IPM Stratergies for Pearl Millet

  Nutritional Deficiencies of Pearl millet Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Sulphur IPM for Pearl Millet Nitrogen Littl...

 

Nutritional Deficiencies of Pearl millet

1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorous
3. Potassium
4. Sulphur
5. IPM for Pearl Millet

Nitrogen

Little new growth, yellow leaves, this being more pronounced in older leaves and leaf drop. Plants stunted, spindly pale yellow or deep yellow color near the tips and margins progresses towards the base, heads small, seed numbers reduced.

Correction measure: Apply 8-10 Kg N / acre as top dressing or foliar spray of urea @ 2-3 percent.

Phosphorous

Small root systems; grain filling inhibited. Growth stunted, spindly, dark green / purple leaves with dark red coloration. Leaf sheaths bend upward with red coloration leaf. Leave appear to be erect and leathery. Roots turn dark brown purple or black.

Correction measure: foliar spray of 2% DAP 2-3 sprays at an interval of 15 days.

Potassium

Deficiency first seen on older leaves. Irregular necrotic patterns intermingled with red pigmentation. Streaked patterns on the interveinal tissue, symptoms at tips and margins move towards the base.

Correction measure: foliar spray of KCl @ 1%.

Sulphur

Deficiency appears first on younger leaves. New growth is pale yellow.

Correction measure: foliar spray of CaSO₄ @ 2%

IPM for Pearl Millet

To know the IPM practices for Pearl Millet, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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105 ratings

Pearl millet : Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing*
2. Sowing*
3. Vegetative Stage*
4. Flowering heading*

