Nutritional Deficiencies of Tobacco Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium IPM for Tobacco Nitrogen Leaves become yell...
Nutritional
Deficiencies of Tobacco
Nitrogen
Leaves become yellowish
(chlorotic) starting from lower leaves and move upward as the deficiency
increases. N deficient plants are stunted leaves are smaller and more upright
than normal plants.
Correction Measure: Foliar spray of Urea 1% or DAP 2% twice
at weekly intervals.
Phosphorus
Slow and stunted growth, maturity
delayed Leaf colour becomes dark green. Mid-day wilting and brown spots on
leaves may be observed under mild P deficiency.
Correction Measure: Soil application of recommended dose of
phosphorous should be applied at the time of sowing or planting. Foliar spray
of DAP 2% twice at fortnightly intervals.
Potassium
Since potassium is very mobile
within the plant, symptoms appear first on lower leaves. Older leaves become
yellow and necrotic. Mottled or scorched appearance develops at the tips and
along the margins of leaves. The plants are less stunted as compared to P &
N deficiency.
Correction Measure: Foliar application of K2SO4 @1% twice at weekly interval.
Calcium
Calcium deficiency in tobacco
occurs in sandy soil with low pH conditions. As the Ca is immobile in plant,
the symptoms first appear on the youngest leaves or buds. Younger leaves
develop pale green colour followed by rolling and downward curling. Under
extreme deficiency, terminal bud dies while lower leaves develop darker colour.
Correction Measure: Foliar spray of CaSO4 @1% twice at fortnightly interval.
IPM for Tobacco
To know
the IPM practices for Tobacco, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
118 ratings
Tobacco Pests
Pests of National Significance
Insect Pests
- Leaf eating caterpillar: Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
- Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Genn (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
- Stem borer: Scrobipalpa heliopa Low. (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae)
- Gram pod borer/bud worm/capsule
borer: Helicoverpa armigera Hub.
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
- Tobacco aphid: Myzus nicotianae Black (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Diseases
- Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp, Pythium
myriotylum Drechsler
- Frog eye leaf spot: Cercospora nicotianae Ellis & Everh.
- Leaf bight: Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae Breda de
Haa
- Anthracnose: Colletotrichum tabacum Boning
- Rhizoctonia leaf spot/Sore
shin: Rhizoctonia solani J.G.
Kühn
- Black shank: Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Edison)
Fitzp
- Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum var. nicotianae Sherb.
- Brown spot: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl
- Tobacco mosaic disease: Tobacco mosaic virus
- Tobacco leaf curl disease: Tobacco leaf curl virus
- Cucumber mosaic disease: Cucumber mosaic virus
- Tobacco ring spot disease: Tobacco ring spot virus
Nematode
- Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp. (M. icongnita, M. arineria, M.
javanica)
Weeds
Broad leaf
- Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
- Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
- Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
- Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam.
(Fumariaceae)
- Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophyllaceae)
- Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
- Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
- Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
- Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
- False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
- Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
Grasses
- Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
- Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd (Poaceae)
- Crab grass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
- Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
Sedges
- Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
- Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)
Parasitic
- Broomrape: Orobanche aegyptiaca L. (Orobanchaceae)
Pests of Regional Significance
Insect pests
- Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
- White grub: Phyllophaga spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
- Rove beetle: Bledius gracillicornis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
- Grass hoppers: Acrida exultata, Cyrtacanthacris tartarica,
Atractomorpha crenulata (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
- Cotton mealybug: Phenacoccus
solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Diseases
- Bacterial wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum Smith
- Hollow stalk: Erwinia carotovora sub sp. carotovora Jones
IPM for Tobacco
To know
