dose of nitrogenous fertilizers, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24° C for few days are ideal for infection and development of disease.
• Crowded seedlings, dampness due to high rainfall ill-drained soil conditions and excess of soil solutes hamper plant growth and increase the pathogenic damping-off .

IPM for Cumin

To know the IPM practices for Cumin, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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155 ratings

Cumin Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Nematode
3. Diseases
4. Weeds
1. Broadleaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
5. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
6. IPM for Cummin

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Aphid: Myzus persicae Sulzer, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris and, Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Thrips: Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Nematode

• Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.

Diseases

• Wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini Foc
• Blight: Alternaria burnsii Uppal, Patel & Kamat, A. cucumerina Ellis & Everh
• Powdery mildew: Erysiphe polygoni (Vaňha) Weltzien
• Damping off : Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Zeeri: Plantago pumilla L. (Plantaginaceae)
• Lambs quarters: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Yellow sweet clover: Melilotus indica Medik. (Fabaceae)
• Wild onion: Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav (Liliaceae)
• Scarlet: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophylliaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parvifl ora Lam (Fumariaceae)
• False daisy: Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Asteraceae)
• Water primrose: Ludwigia sp. (Onagraceae)
• Toothed dock: Rumex sp. (Polygonaceae)

Grasses

• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
• Goose grass: Poa nnua L. (Poaceae)
• Rabbits foot grass: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. (Poaceae)
• Burmuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nut sedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Variable fl atsedge: Cyperus diff ormis L. (Cyperaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Tobacco caterpillar: Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Cutworm: Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Jassid: Eurymela fenestrata Peletier & Serville (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
• Cigarette beetle: Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)
• Drug store beetle: Stegobium paniceum Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

IPM for Cummin

To know the IPM practices for Cumin, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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118 ratings

Cumin: Insect and Nematode Pests Management

1. Aphid
2. Thrips
3. Cutworm
4. Cigarette beetle
5. Drugstore beetle
6. Tobacco caterpillar
7. Root-knot nematode
8. IPM for Cumin

Aphid

Biology:

During the summer months, the aphid continues to produce wingless off spring by a process called parthenogenesis; the production of off spring without the involvement of sex. From time to time, winged off spring are produced and these fly away to colonise new plants. In the Autumn the winged individuals include males.

The males fly off to a woody shrub or tree and are joined by winged females. Here the females produce wingless off spring which are mated by the males and then lay hard-shelled eggs on the tree branches. In this form the aphids survive the winter. In Spring the eggs hatch to wingless females which produce winged off spring by parthenogenesis. The winged off spring fly to the plants on which they will feed and establish new colonies.

Damage symptoms:

• Direct damage: Aphids damage plants by puncturing them and sucking their juices. They damage the young and soft parts of plants, such as new leaves and shoots. Signs of damage are leaves not opening properly and being smaller in size. Severe infestation can cause shoots to wilt and dry out.
• Indirect damage: Aphids have wings and can move from plant to plant spreading viral diseases, picked up from infected plants. Aphids secrete a sugary liquid that stimulates black sooty mold growth. It can cover the surface of leaves which affects the way they absorb sunlight.

Natural enemies of aphids:

• Parasitoids: Lysiphlebus sp, Diaeretiella sp, Aphelinus sp, Aphidius colemani
• Predators: Ladybird beetle, lacewing, spiders, hover fly etc.

Thrips

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are white to yellow, kidney-bean shaped, microscopic in size. Develop within leaf tissue with one end near the leaf surface. Egg stage is 5-10 days.
• Larva: Instars I and II are active, feeding stages. White to pale yellow in colour, elongate and slender body, Nymphs resemble adult, but without wings. Antennae are short and eyes are dark in color. Crawl quickly when disturbed. Larval stage is 10-14 days.
• Pre-pupa and pupa: Instars III and IV are inactive, non-feeding stages called pre-pupa and pupa, respectively. Pale yellow to brown in colour; body more stout than younger instars. Antennae are bent to head; wing buds are visible. Found in the soil. Pre-pupal and pupal stages last 5-10 days.
• Adult: About 1.5 mm long; elongate, yellow and brown body with two pairs of fringed (hairy) wings. Mouthparts are beak-like and antennae are 7-segmented. Parthenogenic (asexually reproducing) females; males are extremely rare. Females insert eggs individually into leaves. Adult life span is about 1 month and females lay eggs for about 3 weeks.