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing*
	Common cultural practices: • Deep ploughing and soil solarisation to expose pupae and propagules of soil borne pathogens. • Timely sowing should be done. • Field sanitation, rogueing • Destroy the alternate host plants • Soil test based application of manures and fertilizers. • Adoption of crop rotation. • Sowing of healthy, disease free and certified seeds • Uproot and burn infected plants early enough to avoid spread of the disease. • Avoid high plant populations • Adopt ecological engineering by growing the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds.
Nutrients	• Use well decomposed FYM @4t/acre or vermicompost @ 2.0 t/acre treated with Trichoderma at the time of last ploughing or at the time of growing. • Apply vermicompost at1 week before sowing and FYM at 3-4 weeks before sowing. • Do not leave FYM or compost exposed to sunlight as nutrients may lose.
Weeds	• At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique. • In Striga affected fields, do not grow pearlmillet or sorghum continuously and follow crop rotation with legumes.
Downy mildew, Smut** and Nematodes	Cultural control: • Use tolerant/resistant varieties e.g. MH 1192,ICMH 451,Pusa 23, MBH 110, PHB 57, WC-C 75, ICTP 8203 and GHB 67 • Eliminate any potentially damaging insect problems . • Plant in a row of 15 inches to 24 inches. Seed may be placed about 6 inches apart within the row. • The seed should be planted shallow, about half inch deep at the rate of 2 Kg/acre. • Maintain good fertility levels, apply adequate organic manures Biological control: • Application of neem cake @ 80 Kg/acre for nematode control. Chemical control: • Spray with fungicidesmetalaxyl8%+ Mancozeb64%WP@800g in 200 l of water/acre for downy mildew. • Seed dressing with fungicides metalaxyl-M 31.8% ES@ 2.0 ml/Kg seed for downy mildew
Ergot**	Cultural control: • Dipping the seeds in 10% NaCl salt solution for 10 minute to control the ergot disease. • The crop should be sown as early as possible during June- July with the onset of monsoon. • Use of resistant cultivars is the most cost-effective method for the control of Ergot disease. • Eradicate the weeds like Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum antidotale from around pearl millet fields.
Sowing*
	Common cultural practices: • Use healthy, certified and weed free seeds. • Timely sowing should be done. • Line sowing should be done to facilitate inter-culture operations. • Early sowing to avoid the active period of shoot fly population • Removal of diseased crop residues • Crop rotation
Nutrient	• Seed treatment should be done with Azotobactor/Azospirillum and PSB @ 200 g /acre and VAM inoculum @ 1Kg /acre. • If soil test recommendation is not available follow the blanket recommendation of NPK @ 28:14:14 Kg/ acre for varieties. For hybrids, apply 32 Kg N, 16 Kg P2O5 and 16 Kg K2O per acre. • Apply the recommended N in three splits as 25:50:25 per cent at sowing, 15 and 30 days after sowing and full dose of phosphorus and potassium at sowing. • Under rainfed conditions with low rainfall, the dose of fertilizers should be reduced to 50 percent and applied at the time of sowing.
Weed	• Plant population should be maintained to its optimum right from beginning to minimize the crop weed competition. • Inter cropping with short duration pulse crops like moong bean should be done to suppress weeds between rows. • Inter cropping with pigeon pea in 2:1 ratio is also recommended for weed suppressing.
Shoot fly**	Cultural control: • Set up the low cost fish meal traps @ 4/acre till the crop is 30 days old. Mechanical control: • Removal of the seedlings with dead hearts and keep the optimum plant stand in the field. • Plough after harvest to remove and destroy the stubbles. Biological control: • See common biological practices. Chemical control: • Seed treatment with imidacloprid 48% FS 12ml/Kg seed or imidacloprid 70% WS 10 g/Kg seed.
Downy mildew	Cultural control: • Roguing and gap filling, deep ploughing and soil solarisation. • Avoidance of monoculture. • Avoidance of low lying fields and water logging. Biological control: • The crude extract of Vincarosea, Ocimum sanctum, Allium sativum, Datura stramonium, Azadirachta indica and Thuja sinensis can reduce the disease incidence. Chemical control: • The systemic fungicide metalaxyl-M 31.8% ES was used for seed treatment 2.0 ml/Kg seed successfully to control downy mildew in pearl millet. • Spray metalaxyl 8%+ mancozeb 64% WP@ 800g/acre in 200 l of water
Note: Apply Trichoderma viride/harizanium and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seeds/seedlings/planting material treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative Stage*
	Common cultural practices: • Select and grow varieties resistant to stem borer. • Sow the lab lab or cowpea as an intercrop (Pearl Millet: Lab lab 4:1). Common mechanical practices: • Remove and destroy the disease affected plants • Dead hearts should be pulled out and used as fodder or buried in manure pits. • Stubbles should be ploughed up during winter and burnt to destroy the hibernating larvae
Nutrients	• Apply remaining 50% dose of N at 15 days after sowing and 25 % N at 30 days after sowing as top dressing with irrigation or immediately after rainfall.
Weeds	• Inter cultivation: Two weeding with one shallow hoeing up to 4-5 weeks after sowing will keep the field free from weeds. • First weeding/ hoeing should be done within three weeks of sowing. • Mulches like straw hay, crop residues etc. can be used in between the rows to suppress the weed growth.
Downy mildew	• As mentioned above in the sowing stage.
Cutworm	Biological control: • See common practices.
Stem borer**	Cultural control: • See the common cultural practices Mechanical control: • Follow common practices. Biological control: • Follow common biological practices.
Flowering heading*
Grain Midge**	Cultural control: • Removal of Johnson grassy weed.
Hairy caterpillar**	Cultural control: • Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation. Mechanical control: • Dig the trenches of 1 inch depth between the fields & dust the trenches to kill the larvae in pits. Biological control: • Spray Bacillus thuringiensis @ 400 g/acre.
Ear head bug**	Cultural control: • See the common cultural practices. Biological control: • Spray NSKE 5% • Azadirachtin 1% • For others see common practices.
Rust**	Cultural control: • See the common cultural and mechanical practices Biological control: • Some fungal species controls rust disease such as Aspergillusglobosum, Chaetomium globosum and Trichoderma koningii.
Smut**	Cultural control: • Avoid rationing. • Intercropping of mungbean with pearl millet reduces the smut disease.
Birds	Mechanical control: • Use bird scarer Biological control: • Apply NSKE 5% on panicle to save the damage from birds
Note: The pesticide dosages and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume spray. ** Pests of regional significance