the IPM practices for Tobacco, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
130 ratings
Tobacco: Crop
Stage-wise IPM
|
Management |
Activity |
Pre-Sowing*
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Apply 3.2 to 4 t/acre FYM or 2 t/acre
vermicompost or 2.4 t/acre press mud and incorporate in the soil at the time
of last preparatory cultivation. |
|
Weeds |
• Deep ploughing during summer and leave the field
for 25-30 days. |
|
Insect pests and soil borne pathogens |
Cultural control: |
Nursery*
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Top dressing 35 : 0: 26.8 N:P: K Kg/acre in 6-8
splits |
|
Damping off, frog eye leaf |
Cultural control: |
|
Tobacco caterpillar |
Cultural control: |
|
Stem borer |
Cultural control: |
|
Whitefly and Grass hoppers** |
Cultural control: |
|
Root-knot nematode |
Cultural control: |
Transplanting
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Apply basal dose of NPK at the time of sowing @
12 Kg N, 16 Kg P2O5 and |
|
Weeds |
• Hardened & healthy seedlings, obtained from
pure seeds are desirable for |
|
Damping off |
Cultural control: |
Vegetative
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Apply N and K as top dressing @ 8 kg N and 8 kg K2O
per acre between 20 and 25 days after transplanting. |
|
Weeds |
• In standing crop, hand weeding or hoeing at 15
days interval. |
|
Damping off,Frog eye leaf spot, Leaf blight,
Anthracnose, Sore Shin |
• Same as in nursery stage. |
|
Whitefly |
• Same as in nursery stage. |
|
Stem borer |
• Same as in nursery stage. |
|
Tobacco caterpillar |
• Same as in nursery stage. |
|
Tobacco aphid |
Cultural control: |
|
Gram pod borer, bud worm /capsule borer, cut worm** |
Cultural control: |
Flowering
|
|
|
Nutrients |
• Severe micronutrient deficiency should be
corrected by foliar application |
|
Weeds |
• Remove left over weeds/weed top from field to
check weed seed |
|
Black shank |
Cultural control: |
|
Wilt** |
Cultural control: |
|
Brown spot |
Cultural control: |
|
Cucumber mosaic disease |
Cultural control: |
|
Tobacco leaf curl, tobacco ring spot, mosaic
disease |
Cultural control: |
|
Note: The
pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume sprayer. |
|
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
153 ratings and 0
Tobacco: Diseases and
Symptoms
- Damping off
- Frog eye leaf spot
- Leaf blight / black shank
- Anthracnose
- Sore shin
- Fusarium wilt
- Brown spot
- Tobacco mosaic disease
- Tobacco ring spot disease
- Cucumber mosaic disease
- Tobacco leaf curl disease
- IPM for Tobacco
Damping off
Disease symptoms
Damping
off of tobacco occurs in two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the
post-emergence phase.- In the pre-emergence the phase
the seedlings are killed just before they reach the soil surface.
- The young radical and the
plumule are killed and there is complete rotting of the seedlings.
- The post-emergence phase is
characterized by the infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the
collar at the ground level.
- The infected tissues become
soft and water soaked. The seedlings topple over or collapse.
Survival and spread
- The fungus survives in soil.
Primary infection occurs by soil and secondary by conidia through rain or
wind.
Favourable conditions
- High humidity, high soil
moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24°C for few days are ideal
for infection and development of disease.
- Crowded seedlings, dampness due
to high rainfall, poor drainage and excess of soil solutes hamper plant
growth and increase the pathogenic damping-off.
Frog eye leaf spot
Disease symptoms
Disease
appears both in nursery and field.- Several small, round brown
lesions with 2-10 mm diameter on lower and mature leaves occur.
- Typical lesion with white
parchment centre surrounded by brown or tan colored margin resembling eye
of frog.
- Different spots coalesce
causing drying of leaves which wither prematurely.
Survival and spread
- The fungus survives in soil
debris which is cause of primary infection.
- Secondary infection occurs by
conidia through rain splash or wind.
Favourable conditions
- High humidity and warm weather
conditions responsible for the disease.
Leaf blight / black shank
Disease symptoms
The
disease is characterized by scattered, rapidly enlarging, irregular,
brown, water-soaked lesions with characteristic gray-green borders.- Symptom development occurs
particularly during and immediately following periods of heavy rains and
high relative humidity.
Survival and spread
- Primary infection occurs by
inoculum present in plant debris in soil and secondary by means of
sporangia through air and water.
Favourable conditions
- High soil moisture and moist
weather conditions with intermittent showers are responsible for the
development of disease.
Anthracnose
Disease symptoms
Symptom
appears as small water soaked spots with sunken center on leaves.- Spots become white with brown
margin.
- Lesions occur also on midribs,
petioles and lateral veins causing distortion and ragged.
- Lesions on stem weaken the
stem.
Survival and spread
- The primary infection by sowing
infected seeds and secondary by wind.
Favourable conditions
- Rain and high humidity are
favourable for the development of disease.
Sore shin
Disease symptoms
Rhizoctonia
solani causes two types of diseases on tobacco seedlings in greenhouses:
- Target spot. Symptoms on leaves begin as small, round,
water-soaked spots about 2-3 mm in diameter.
Under
favorable conditions these lesions enlarge rapidly, becoming light green,
almost transparent, with irregular margins and chlorotic halos.- In infested areas, lower
leaves turn brown and stick to the surface of the tray and the presence
of brown spider-like webs (mycelium) may be observed attached to leaves
and stems.
- Damping-off. This disease is usually observed at early stages of
seedling growth.
- The first symptom is a small
water soaked lesion on the stem close to the soil line that rapidly
becomes brown and sunken.
- Under favourable conditions
lesions become very constricted and the stems break-off. The lesions
continue to grow throughout the stem and leaves causing them to turn
brown and die.
Survival and spread
- The primary source of inoculum
for Rhizoctonia diseases are infested trays. Resting structures
(sclerotia) of R. solani are formed in trays where the disease developed
the previous season.
Favourable conditions
- High humidity and high
temperature favours the development of diseases.
Fusarium wilt
Disease symptoms
The
first symptom appears as chlorosis of the leaves.- Wilting of leaves from bottom
to top occur.
- Brown vascular discolouration
inside infected stem or root leads to the death of plants.
Survival and spread
- The disease is soil borne and primary
infection occurs through inoculum present in the soil.
Favourable conditions
- Relatively high soil moisture
and soil temperature are favourable for the infection.
Brown spot
Disease symptoms
Initially
it appears on lower and older leaves as small brown, concentric circular
lesions, which spread, to upper leaves, petioles, stalks and capsules
even.- In warm weather under high
humidity, the leaf spots enlarge, 1-3 cm in diameter, centers are necroses
and turn brown with characteristic marking giving target board appearance
with a definite outline.
- In severe infection spots
enlarge, coalesce and damage large areas making leaf dark-brown, ragged
and worthless
Survival and spread
- The pathogen survives through
spores (conidia) or mycelium in diseased plant debris or weed.
Favourable conditions
- Warm weather with high
humidity.
Tobacco mosaic disease
Disease symptoms
Affected
plants show leaves with mottling or mosaic pattern of light green and
dark-green areas.- Primary symptoms appear on
newly formed young leaves as vein clearing, greenish yellow mottling.
- Infection on young plants
results in stunted growth, malformation, distortion and puckering of
leaves. Darkgreen blisters and sometime enations (leafy growth) appear on
the dorsal side of the leaf.
Transmission and favourable conditions
- TMV is highly contagious and
transmitted by sap. It is easily transmitted by mere contact of a diseased
plant with a healthy one.
- Air-dried tobacco is a common
source of new infection. Workers who chew or smoke natural leaf tobacco
during nursery operations may spread the virus into the seedlings.
- Old stems and leaf trash of
affected plants buried in the soil are the other sources of infection and
spread.
- In the nurseries, seedlings may
get affected due to the presence of susceptible weed hosts.
Tobacco ring spot disease
Disease symptoms
Infected
leaves show mottling veins show shortened internodes with small, distorted
leaves.- In later growth of plant
stunted and limited to basal suckers, and the vine eventually dies.
- Dead and dying vines are
usually present in a roughly circular pattern in the vineyard. The viruses
are introduced into vineyards with infected planting stock or by dispersal
of seed from infected weeds. The virus is then spread by dagger nematodes
feeding on roots of infected plants.
Transmission and favourable conditions
- Mode of transmission and
favourable conditions are not well studied in this plant. The nematodes
can retain the virus for long periods. The virus is transmitted on the other
host through nematode Xiphinema americanum, another vector Thrips tabaci
help in the transmission of disease.
Cucumber mosaic disease
Disease symptoms
Disease
plants show leaves with mottling or mosaic pattern of light green and
dark-green areas.- Vein clearing, greenish yellow
mottling occur as primary symptoms on newly formed young leaves.
- Infection on young plants
results in stunted growth, malformation, distortion and puckering of
leaves. Dark-green blisters and sometime enations (leafy growth) appear on
the dorsal side of the leaf.
Transmission and favourable Conditions
- The disease is transmitted by
Aphid.
- CMV is shown to develop
symptoms more readily in temperatures between 79 and 89 degrees
Fahrenheit.
- Aphids are more active in warm summer
conditions and increased their population as well as spread the viruses
more.
Tobacco leaf curl disease
Disease symptoms
Disease
is characterized by downward curling & rolling of leaves; thickening;
dark green in colour with vein clearing effect; brittle; enation (cup like
or frill like outgrowth), reduction in size.- Infected plants become stunted
due to shortening of internodes and formation of more lateral branches.
- Flowers are deformed; partly or
completely sterile.
Transmissions and favourable conditions
- White fly is the vector for
transmitting of leaf curl virus.
- White flies become more active
in dry periods after monsoon showers. Leaf-curl is therefore, noticed more
during this period.
- Tobacco plants become more
resistant to Tobacco leaf curl virus as they grow older.
IPM for Tobacco
To know
the IPM practices for Tobacco, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
168 ratings and
Tobacco: Insect and
Nematode Pests Management
- Gram pod borer/bud worm/capsule borer
- Tobacco caterpillar
- Whitefly
- Stem borer
- Tobacco aphid
- Root knot nematode
- IPM for Tobacco
Gram pod borer/bud worm/capsule borer
Biology
It is a
polyphagous.
- Egg: The spherical, yellowish
eggs are laid singly on tender parts and buds of plants. The egg period
lasts for 2-4 days.
- Larva: Caterpillars are of varying colour, initially
brown and later turn greenish with darker brown lines along the side of
the body. The larval period lasts for 18-25 days. Body covered with
radiating hairs. When full grown, they measure 3.7 to 5 cm in length. The
full grown caterpillar pupates in the soil in an earthen cell and emerges
in 16-21 days.
- Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil; pupal stage
lasts 7-15 days.
- Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/greyish
forewings with a dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near
costal margins, with a wing expanse of 3.7 cm.
Damage symptoms
During
the vegetative phase larvae feed on bud leaves and surrounding leaves.
During flowering/ capsule formation stage larvae feed on flower buds,
flowers and capsules Seeds are eaten severely and completely hollowed out.
While feeding the caterpillar thrust its head inside leaving the rest of
the body outside.- Bored capsules with round
holes.
- Damaged bud leaves, shoots and
buds.
- The activity of Helicoverpa
starts on green gram, summer vegetables and maize and continues their
generation by Oct-Nov months synchronizing with main crop.
Tobacco caterpillar
Biology
It is
found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world, wide spread
in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato,
cabbage and various other cruciferous crops.
- Egg: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs
are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
- Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when full
grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and
lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and
posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts
15-30 days
- Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil, pupal stage
lasts 7-15 days.
- Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with
forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross
markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the margin of
wing. Pest breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. Adults
live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes 32-60 days. There are eight
generations in a year.
Damage symptoms
In
early stages, the caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll
content of leaf lamina giving it a papery white appearance. Later they
become voracious feeders making irregular holes on the leaves.- Irregular holes on leaves
initially and later skeletonisation leaving only veins and petioles
- Heavy defoliation.
Whitefly
Biology
Egg: Pear
shaped, light yellowish.- Nymph: On hatching - Oval, scale-like, greenish white.
- Adult: White, tiny, scale-like adult.
Damage symptoms
- Chlorotic, spotting veins and
leaf yellowing, blotching and mosaic of leaves together with leaf curling.
- Vector of tobacco leaf curl
disease.
Stem borer
Biology
Egg: A
female, on an average, lays 50- 80 cylindrical eggs singly more on the
upper surface.- Larva: In 4th days, eggs hatch and the tiny caterpillars
mine along the leaf stalk into the stem and feed on the internal tissues.
The full grown larva is pale white in colour, with head and thorax dark
brown.
- Pupa: Pupation occurs after 15-22 days. The tunnel is
prepared before pupation for exit of adult. Pupation period 2-14 days.
- Adult: Adults are copper red in colour with wing span of 1
cm.
Damage symptom:
- Larvae bore inside the stem to
form a swelling. It causes stunting and unusual branching of the
seedlings.
Tobacco aphid
Biology
Egg: Eggs
are brownish in colour and laid along the veins of leaves.- Nymph: There are four nymphal stages (instars). The
general appearance of each stage is similar except for increase in size
during subsequent instars. The first, second, third and fourth nymphal
stages last 1-2, 2, 2, and 3 days respectively.
- Adult: Aphids are small, soft-bodied, pearl-shaped
insects that have a pair of cornicles (wax-secreting tubes) projecting out
from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. Aphids are pinkish to brown or
green colour. Both Apterous (wingless) and alatae (winged) forms pass
through 4-5 nymphal instars in their development and the nymphal period
ranges from 5-7 days. Both the forms mate within a day or two after the
final moult and start reproducing young ones. The Apterous forms produce
significantly more number of young ones than alatae but their life-period
is shorter than that of alatae. In the field generally viviparous Apterous
forms are observed in large number.
Damage symptoms
- By constantly sucking the sap
from leaves they make the plant pale and sickly and thereby retard the
growth. They secrete sugary juice known as `honey dew’ on the leaves due
to which sooty mould develops rendering the leaves unfit for curing.
Root knot nematode
Biology
- Most species of plant parasitic
nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four
larval stages and the adult male and female.
- Development of the first stage
larvae occurs within the egg where the first molt occurs. Second stage
larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases
foliar tissues.
- Under suitable environmental
conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life
cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature.
- Nematode development is
generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 70 to
80°F.
Damage symptoms
Infected
plants in patches in the field- Formation of galls on host root
system is the primary symptom
- Roots branch profusely starting
from the gall tissue causing a ‘beard root’ symptom
- Infected roots become knobby
and knotty
- In severely infected plants the
root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent. The
roots are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and transport of
water and nutrients
- Plants wilt during the hot part
of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted
- Nematode infection predisposes
plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens
Survival and spread
- Primary: Egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or
collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and Leguminaceous
plants act as sources of inoculums.
- Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also
be water dispersed.
Favourable conditions
- Loamy light soils.
IPM for Tobacco
To know
the IPM practices for Tobacco, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
0 ratings and
Tobacco: Natural
Enemies
- Natural Enemies of Tobacco Insect Pests
- Flowering plants that attract natural
enemies/repel pests
- IPM for Tobacco
Natural Enemies of Tobacco Insect Pests
Parasitoids
Predators
Flowering plants that attract natural
enemies/repel pests
|
Tobacco caterpillar: |
|
|
Parasitoids:
Trichogramma chilonis (egg), |
• Castor can be grown as a trap crop
along the |
|
Whitefly: |
|
|
Parasitoids: Encarsia
sp., Eretmocerus mundus, Amitus aleurolobi (pupal) |
• Attractant plants: Potatoes, chilli,
brinjal, maize, |
|
Cut
worm: |
|
|
Parasitoids: Microgaster
sp., Bracon kitcheneri, Fileanta ruficanda (larval). |
• Attractant plants: Vegetables,
sorghum, |
|
Resistant/Tolerant
varieties of tobacco |
|
|
Pest |
Tolerant/
Resistant Variety* |
|
Caterpillar |
Meenakshi (CR) |
|
TMV |
VT-1158, CTRI Special (MR), Jayasree
(MR) |
|
Black Shank |
FCV (29) |
|
Wilt |
FCH-222 |
|
Other varieties |
Burley (3), Natu (5), Lanka (2),
Chewing (17), Bidi (15), Cheroot (3), Cigar (4), Hookah & chewing (15), K
326, Rathna |
IPM for Tobacco
To know
the IPM practices for Tobacco, click here.
Source: NIPHM and Directorate
of Plant
Protection, Quarantine & Storage
COMMENTS