Damage symptoms:

• Direct damage: Thrips damage the undersides of leaves by sucking their juices. They damage young and soft parts of plants such as new leaves and shoots.
• As a result, leaves curl downwards and change to a blackish- silver color. Severe infestation causes young leaves to wilt and dry out.
• Indirect damage: Thrips can carry and spread viral diseases.

Natural enemies of thrips:

• Parasitiod: Ceranisus menes
• Predators: Predatory thrips, minute pirate bug, ladybird beetle, lacewing, mirid bug, hover fly etc.

Cutworm

Biology:

• Egg: Each female moth come out at dusk and lay creamy white, dome-shaped eggs (200-350) in clusters of about 30 each, either on the under surface of the leaves of host plants or in the soil.
• Larva: Newly emerged young larva is yellow in colour, 1.5 mm long with a shiny, black head and a black shield on the prothorax. The full-grown larva is about 42-45 mm long and is dark or dark brown with a plump and greasy body. Larvae live in the soil and are yellow or blackish- green in color. They have striped markings running down the sides of their bodies. The larval stage varies from 30-34 days
• Pupa: Pupae are brown to dark brown, about 1.5 to 2.0 cm in length and are usually found in or on piles of leaf mould. Pupation takes place underground in an earthen chamber. Pupal period is completed in 10 to 30 days
• Adult: Adult measures about 25 mm from the head to the tip of the abdomen and looks dark with some grayish patches on the back and dark streaks on the forewings. Adults live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes up to 36 days (from egg to adult). The moths usually emerge at night. This pest generally completes three generations in a year.

Damage symptoms:

• Both adult and caterpillars become active at night.
• During the day time caterpillars hide in crack and crevices in the soil.
• They attack young plants by severing their stems, pulling all parts of the plant into the ground and devouring them.
• Plants with severed stems have difficulty growing again.
• This pest can cause serious damage; particularly when crops are at 25 - 35 days after planting.

Favourable conditions:

• Persistent dry weather with lesser or no rainfall, reduced humidity & 16° C-23° C temperatures favor the development of cutworm.

Natural enemies of cutworm:

• Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Tetrastichus sp, Telenomus sp, Bracon sp, Campoletis sp Chelonus sp, Ichneumon sp, Carcelia sp etc.
• Predators: Lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant, dragonfly, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, King crow etc.

Cigarette beetle

Biology:

• Egg: An egg is pearly white, and is not easily seen with the naked eye. When fully grown, beetle larvae is C-shaped (grub-like) and about 3/16-inch long. Female lays about 30 eggs in a period of 3 weeks. Eggs hatch in 6 to 10 days.
• Larva: Larvae are creamy white and covered with long, yellowish-brown hairs. They have a brown head and legs. The larval stage lasts from 5 to 10 weeks.
• Pre-pupa and pupa: The pre-pupal and pupal periods last 2 to 3 weeks and are passed in a cell.
• Adult: Adults are yellowish- to reddish-brown, oval-shaped, and about 1/10-inch long. The head is bent downward sharply, nearly at right angles to the body, giving a humpbacked appearance when viewed from the side. The wing covers (elytra) are smooth, and the antennal segments are uniform and saw-like (serrate). Adults are strong flyers and active in subdued light at temperatures above 65° F. Adult beetles may live from 23 to 28 days. In temperate climates, beetles begin swarming in May and again in August. Overwintering may be passed in the larval stage, with some adults not too resistant to cold hibernating in crevices. There may be 5 to 6 overlapping generations per year in warm localities with only one generation in the more temperate regions. In warehouses, the life cycle may be completed in 52 days.

Drugstore beetle

Biology:

• Egg: Females lay up to 75 eggs in the food or substrate.
• Larva: The larval period ranges from 4 to 20 weeks. Larvae tunnel through the substrate and when fully grown build a cocoon and pupate.
• Pupa: Pupal period is 12 to 18 days.
• Adult: The beetles are cylindrical, 2.25 to 3.5 mm long, and are uniform brown to reddish brown in colour. Have longitudinal rows of fi ne hairs on the elytra (wing covers). The antennae of the cigarette beetle are serrated (like the teeth on a saw) while the antennae of the drugstore beetle are not and end in a 3-segmented club. The elytra (wing covers) of the drugstore beetle have rows of pits giving them striated (lined) appearance. Adult females live approximately 13 to 65 days. The entire life cycle is generally less than two months but can be as long as 7 months.