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

138 ratings

Pearl millet : Diseases and Symptoms

1. Downy mildew
2. Ergot
3. Smut
4. Rust
5. IPM for Pearl Millet

Downy mildew

Damage symptom

• The characteristic symptoms of the disease are pale, chlorotic, broad streaks extending from base to tip of leaves.
• At the advancement of disease, the leaf streaks turn brown and the leaves become shredded longitudinally. In severe infection, the downy fungal growth can be seen on the upper as well as lower surface of the leaves.
• The rapid growth of fungal pathogen is favoured by rainy and humid environment. The infected plants fail to form ear but if formed, they are malformed to green leafy structures.
• The complete ear can be transformed into leafy structure.
• The fungal pathogen transformed all floral parts such as glumes, palea, stamens and pistils into green linear leafy structures of variable lengths.
• As the disease advances, the malformed floral structures of ears become brown and dry.

Survival and spread

• The oospores remain viable for eight months to ten years or more in the soil, which makes primary infection in host plants and present abundantly in diseased leaves fall on the ground.
• The secondary spread of disease starts from sporangia, which are most active in moist environment.

Favorable conditions

• The atmospheric temperatures between 15-25 °C and relative humidity above 85 per cent.
• Light drizzling accompanied by cool weather is highly favourable

Ergot

Damage symptom

• Sphacelial (conidial) "honeydew" sporulation has been reported on pearl millet (Frederickson and Mantle 1996).
• Cream to pink mucilaginous droplets of "honeydew" ooze out of infected florets on pearl millet panicles and form sclerotia
• Within 10 to 15 days, the droplets dry and harden, and dark brown to black sclerotia develop in place of seeds on the panicle.
• Sclerotia are larger than seed and irregularly shaped, and generally get mixed with the grain during threshing.

Survival and spread

• The sclerotia take about 30-45 days to germinate and produce air borne spores which spread primary infection to pearl millet crop.
• The secondary spread of the disease is through conidia produced in large numbers in honey dew and disseminated by insects or rain.

Favourable conditions

• Conditions favoring the disease are RH greater than 80% and 20 to 30oC temperatures

Smut

Damage symptom

• Immature, green sori larger than the seed develop on panicles during grain filling stage.
• A single sorus develops per floret.
• As grain matures, sori change in color from bright green to dark brown.
• Sori are filled with dark teliospores.

Survival and spread

• The primary infection of the disease starts from air borne spores, which produce sporidia on germination that enter in the spikelets and infect ovary.
• Teliospores may remain viable in the soil and sporidia may be produced (Patel et al. 1959).

Favourable conditions

• Optimum environmental conditions for maximum infection include: temperatures of between 25 and 35°C and slightly acidic soils favour the disease development.

Rust

Damage symptom

• On pearl millet: small reddish-brown to reddish orange, round to elliptical uredinia develop mainly on foliage.
• As severity of infection increases, leaf tissue will wilt and become necrotic from the leaf apex to base.
• In infection sites developing late in the season, uredinia are replaced by telia which are black, elliptical, and sub epidermal.

Survival and spread

• The uredospores survive for a short time in soil and infected debris.
• Presence of alternate host helps in perpetuation of the fungus.

Favourable conditions

• Low temperature of 10 to 12˚C favoursteliospore germination.
• A spell of rainy weather favours the onset of the disease.

IPM for Pearl Millet

To know the IPM practices for Pearl Millet, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.07   

 

116 ratings

Pearl Millet Pests

1. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
1. Broad leaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
4. Parasitic
4. Nematode
5. Vertebrates
2. IPM for Pearl Millet

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Shoot fly: Atherigona soccata Rondani (Diptera: Muscidae)
• Grasshopper: Hieroglyphu ssp (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
• White ant: Chrotogonu sp (Isoptera: Termitidae)
• Grey weevil: Mylloceru sp (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• Stem borer: Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
• Earhead bug: Calocoris angustatus (Hemiptera: Miridae)
• Hairy caterpillar: Spilosoma oblique Walker(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
• Earhead worm: Cryptoblabes gnidiella Milliere (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
• Blister beetle: Mylabris pustulata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
• Chaffer beetle: Rhizotrogus majalis Razoumowsky (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)

Diseases

• Ergot: Claviceps fusiformis Loveless
• Smut: Moesziomyces parepenicillariae (Bref.) Vanky
• Rust: Puccinia substriata Ell. & Barth. var. indica Ramachar & Cumm.
• Blast: Pyricularia grisea Sacc. (Hebert) Barr

Weeds

Broad leaf

• Cock's comb: Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae)
• Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L.( Portulacaceae)
• False amaranth: Digera arvensisForssk (Amaranthaceae)
• Horsepurslane: Trianthema portulacastrum L.(Aizoaceae)
• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis (Hook. F.) (Amaranthaceae)
• Swine cress: Coronopus didymus L. Sm. (Brassicaceae)
• Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)

Grasses

• Rabbit/crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium Willd (Poaceae)
• Goose grass: Eleusine indica L. Gaertner (Poaceae)
• Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli L. Scop (Poaceae)
• Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis L. Scop (Poaceae)
• Burmuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

Parasitic

• Witch weed: Striga asiatica L. Kuntze (Orobanchaceae)

Nematode

• Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae)

Vertebrates

• Rodent
• Birds

IPM for Pearl Millet

To know the IPM practices for Pearl Millet, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

108 ratings and

Pearl millet: Pests Management

1. Pearl millet white grub
2. Cutworm
3. Shoot fly
4. Stem borer
5. IPM for Pearl Millet

Pearl millet white grub

Biology

• Egg: A female lays on an average of 27 eggs in the soil, which are pear like white enclosed in earthen cells.
• Grub: Fleshy ‘C’ shaped, whitish yellow in colour found close to the base of the clump.
• Pupa: Pupae are tan to brown, and occur deeper in the soil in earthen chambers.
• Adult: Adult beetles are a rusty-red color just after emerging from the pupal stage, but turn nearly black.

Damage symptoms

• Yellowing and wilting of leaves.
• Drying of entire crown.
• Affected canes come off easily when pulled.
• Cause extensive damage to roots and base of shoot.

Natural enemies of whitegrub

• Parasitoid: Typhia (parasitic wasp)
• Predators: Ground beetle, ant etc.

Cutworm

Biology

• Egg: The egg is white in color initially, but turns brown with age. It measures 0.43 to 0.50 mm high and 0.51 to 0.58 mm wide and is nearly spherical in shape, with a slightly flattened base. The egg bears 35 to 40 ribs that radiate from the apex; the ribs are alternately long and short. The eggs normally are deposited in clusters on foliage. Females may deposit 1200 to 1900 eggs. Duration of the egg stage is three to six days.
• Larva: There are five to nine instars, with a total of six to seven instars most common. the larva is rather uniformly colored on the dorsal and lateral surfaces, ranging from light gray or gray-brown to nearly black. The head is brownish with numerous dark spots. Larvae usually remain on the plant until the fourth instar, when they become photo-negative and hide in the soil during the daylight hours. In these latter instars they also tend to sever plants at the soil surface, pulling the plant tissue belowground. Larvae tend to be cannibalistic.
• Pupa: The pupa is 17 to 22 mm long and 5 to 6 mm wide and dark brown. Duration of the pupal stage is normally 12 to 15 days. Pupation occurs belowground at a depth of 3 to 12 cm.
• Adult: The adult is fairly large in size, with a wingspan of 40 to 55 mm. The forewing, especially the proximal two-thirds, is uniformly dark brown. The distal area is marked with a lighter irregular band, and a small but distinct black dash extends distally from the bean-shaped wing spot. The hind wings are whitish to gray, and the veins marked with darker scales.

Damage symptoms

• Cutworms usually feed at night or during overcast days. Newly hatched larvae feed on weeds, and/or young maize plants if present, leaving small irregular holes in the leaves. Such early feeding is of little significance to plants.
• Larger larvae may completely cut through stalks, which can cause plants to wilt and die. Severe stand reductions can result. They sometimes drag cut plants under soil clods or into small holes in the soil to continue their feeding during the daylight hours.
• In other crops like potatoes and root vegetables, damage can take the form of unsightly holes in the subterranean tubers, which may allow the penetration of secondary fungi.
• When numerous, cutworms can destroy as much as 75% of a crop.

Natural enemies of cutworm

• Larval parasitoids: Cotesia sp, Meterorus sp, Campoletis sp
• Predators: Ground beetle

Shoot fly

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are laid generally singly parallel to the midrib on the under surface of the 3rd to 5th leaf. Under high shoot-fly pressure, there may be several eggs on the same leaf. Sometimes, as many as 25 eggs may be laid on the same seedling. They hatch in 2-5 days.
• Maggot: yellow in colour migrate to the dorsal surface of the leaf, enter the space between the leaf sheath and the axis and make a clean cut at the base of the leaf. The larval period lasts for 6 - 10 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the stem and the adults emerge in about a week.
• Adult: The adults are dark brown and similar to domestic housefly, but nearly half the size with the males smaller than the females. The adults usually live for 10 to 20 days.

Favourable conditions

• Shoot fly populations may be recorded throughout the year, and there may be 15 to 16 generations in a year.
• The late sown crops generally suffer greater shoot fly damage because of build up of shoot fly populations on the early sown crops.

Damage symptoms

• Damage by larvae at the seedling stage (5 to 30 days after seedling emergence) will lead to the typical dead heart symptoms.
• The larva migrates to the upper side of the leaf, and moves along the leaf whorl until it reaches the growing point where the larvae cut the growing point. As a result the central leaf dries up forming a dead heart, which can be pulled out easily and produces a rotting smell.
• Normally the damage occurs 1 to 4 weeks after seedling emergence. Seedlings of 5 to 30 days old are generally susceptible to shoot fly damage.
• Older plants (>30 days after seedling emergence) are not usually damaged by A. soccata however, under conditions of high humidity during the rainy season, infestation may occur.
• Under these conditions the infested plants do not produce the typical dead heart symptoms. In this instance, the damaged leaf becomes thin and papery, wrapping around the other leaves. The plants may fail to grow normally.
• Late infestations may also damage the panicle in the formative stage, resulting in rotting or drying up of a portion of the panicle affected by shoot fly damage.

Natural enemies of shoot fly

• Parasitoids: Trichogramma toideasimmonalsi,Trichogramma chilonis, Neotrichoporoides nyemitawus
• Predators: Spiders

Stem borer

Biology

• Egg: The eggs are laid on the underside of a leaf near the midrib in 3-5 rows, in groups of 50-100. They are flattened, ovoid, and about 0.8 mm long. Hatching takes place after 7-10 days.
• Larva: The young larvae produce characteristic leaf windowing. Sometimes the early stages mine in the leaves, causing yellow streaks. After a few days they bore down inside the funnel. They also may move down outside the stem and then bore into it just above an internode. In older plants the caterpillars sometimes live in the developed heads. In general appearance the caterpillars look like Busseola fusca larvae (= Maize Stalk Borer). They are creamy pink with groups of dark spots along the back. The head capsule is brown. When mature they are about 25 mm long. The caterpillars can be distinguished from B. fusca and from Sesamia calamistis (= Pink Stalk Borer) by the hooks on its prolegs. In C. partellus these hooks are arranged in a complete circle. In B. fusca and S. calamistis they are arranged in a crescent. The larval period takes 28-35 days.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place in a small chamber in the stem. The pupal period takes 7 10 days.
• Adult: Adult moths have a wingspan of 20-30 mm. Males are smaller and darker than females. The forewings of males are pale brown. The forewings of the females are much paler and the hind wings are almost white.

Damage symptoms

• Damage occurs as a series of small holes in lines (pin holes) in younger leaves and/or patches of transparent leaf epidermis (window panes) in older leaves.
• Holes in stem caused by larvae tunnelling into the stem can result in broken stems or drying and eventual death of the growing point of the maize (deadheart).

Natural of enemies of stem borer

• Parasitoids: Cotesia sesamiae, Cotesia chilonis etc.

IPM for Pearl Millet

To know the IPM practices for Pearl Millet, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.11   

 

91 ratings and