Favourable condition

• The duration of the life cycle is highly dependent on the temperature and food source. Development occurs between 60 to 93° F (15 to 34° C) but is optimal at about 85° F (30° C) and 60 to 90% relative humidity.

Tobacco caterpillar

Biology:

It is found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world, wide spread in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato, cabbage, cumin and various other cruciferous crops.

• Egg: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
• Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when full grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts 15-30 days
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
• Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the margin of wing. Pest breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. Adults live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes 32-60 days. There are eight generations in a year.

Damage symptoms:

• In early stages, the caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll content of leaf lamina giving it a papery white appearance. Later they become voracious feeders making irregular holes on the leaves.
• Irregular holes on leaves initially and later skeletonization leaving only veins and petioles
• Heavy defoliation.

Favorable conditions:

• Maximum S. litura built up at temperature ranges from 26.0° C to 35.1° C, relative humidity ranges from 89 and 62%, zero rainfall, total sunshine hours (64.6 hrs/week),
• S. litura population showes a positive correlation with relative humidity, sunshine hours, whereas negatively correlated with wind velocity

Natural enemies of tobacco caterpillar:

• Parasitoids: Trichogramma sp, Tetrastichus sp, Telenomus sp, Bracon sp, Campoletis sp, Chelonus sp, Ichneumon sp, Carcelia sp etc.
• Predators: Lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant, dragonfly, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, King crow etc.

Root-knot nematode

Biology:

• Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and the adult male and female.
• Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first molt occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
• Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 weeks at 30 ° C and 8 weeks at 20 ° C.

Favorable condition:

• Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 21 - 26° C.

IPM for Cumin

To know the IPM practices for Cumin, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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118 ratings

Cumin: Natural Enemies

1. Natural Enemies of Cumin Insect Pests
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
2. Resistant/tolerant varieties
3. IPM for Cumin

Natural Enemies of Cumin Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Predators

Resistant/tolerant varieties

Pest/disease	Tolerant/ resistant variety
Powdery mildew	Gujarat cumin-1 (GC-1), RZ-19, RS-1
Blight	Gujarat cumin-1 (GC-1), RZ-19, RS-1, MC-43, RZ 209
Wilt	Gujarat cumin-1 (GC-1), RZ-19, RS-1, MC-43, RZ 209
Aphids	MC-43

IPM for Cumin

To know the IPM practices for Cumin, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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125 ratings

Cumin Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre sowing*
2. Sowing*
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive stage

Management	Activity
Pre sowing*
	Common cultural practices: • Timely sowing should be done. • Field sanitation, rogueing • Deep summer ploughing to control juveniles and adults of nematodes, and resting stages of insect pests. • Sow the ecological engineering plants • Sow/plant sorghum/maize/bajra in 4 rows all around cumin crop as a guard/barrier crop • Destroy the alternate host plants • Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations • Follow crop rotation
Nutrients	• Soil is brought to fi ne tilth by 2-3 ploughing with harrow or desi plough. Stubbles of previous crops should be collected and removed from the field. Clods should be broken and field should be leveled with the help of plank. • Beds of 4 m x 3 m size with provision of irrigation channels should be prepared before sowing of seeds to facilitate proper irrigation and intercultural operations. • Incorporate 6-8 t FYM/acre in soil, 2-3 weeks before sowing.
Weeds	• Soil solarization during summer at the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique to minimize weeds menace in the field.
Soil borne pathogens, nematodes and resting stages of insect pests	Cultural control: • Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing which will help in reducing the soil borne pests. • Apply organic amendment i.e. mustard, castor or neem cake 8-10 qts/acre
Sowing*
	Common cultural practices: • Use resistant/tolerant varieties. • Select healthy, certified, and weed seed free seeds
Nutrients	• Apply 15 Kg nitrogen (N) and 15 Kg phosphorus (P) at the time of sowing as basal dose. Another, 15 Kg N should be applied as topdressing one month after germination of seeds. • In zinc deficient areas, apply zinc sulphate @ 8 Kg/acre.
Weeds	• Sowing/transplanting should be done in lines to facilitate hoeing and weeding operations during vegetative stage. • Adopt recommended agronomic practices like timely sowing, proper spacing irrigation etc. to obtain the healthy plant stand.
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: • Collect and destroy crop debris • Judicious use of fertilizers • Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop • Avoid water logging • Avoid any stress to the crop as much as possible • Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: • Collect and destroy disease infected and insect infested plant parts • Collect and destroy eggs and early stage larvae • Handpick the older larvae during early stages of the crop • Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. • Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre • Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm • Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) • Erect bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. • Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: • Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering • Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	• Apply second half of N (6Kg /acre) as top dressing at 30 days after germination of the seed.
Weeds	• The crop should be kept free from weeds for initial 20 to 40 days for proper growth and development of plants. • Generally hand tool weeding/ hoeing at 20 and 40 days after sowing are required to keep the weeds under check • Apply oxadiargyl 6% EC @ 24-30 ml/acre in 200 l of water at 15-20 days after germination of seeds to control Cyperus iria, Cyperus diff ormis, Eclipta alba, Ludwigia quadrifoliata, Chenopodium album, Rumex sp, Melilotus indica, Asphodelus tenuifolius
Alternaria blight	• See the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Chemical control: • Spray aureofungin 46.15% w/v. SP @ 0.02% in 300 l of water, second spray after 30 days of interval or copper oxy chloride 50% WP @ 1.0 Kg/ acre in 300- 400 l of water or difenoconazole 25% EC @ 0.05% in 200 l of water, second spray after 15 days of interval or mancozeb 75%WP @ 0.6- 0.8 Kg/ acre in 200 l of water or zineb 75% WP @ 0.6- 0.8 Kg/ acre in 200 l of water
Wilt	• See the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Powdery mildew	• See the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Chemical control: • Spray aureofungin 46.15%w/v. SP @ 0.02% in 300 l water, second spray after 30 of interval or difenoconazole 25% EC @ 0.05% in 200 l water, second spray after 15 days of interval or sulphur 40% WP @ 1.4 Kg/ acre in 400 l of water or sulphur 80% WG @ 0.75-1.0 Kg/ acre in 300-400 l of water or sulphur 85% DP @ 6-8 Kg/acre or dinocap 48% EC @ 120 ml/acre in 300 l of water
Aphid, Jassid**	• See the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: • Spray the pressurized water on the crop. Biological control: • Apply fish oil rosin soap or NSKE (3%), neem oil (2%) or tobacco decoction (0.05%).
Thrips	• See the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: • Apply fish oil rosin soap or NSKE (3%), neemoil (2%) or tobacco decoction (0.05%).
Tobacco caterpillar**	• See the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: • Ecological engineering by growing of ovipositional trap crops such as castor.
Cutworm**	• See the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: • Deep summer ploughing of fields during summer months in the plains and during autumn in the hills. • Attracting cutworm larvae using rice bran – heaps of rice bran should be placed in several places in the late afternoon. Larvae can be removed from the rice bran on the next day and destroyed. • Flood field prior to planting- where/whenever possible farmers can consider temporarily flooding fields, particularly on severely infested fields
Reproductive stage
Nutrients	• Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest.
Weeds	• Remove left over weeds before shedding of the seeds to prevent further spread of weeds
Insect-pest & diseases	• Same as in vegetative stage
Storage pests
Cigarette beetle**	Mechanical control: • Sticky traps baited with the female sex pheromone, • Store grains in gunny bags with moisture proof lining • Use commercially available cigarette beetle traps with synthetic serricornin
Drugstore Beetle**	Mechanical control: • Use commercially available traps and lures with the drugstore beetle sex pheromone, stegobinone (2,3-dihydro-2,3,5-trimethy l-6-(1-methyl-2oxobutyl) -4H-pyran-4-one) • Use sticky traps baited with the female sex pheromone, stegobinone, for monitoring adult beetles
Note: Pesticides dosages and spray fluid volume are based on high volume sprayer *Apply Trichoderma viride/ harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed treatment and soil application (If commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required). ** Pests of regional significance

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage