IPM Stratergies for Pear

Pear Diseases Scab Seedling blight Crown gall White root rot Collar rot Powdery mildew Leaf spot Canker Viral diseases...

Pear Diseases

1. Scab
2. Seedling blight
3. Crown gall
4. White root rot
5. Collar rot
6. Powdery mildew
7. Leaf spot
8. Canker
9. Viral diseases
10. Phytoplasmal disease
11. Bitter rot
12. Disease cycle:
13. IPM for Pear

Scab

Disease symptoms

• The disease usually noticed on leaves and fruits.
• Affected leaves become twisted or puckered and have black, circular spots on their upper surface.
• On the under surface of leaves, the spots are velvety and may coalesce to cover the whole leaf surface. Severely affected leaves may turn yellow and drop.
• Scab can also infect flower stems and cause flowers to drop.
• The lesions later become sunken and brown and may have spores around their margins.
• Infected fruit become distorted and may crack, allowing entry of secondary organisms.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus overwinters in dead infected leaves and fruit on the ground, and less commonly on infected shoots on the tree. In spring around the time of bud burst air borne spores are released which land on young leaves, blossom or fruitlets infecting them. Once these primary infections are established they in turn release more spores which are 47 spread by wind or rain splash to young leaves elsewhere giving rise to secondary infections.

Favourable conditions

• The disease develops mainly during wet weather and is most serious in wet regions.

Seedling blight

Disease symptoms

• The most distinct symptoms and signs occur at the collar of the tree.
• Small, round, light brown to yellow resting structures of the pathogen, known as sclerotia, can be found appressed to or in the soil adjacent to infected trees.
• If conditions are moist, a white web-like mycelial growth may also be present.
• Affected cortical tissues in the collar of the tree are often shredded.
• Survival and spread
• The fungus survives in soil. Primary infection occurs by soil and secondary by conidia through rain or wind.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24° C for few days are ideal for infection and development of disease.

Crown gall

Disease symptoms

• Galls are usually restricted to the roots, lower stems and lower branches of infected plants. In some cases, however, crown gall may occur in the upper branches. Galls are somewhat spherical, lumpy and rough, varying in size from 1/2 inch to several inches in diameter.
• Affected plants may be stunted, produce small chlorotic leaves and become moresensitive to environmental stresses (particularly winter injury).
• Severely infected plants may decline and eventually die.
• This organism enters susceptible plants through fresh wounds made during transplanting, cultivating, grafting and pruning.

Survival and spread

• Crown gall is caused by the soil-borne. Primary infection occurs through soil

Favourable condition

• High humidity and warm weather conditions favours the development of diseases.

White root rot

Disease symptoms

• Infection can occur on large roots or at the tree collar.
• In fruit trees, the base of the trunk at soil level can show signs of a dark, wet rot, especially if kept moist by weeds or wet weather.
• As the disease progresses, the infected tissue becomes rotten. Trees develop a generally unthrifty appearance with leaf yellowing, cessation of root growth, small leaves, premature leaf fall and small, shrivelled fruit. Infected trees will eventually die.

Survival and spread

• The fungus survives in soil or plant debris which is the source of primary inoculums.

Favourable conditions

• The disease is favoured by cool and moist soils.

Collar rot

Disease symptoms

• Phytophthora collar rot attacks the lower portion especially tree trunks extending to the roots.
• Most infections start at the junction of a lateral root with the trunk
• Infected bark becomes brown and is often soft and mushy or slimy when wet.
• Dark streaks often occur near the cambium and extend beyond the canker margin. If a canker enlarges for several years, only the marginal areas show the typical color and texture of newly killed tissue.
• The development of the canker is rapid, horizontally and vertically. The ultimate effect of collar rot is to girdle the affected limb, roots, or trunk, resulting in the death of that organ or of the entire tree.

Survival and spread

• Fungus overwinters as dormant resting spores or as mycelium within infected tissues. New infections occur when the pathogen releases motile spores that are carried via water to susceptible hosts.

Favourable conditions

• Soils that are saturated from rain or over-watering provide the moist conditions necessary for Phytophthora spp. to thrive and spread.

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms

• Disease appearswhen the buds develop into new leaves and shoots.
• Small patches of white or grey powdery masses on under surface of leaves occur.
• Leaves grow longer and narrower than normal leaves and the margin is curled.
• Twigs are covered with powdery mass.
• Affected fruits remain small and deformed and tend to develop roughened surface.

Survival and spread

• The fungus survives in the form of a resting mycelium or encapsulated haustoria in the buds and the secondary spread occur through wind borne conidia.

Favourable conditions

• Powdery mildew infections occur when the relative humidity (RH) is greater than 70%. Infections can occur when the temperature lies between 10 to 25°C.

Leaf spot

Disease symptoms

• Leaf spots appear on the leaves in late spring and early summer. Initially, they are 3-5 mm to 1/4 inch in diameter, round, brown, and occasionally have a purple border
• As spots age, they often turn tan to ash grey. Some spots undergo secondary 50 enlargement, becoming irregularly shaped.
• Heavily infected leaves often abscise, resulting in defoliation. Fruit infections result in small, dark, raised pimple-like lesions associated with the lenticels.

Survival and spread

• Primary infection occurs about one month after petal fall the following year.

Favourable Conditions

• The disease is favoured by temperatures between 77 and 86 °F (25–30 °C), and by wet conditions.Infection occurs at optimum temperatures with 5.5 hours of wetting and an outbreak can become serious within two days of infection.

Canker

Disease symptoms

• Lesions resulting in canker formation usually are associated with a wound in the bark.
• Leaf symptoms first occur early in the spring when the leaves are unfolding.
• They appear as small, purple specks on the upper surface of the leaves that enlarge into circular lesions 1/8 to 1/4 inch (3-6 mm) in diameter.
• The margin of the lesions remains purple, while the center turns tan to brown. In a few weeks, secondary enlargement of these leaf spots occurs.
• Heavily infected leaves become chlorotic and defoliation occurs.
• On the fruits, a series of concentric bands of uniform width form which alternate in color from black to brown. The flesh of the rotted fruits remains firm and leathery. Black pycnidia are often seen on the surface of the infected fruit.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives through ascospore (cysts) in the soil debris which is the source of primary infection
• In the summer, the black pycnidia and perithecia release their respective conidia and ascospores and causes secondary infection.

Favourable conditions

• 20-24°C temperature and moist situation is favourable for the disease development.
• Winter injury in plants is helps the development of the diseases.

Viral diseases

Disease symptoms

• Trees infected with apple mosaic virus develop pale to b right cream spots on spring leaves as they expand.
• These spots may become necrotic after exposure to summer sun and heat.
• Other viral diseases are symptomless in most commercial cultivars, but may cause symptoms in certain cultivars, scionl/ rootstock com binations, and ornamental varieties. Symptoms of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus may include chlorotic leaf spots, leaf distortion, chlorotic rings and line patterns, reduced leaf size, and stunting.
• Pear stem grooving virus produces symptoms on 'Virginia Crab' such as chlorotic leaf spots, stern grooving and pitting, union necrosis, and swelling of the stem above the graft union.
• Under specific climatic conditions, the disease appears in noncertified 'Bosc', to some extent in 'Anjou', and occasionally in 'Comice' and 'Bartlett', causing a fruit pitting stone pit and deformity. Light or moderate fruit symptoms may be confused with pitting from tarnished plant bug damage, boron deficiency, or corky spot

Transmission

• Transmission of ApMV to C. quinoa and C. sativus was obtained under greenhouse conditions. C. quinoa reacted with mottling, whereas C. sativus showed chlorotic local lesions followed by systemic yellowing and stunting.

Phytoplasmal disease

Disease symptoms

• Poor shoot and spur growth, dieback of shoots, upper rolling of leaves, reduced leaf and fruit size, and premature leaf drop characterize pear decline. Sudden tree collapse can result from tissue damage at the graft union on highly susceptible rootstocks such as Pyrus serotina or P. ussuriensis, but slow decline of trees is more common.
• Trees on tolerant rootstocks may show mild to moderate symptoms that occasionally become severe if very high psylla populations occur in conjunction with other tree stress. Transmission:
• The phytoplasma organism that causes pear decline is carried by pear psylla. Psylla transmits the disease when it feeds on the pear foliage. The expression of disease depends on rootstock susceptibility, tree vigor, and psylla numbers. The organism apparently does not multiply in pear trees as well as it does in pear psylla.

Bitter rot

Disease symptoms

• The fungus attacks pears and enters the fruit through uninjured skin.
• Infected fruit are characterized by a firm rot which forms a circular light brown spot. With age the spots become almost black and have a saucer-shaped depression.
• The organism overwinters in decayed fruit and in cracks on the old bark. A broken limb or twig will serve as an overwintering site
• Symptoms are first noticeable in mid to late July. A temperature of 30 ºC and light rain favor development of the rot.

Disease cycle:

scab:

Collar rot of pear:

Powdery mildew:

Crown gall of pear

IPM for Pear

To know the IPM practices for Pear, click here.

Source:NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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33 ratings

Pear Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect Pests
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
1. Broad leaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
3. Pest of Regional Significance
1. Insect Pests
2. Diseases
3. Rodent pests
4. IPM for Pear

Pests of National Significance

Insect Pests

• San Jose-Scale: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• Cock Chaffer beetle: Melolontha melolontha Fab (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae
• Pear psylla: Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemeptera: Psyllidae),
• Green peach aphis: Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Chaffer beetle: Protactia neglecta (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae)
• Stem borer: Aeolesthes sarta Solsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
• Root borer: Dorysthenes huegelii Redt. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Diseases

• Scab: Venturia pirina (Cooke) Wint
• Seedling blight: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
• Hairy root: Agrobacterium rhizogenes Conn
• Crown gall: Agrobacterium tumefaciens Smith & Townsend
• White root rot: Dematophora necatrix Berl. exPrill.
• Collar rot: Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert& Cohn) J. Schröt
• Powdery mildew: Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis &Everh.) E.S. Salmon
• Leaf spot: Mycosphaerella sp., Alternaria sp

Weeds

Broad leaf

·  Tropical spider wort: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae)

·  Creeping wood sorrel: Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)

·  Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)

·  Sowthistles: Sonchus spp. (Asteraceae)

·  Congress grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)

·  Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora L. (Fumariaceae)

·  Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)

·  Spurge: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)

·  Common sorrel: Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae)

·  Yellow sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)

·  Creeping Thistle: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop (Asteraceae)

Grasses

• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon L. (Poaceae)
• Cogon grass: Imperata cylindrical (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae)
• Blanket grass: Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
• Large crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis L. (Scop.) (Poaceae)
• Knot grass: Paspalum distichum L. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

Pest of Regional Significance

Insect Pests

• Codling moth: Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
• Thrips: Taeniothrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Mites: Eutetranychus orientalis Klein, Panonychus ulmi Koch Tetranychus urticae Koch (Arachnida: Tetranychidae)
• Flat headed borer: Sphenoptera lafertei (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
• Leopard moth: Zeuzeram multistrigata (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)
• Leaf roller: Archips argyrospilus Walker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
• Green weevil: Phyllobuis sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• May, June beetle: Adoretus sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Green capsid: Lygus pabulinus Hahn (Hemiptera: Miridae)
• Green aphis: Aphis pomi L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Stik bug: Euschistus conspersus Uhler (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae),
• Tent hairy caterpillar: Malacosoma indica Walker (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
• Hairy caterpillar: Euproctis sp. (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae)
• Bark eating caterpillar: Indarbelaqua drinotata Walker (Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae)
• Fruit fly: Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera:Tephritidae)

Diseases

• Dieback: Colletotrichum spp.
• Virus diseases
• Mycoplasma diseases
• Shoot/fruit blight and bark canker: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. and Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel
• Root rot and sapwood rot: Polyporus palustris Berkeley et Curtis, Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst, Schizophyllum commune Fries

Rodent pests

• Smaller bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis L
• Soft furred orchard rat: Melardia meltada Thomas
• Vole: Alticola sp.

IPM for Pear

To know the IPM practices for Pear, click here.

Source:NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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33 ratings and

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Pear Beneficial Insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Egg parasitoids
2. Nymphal larval and adult parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Pear

Natural Enemies of Insect and Mite Pests of Pear

Parasitoids

Egg parasitoids

Nymphal larval and adult parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Pear

To know the IPM practices for Pear, click here.

Source: NIPHM ; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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32 ratings and

Pear Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Pre-planting
2. Planting
3. Vegetative stage 1st year onward
4. Flowering/Fruiting stage
5. Fruit development (after 20 days of waltnut stage)
6. Pre harvest stage (20-25 days before harvest)
7. Postharvest and dormant stage

Management	Activity
Pre-planting
	Common cultural practices: Deep ploughing of field during summer. Use resistant/tolerant varieties. Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations. Grow the attractant and repellent around the orchard bunds
Nutrients	Nutrient should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone. Prepare land by ploughing and harrowing. The pits are dug in summer about a fortnight before planting and left undisturbed for solarization. Pits of about 1m x 1m x 1m size are dug at a distance of 6 to 8 meter in square system of planting.
Weeds	Deep ploughing of field during summer
Soil borne pathogens, Resting stage of insects and other diseases	Cultural control: Proper selection of cultivars, having commercial value and suitable for effective cross pollination be made. Deep medium textured and well drained soils may be selected for cultivation of pear. However, they can withstand in soils having high water table and poor aeration.
Planting
Nutrients	Planting is done in pits already filled with top soil and organic manure during the months of October to December. Mycorrhiza culture @ 50 g per pit should be applied at the time of planting or a basket of soil taken from old pear orchard is added to each pit to ensure mycorrhizal association with pear roots. At the time of planting, farm yard manures or compost is applied @ 40-50 Kg per plant.
Weeds	Use weed free seedlings for planting. Remove existing weeds in and around the pits at the time of planting
Insects and soil borne pathogens	Timely sowing should be done. Plant material for laying quality fruit orchard should be obtained from registered nursery. Avoid planting of saplings infested with scales, borers and diseases. Don't grow the nursery at the same site every 24 year. Use of disease-resistant rootstock and scion for managing the collar rot. For raising of nurseries, the soil selection be made which is free from pest infestation. Delay planting until the soil is reasonably dry and plant before the buds begin to burst. Growing of flowering plants especially marigold and maize on the peripheries will help in conservation of both predators and parasites. In rich soils, the fertilizer doses may be half or applied on the basis of leaf analysis report. Make use of neem cakes while raising plant nurseries to ward off any soil pest.
Vegetative stage 1st year onward
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts. Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water stagnation conditions. Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when larval parasitoids are observed. Keep the orchards healthy following good agricultural practices. Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages The infested plant part may be collected and destroyed Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use yellow sticky traps for aphids and blue sticky traps for thrips @ 4-5 trap/acre. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	Up to 6th year of age, 50 Kg FYM or compost along 25 with 50 to 100 g N + 25 to 50 g P2O5 + 50 to 100 g K2O per plant per year should be applied. Nitrogen is applied in 2 splits, first half at 2-3 weeks before flowering and the remaining half a month later. The fertilizers should be applied in 20-30 cm deep and 30cms wide trench along the drip line of the tree.
Weeds	Cultural Control: Intercultural operations during the first year to check weed growth. Tool weeding should be done on regular basis especially around the plants. During the initial 2-4 years, to suppress the weeds between rows, leguminous crops like pea, bean, soybean, and cowpea and vegetables should be be grown Use slashing and moving between the rows to control the weeds. Use black polyethylene or straw or green mulches to suppress the weed growth between rows. Mulching tree basins with 10-15 cm thick dry grass also checks weed growth
San Jose-Scale	Adopt common cultural, mechanical and biological practices.
Chaffer beetle	Cultural control: Collect and kill the beetles in kerosenized water. Shake the non-bearing plant/trees over a cloth sheet at dusk and collect and destroy the beetles (defoliating and fruit eating).
Pear psylla	Cultural control: To reduce the effects of pear decline, use Winter Nelis, Old Home X Farmingdale, or Pyrus betulaefolia seedlings for rootstock and maintain pear psylla populations at low levels.
Stem borer/root borer	Cultural control: Kill the stem borer larvae by inserting a flexible wire inside the hole and plug the hole with the cotton wick soaked in petrol and seal it with mud. Maintain vigour of the tree to keep away borers infestation. Mechanical control: See common practices as in vegetative stage.
Aphids	See common practices as in vegetative stage.
Mite	Cultural control: Regular orchard monitoring for pest & defender population. Plant should neither be forced to drought nor water 26 lodging conditions. Biological control: Release of 8 days old Anthocorid bug, Blaptostethuspallescens. Neem oil (2%), NSKE (5%)
Thrips	See common practices as in vegetative stage.
Fruit fly	Cultural control: Harvest the ripening fruits and do not allow the ripe fruits on the tree. Regular removal of fallen fruits from the ground and bury the infested fruits at last at 60 cm depth. Shallow ploughing with cultivator immediately after harvest is effective in exposing and killing the pupating larvae/pupae, which are mostly present 4-6 cm depth.
Shoot/fruit blight and bark canker	Cankers on the trunk and in the crotches should be removed and the dead bark decorticated along with 2 cm of the healthy bark. All the dead wood and pruning bark should be destroyed. Cover the wounds with a disinfectant solution and after this apply Bordeaux paste to them. After a week cover the dried paste with Bordeaux paint. The whole operation should be immediately followed by spraying the pruned and canker infected tree with Bordeaux mixture.
Root rot and sap wood rot	Avoid deep ploughing to avoid injuries to the roots, through which the fungus attacks. Also avoid excessive irrigation during winter.
Leaf spot	Cultural control: Prune the disease part and burn it. Avoiding injury during harvest and packing.
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: Avoid overcrowding of branches Pruning cuts should be made close to the branches leaving no stubs. Careful use of water and fertilizers input, especially nitrogen to minimize growth of large dense canopies. Water only in the morning so that foliage will be dry by the evening. Clip off mildewed twigs and destroy them.
Viral and phytoplasmal disease	See common practices as in vegetative stage.. Control insect vectors psylla and aphids.
Flowering/Fruiting stage
Nutrients	After 6th year the nutrient rates are established at 50 kg FYM, 100 g N, 50 g P2O5 and 100g K2O per plant per year. The farmyard manure should be applied during December-January along with full dose of P and K. Nitrogen is applied in 2 splits. The band application of nitrogenous fertilizers should be preferred over broadcasting. Under rainfed conditions, apply N through 1 or 2 foliar sprays of urea (0.5%) after fruit set. Apply recommended micronutrients, if symptoms are observed. Fruits are deformed under boron deficiency. To avoid boron deficiency, apply boric acid @ 0.1% as foliar spray. The deficiency of Zn and Fe on young foliage can easily be controlled by spraying 0.4 -0.5 % zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate respectively during April.
Weeds	Same as in vegetative stage .
Beetles and scale	Same as vegetative stage.
Codling moth and other insects	Cultural control: Apart from aforesaid practices, regular monitoring is mandatory for moths. For codling moth: Use synthetic codlemone for mating disruption at a height of 6-8 feet or Dispensers should be deployed within 1 meter of the top of the canopy prior to spring emergence during late may to 3rd week of July. All loose bark of trees should be scraped off to remove overwintering sites for the caterpillars. Vicinity of trees should be kept clean of packing cases and all other debris which are likely to shelter the overwintering caterpillars during August to mid October. Bands of sacking (gunny bags) or corrugated cardboard about 150 mm. to 240mm. wide, can be tied round the tree trunks by late July till end of October to provide alternative over wintering sites for the caterpillars. These bands should be removed during the first week of November and either burnt or immersed in a pail of boiling water or kerosenised water. Fallen fruits should be collected throughout the season and buried deep in the soil. Biological control: Release of exotic egg parasitoids Trichogramma embryophagum Htg. andTrichogramma cacoeciae pallidum Meir Trichogramma chilonis (minutum) at the rate of 20,000 adults per50 pear trees/week should be undertaken from first fortnight of June to end of August. For others see common practices.
Scab	Cultural control: Follow proper trimming and pruning of twigs and branches followed by burning. Apply urea (2 Kg/acre at pre-leaf fall stage spring and dolomitic lime (2.5 ton/acre) in autumn over fallen leaves to accelerate decomposition. For others follow common practices.
Crown gall	Cultural control: Plant certified disease-free rootstock, and when planting, take care to avoid injuring the roots and crown. When cultivating around trees be careful to avoid injuring the crown and surface roots.
Collar rot, root rot	Cultural control: Do not allow water to accumulate around tree crowns. Provide adequate drainage, and avoid planting in heavy soils, low spots, and areas that flood frequently
Canker and die back	Mechanical control: Proper pruning should be done to avoid mechanical injury. Keep the trees as free as possible from mechanical wounds, winter injury, crotch separation and cankers. Cut wounds should be covered with superior white lead paint Biological control: See common biological practices as stated in vegetative stage.
Fruit development (after 20 days of waltnut stage)
Mites and aphids	Same as above
Scab and Alternaria leaf spot	Same as above
Pre harvest stage (20-25 days before harvest)
Caterpillars, moth, mites and scale	Same as above
Scab and Alternaria leaf spot	Same as above
Postharvest and dormant stage
Diseases	Mechanical control: Take proper care in handling the fruits to avoid bruises. Don't delay harvesting of fruits. Keep the trees as free as possible from mechanical wounds, winter injury, crotch separation and cankers. Collect and destroy the fallen fruits. Apply Mashobra paste after cleaning the weeping wounds at the time of dormancy break for the control of bacterial gummosis. Remove and destroy all the mummified fruits, dead fruits and pruning from the orchards
Insects	Mechanical control: Collection and destruction of egg masses of hairy caterpillars especially from the barks of shade trees grown in the vicinity of the orchards be ensured. Staple burlap skirts around tree trunks infested with hairy caterpillars and collect the larvae and pupae from May to end of June and ensure their destruction. Clean the stem borer hole with flexible wire & apply the recommended chemical.. Remove the dead bark and frass and apply water proof paint on hard wood to avoid borer attack. Complete collection and destruction of foliage and pruned wood in the orchards after leaf fall be made. Pruning of suckers and water sprouts be ensured.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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31 ratings and

Pear Insect Pests

1. San Jose scale
2. Pear psylla
3. Green peach aphid
4. Stem borer
5. Root borer
6. Codling moth
7. Thrips
8. Mites
9. IPM for Pear

San Jose scale

Biology

• Nymph: Female San Jose scales lay eggs which immediately hatch to colourless that emerge from under the edge of the scale covering. Each female lay birth to 200-400 eggs. These tiny yellow crawlers wander in a random fashion until they find a suitable place to settle. Immediately upon settling, the crawlers insert their mouthparts into the host plant and begin feeding and secreting a white waxy material (white cap stage); eventually the waxy covering turns black and is known as the black cap stage. Later the covers turn various shades from gray to black.
• Adult: Immature male and female scales are indistinguishable until the first molt. At this time, the male scale covering begins to elongate, while the females remain circular. Males molt a total of four times. Following the final molt, adult male scales emerge from the scale covering as tiny, yellow winged insects. They mate with the females who remain under the scale covering. Female insect body covered with grey scales. Yellow lemon coloured female is visible when covering is lifted. Female scales are very prolific and over a 6-week period can produce approximately 400 young. Crawlers move around for a short period in search of a suitable place to settle. It takes 25 days for males to mature and 31 days for females Five to six generations in a year.

Life cycle

Symptoms of damage

• Nymph and female scales attack all above ground parts.
• Feeding site turns into a characteristic purplish red colour.
• Initially growth of plant is checked but as scale increases in number plant may die.
• Fruits will have distinct “measles” spots on the surface.

Damage symptoms

Natural enemies of San Jose Scale

• Parasitoids: Encarsiaperniciosiand Aphytisdiaspidis(proclia group) etc
• Predators: Coccinellid (Chilocorus infernalis, Pharoscymnus flexibilis) etc.

Pear psylla

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are minute, oval, and creamy white to yellow. Eggs laid before buds open in spring, and through early fall, eggs are deposited in lines or rows on the terminals and fruit spurs after buds open, eggs are deposited along mid-veins and petioles of developing leaves and on stems and sepals of blossoms. Eggs hatch when foliage appears and continue throughout growing season.
• Nymph: Early instars are about 1.6 mm long and light yellow; later instars are dark green to dark brown with wing pads and two conspicuous red eyes. Nymphs are cylindrical, but appear flattened and found on the undersides of leaves. Pass through five instars, which are generally covered by a drop of honeydew.Moves little at first but later instars move easily. Feeds and develops on new growth and water sprouts. Produces honeydew.
• Adult: Adults are 4 mm long and red-brown to black; larger and darker than summer adults. It resembles miniature cicada with wings held roof-like over the abdomen. Hides under bark, under litter on the orchard floor, or in sites outside the orchard. Adults leave the pear trees in Oct.-Nov. for wintering sites and return about 6 weeks before bloom. Feed by sucking juice from the host tree. Begin laying eggs after buds begin to swell.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms

• Nymphs and adults suck sap primarily from the tender foliage of the new shoots and water sprouts. Feeding by nymphs produces a large amount of honeydew, which makes the tree sticky and promotes the growth of sooty mold (black fungus). The honeydew can run onto fruit causing dark russet blotches or streaks resulting in unmarketable fruit.

Natural enemies of Pear psylla

Predators:Lacewings, ladybird beetle, minute pirated bugs, predatory mites, anthocorid bugs, Spiders etc.

Green peach aphid

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are deposited on Prunus spp. trees. The eggs measure about 0.6 mm long and 0.3 37 mm wide, and are elliptical in shape. Eggs initially are yellow or green, but soon turn black. Mortality in the egg stage sometimes is quite high.
• Nymph: Nymphs initially are greenish, but soon turn yellowish, greatly resembling viviparous (parthenogenetic, nymph-producing) adults. There are four instars, with the duration of each averaging 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, and 2.0 days, respectively. Females gave birth to offspring six to 17 days after birth, with an average age of 10.8 days at first birth. The average length of life is about 23 days, but this was under caged conditions where predators were excluded. The daily rate of reproduction averaged 1.6 nymphs per female. The maximum number of generations observed annually during these studies was determined to be 20 to 21, depending on the year.
• Adult: Up to 8 generations may occur on Prunus in the spring, but as aphid densities increase winged forms are produced, which then disperse to summer hosts. Winged (alate) aphids have a black head and thorax, and a yellowish green abdomen with a large dark patch dorsally. They measure 1.8 to 2.1 mm in length. Winged green peach aphids seemingly attempt to colonize nearly all plants available. They often deposit a few young ones and then again take flight. This highly dispersive nature contributes significantly to their effectiveness as vectors of plant viruses.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms

• Green peach aphids can attain very high densities on young plant tissue, causing water stress, wilting, and reduced growth rate of the plant.
• Prolonged aphid infestation can cause appreciable reduction in yield of root crops and foliage crops. Early season infestation is particularly damaging to potato, even if the aphids are subsequently removed.
• Contamination of harvestable plant material with aphids, or with aphid honeydew, also 38 causes loss. Blemishes to the plant tissue, usually in the form of yellow spots, may result from aphid feeding.

Natural enemies of Green peach aphis

• Parasitoid: Aphelinus sp
• Predators:Syrphid fly, lygaeid bug, Coccinellid, Lacewing

Stem borer

Biology

• Egg: Female lays egg inside cavity on a shoot. Eggs are very difficult to see and are laid singly on the trunk of the tree.
• Larva: Larvae of all three species are dirty white with a reddish-brown head and thoracic shield (area behind the head). Grub emerges in 7-8 days and start feeding by boring inside the stem. Grub longevity 2 years. Grub remains quiescent during winter and resumes feeding in March.
• Pupa: Pupae are small, yellow-brown and sometimes observed as pupal cases partially protruding from the adult exit holes in the trunk or infested burr knots. Pupation takes place inside a tunnel made in the woody tissue.
• Adult: Adult beetles 35-50 mm long and grey in colour having long antennae.

Nature and symptoms of damage

• Caused by grub and adult, grub more destructive.
• Grub makes a tunnel and reaches close to trunk of tree.
• Vitality and productivity of plant is greatly impaired.

Root borer

Infests fruit and forest trees. Pear is the most preferred host. Adults attracted to light

Biology

• Egg: Female lays eggs singly or in small clusters in soil. Eggs are 1.3 mm in size. Newly laid eggs are white with a tinge of yellow and become dark brown before hatching.
• Grub: Grubs feed on the root. Grub longevity 3.5 years. Grubs are cruciform, yellowish-white in colour. Development period ranges between 3-4 years. The full feed grub reach 80 mm length and 12 mm in width.
• Pupa: The pupae are about 48 mm long and usually found about 20–30 cm deep in the soil. Pupation in earthen cell inside soil.
• Adult: The adult beetle is chestnut red in color and bears long serrated antennae.

Life cycle

Symptoms of damage

• Grubs either bore or girdle around the roots.
• The leaves become small and the branches wither.
• Tree becomes shaky and may die.

Codling moth

The rate of development will vary with temperature, proceeding more rapidly in warmer weather and climates. Depending on the climate, codling moth can have two, three, and sometimes four generations per year.

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are deposited singly on pears and leaves. Each egg is about the size of a pin head and is translucent, gradually darkening as the egg nears hatching (Figure 6). Eggs hatch in six to 14 days, depending on temperature. Within 24 hours of hatching the larvae burrow into the fruit. The first instar larvae have a pink body with a black head and are approximately 1/10 inch in length. The number of eggs laid per female ranges from 30 to 70.
• Larva: After the eggs hatch, young larvae seek out and bore into fruit or developing nuts. Codling moth overwinters as full-grown larvae within thick, silken cocoons under loose scales of bark and in soil or debris around the base of the tree. Larvae appears to be cannibalistics. Full grown larva pinkish or creamy white with brown head and pupates in the soil litter.
• Pupa: After completing development they leave the fruit and drop from the trees to search out pupation sites and continue the life cycle in the soil or on debris under the tree; some crawl back up the tree to pupate in bark crevices. The larvae pupate inside their cocoons in early spring and emerge as adult moths mid-March to early April. The moths are active only a few hours before and after sunset, and they mate when sunset temperatures exceed 62°F.
• Adult: Adults are about 1/2 to 3/4 inch long with mottled gray wings that they hold tentlike over their bodies. Their appearance blends well with most tree bark, making them difficult to detect. If you are trapping the adults, you can distinguish codling moth from other moths by the dark, coppery brown band at the tip of their wings. Adult forewings are dark grayish with waxy lines with a copper colored eye like circle toward margin.

Life cycle

Symptoms of damage

• It is a direct pest and hence causes severe damage to the fruit
• Neonate larva enters the fruit through calyx and feeds on seed.
• Infested fruits lose their shape and fall prematurely.
• 30 to 70 per cent pear fruits are rendered unmarketable

Natural enemies of Coding moth

• Parasitoids:Trichogramma embryophagum, T. cacoeciaepallidum etc.
• Predators:Birds (grey tit, Parus major and Passer domesticus)

Thrips

Biology

• Egg: The eggs are deposited within plant tissues singly.
• Nymph andpupa: Larvae have two stages, which feed on plant tissues. The second instar larvae, when mature, fall to ground, where they molt to prepupae and pupae in the soil.
• Adult: After emergence, the adults move to the growing parts of the plants such as young leaves, flowers, or young fruits, where they feed and lay eggs (about 200 eggs per female). Adults are usually found on young leaves, while larvae are found on lower or older leaves. At 25°C, the life cycle is completed in approximately 17 days. Adults are winged sucking rasping insects ranging from 5-14 mm in length. Their slender bodies are shiny pale or black with silver stripes.

Life cycle completed in 11-43 days. Produce many generations in a year heaviest damage occure in spring. In colder region, life cycle is longer with fewer generations.

Life cycle

Damage

• Most species of plant feeding thrips, have rasping and sucking mouthparts.
• The surface of the leaf develops a crinkled silvery appearance as a result of damage to cells below the surface.
• Lightly-infested plants show silvery feeding scars on the under surface of leaves, especially alongside the mid rib and veins.
• Heavily-infested plants show silvering and browning of leaves, stunting of young leaves and terminal growth, with fruit scarred and deformed.
• Developing leaves become distorced in the growing tips.

Natural enemies of thrips

Predators: Antlion, predatory thrips, coccinellids, anthocorids, lygaeids etc.

Mites

Biology

• Egg: Overwintering eggs are deposited in groups on roughened bark areas, especially around the base of buds and fruit spurs. Egg hatch is closely correlated with bud development and first occurs when buds are in the tight cluster stage; hatch is better than 50% complete at the pink stage, and virtually 100% complete by the end of bloom. The first summer eggs as a rule can be found at petal fall or at latest by fruit set. The summer eggs are globular and somewhat flattened (onion shaped) . They are bright red to dark orange, and average 0.13 mm in diameter. The overwintering egg is deeper red and slightly larger, averaging 0.14 mm. The egg surface is ridged with the grooves running toward the top center from which a slender tapering stalk (0.1 mm) arises. The average incubation period of the summer eggs for each generation varies from 6.7 to 14.4 days, the shortest period being in mid-summer.
• Nymph: Nymphs consist of larva, protonymph and deutonymph. A quiescent or resting period precedes each molt to the following stage. The hatching larva is about 0.2 mm in length, light orange in color and 6 legged. All subsequent stages have 8 legs. With the exceptions of an increase in size and the ability to differentiate sexes in the deutonymphal stage, there are no conspicuous changes in structure or color between the nymphal instars. The average 43 developmental time from eclosion to adulthood ranges from 5.5-15 days, depending on the generation.
• Adult: The sexes of the adults are readily differentiated. The female has a globular bodywhich ranges in length from 0.38 to 0.40 mm, is velvety brown to brick red, and has 4 rows of dorsal setae or spines borne on raised white tubercles. The body color and setal pattern distinguish this species from all other plant feeding mites. The male is smaller, 0.26-0.28 mm in length, lighter in color and has a pointed abdomen and proportionately longer legs.Reproduction can be both sexual and parthenogenetic. Unfertilized eggs give rise to males only, while mated females produce both sexes.The average preoviposition period of females is about 2 1/2 days. Although some females in insectary studies have lived 39 days, the average life span is 18 days. The oviposition period averages 12.5 days with 18.8 eggs produced per female.

Life cycle

Symptoms of damage

• European red mite feeds on leaves.
• Severe mite injury produces browning and loss of colour in the leaves i.e. bronzing.

Natural enemies of mites

Predators: Coccinellid, Lacewing, Predatory mite, predatory thrips, spider etc.

IPM for Pear

To know the IPM practices for Pear, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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33 ratings and

Persimmon Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-planting
2. Nursery sowing to Planting
3. Vegetative state
4. Reproductive state
5. Maturation state
6. Post-harvest

Management	Activity
Pre-planting
	Common cultural practices: Destroy the alternate host plants Sow the ecological engineering plants Sow sorghum/maize/pearl millet in 4 rows all around the main crop as guard/barrier crop Deep summer ploughing of orchard reduces the incidence of weed, mealy bug and soil-borne pathogens. Seed nuts must be collected during peak period of harvest and sun dried for two to three days. Medium size nuts (7-9 gm) may be selected to get vigorously growing seedlings. Seed nuts should be soaked overnight in water before sowing. Sow the soaked nuts in the polythene bags filled with potting mixture. Seedlings will be ready for grafting 40-50 days after germination. Arrange proper shade, irrigation & drainage. Rogue out diseased seedling. Arrange locally made rat traps.
Nutrients	Nutrient should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone. Prepare land by ploughing and harrowing. Pits of 1m x 1m x 1m size are dug at a distance of 6 m on contour lines or in square system of planting.
Weeds	Persimmon orchards are maintained under permanent sod with a clean basin management. The basins are kept clean by hand-weeding. Ploughing the orchard before planting to destroy existing weeds in the field.
Nursery sowing to Planting
	Persimmon is grafted on the seedling rootstock before buds breaks. Prior to sowing, seeds are stratified at temperature (1-5oC) for 90 days and sown in the nursery in March-April. After one year, seedlings attain graftable size. It can also be propagated by shield budding in the month of August. Common mechanical practices: Remove new sprouts emerging from root stock at frequent intervals. Shift the grafts frequently from one place to another to prevent them from striking roots into the ground.
Nutrients	Planting is done in December January in pits already filled with farm yard manure. Add mycorrhiza culture @ 50 grams per pit or a basket of  soil taken from old Persimmon orchard to ensure mycorrhiza association with seedling roots.
Weeds	In the nursery, remove the weeds by hand from time to time Use weed free seedlings for planting. Remove weeds from the pits before planting. Grow the recommended intercrops/ cover crop between the rows of Persimmon
Pests, soil-borne pathogens	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 22) Cultural control: Well decomposed farm yard manure coupled with Trichoderma viride/ harzianum should be used. Nursery beds should be raised.. Nursery beds should be fumigated with 4% formalin Mechanical control: Destruction of termetorium along with queen
Vegetative state
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy crop debris Collect and destroy disease infected and insect damaged plant parts Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Remove weed plants Provide timely irrigation, organic manure, fertilizer as per the recommended dose, drainage, weeding, mulching, interculture etc. Common mechanical practices: Handpick the older larvae during early stages of plant Collect and destroy plant parts infested with insect pest and diseases Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring fruit fly activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	The amount of manure and fertilizer to be applied is influenced by the age or size of tree, soil types, fertility,   cultural practices and anticipated fruit yield. During vegetative growth, apply 4 t FYM per acre per year in December. The manure should be applied in 20-30 cm deep and 30cms wide trench along the drip line of the tree.
Weeds	Mulching tree basin in April with 10-15 cm thick hay helps control weeds and conserves soil moisture. Green manuring crops like beans, pea, red clover and white clover-can also are grown in tree basins to improve soil texture and fertility. Use slashing and mowing between the rows to control the weeds, if cover crops are not grown
Mealybug	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Removal of weeds and alternate host plants like hibiscus, okra, custard apple, guava etc in and nearby vineyards throughout the year. Deep ploughing in summer or raking of soil in vineyards helps to destroy its nymphal stages and minimizing the incidence. Mechanical control: Remove and destroy the loose bark. Biological control: Release exotic predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 10 beetles/vine
Scales	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Prune heavily infested plant parts to open the tree canopy and destroy’ them immediately. Prune infested parts (branches and twigs) preferably during summer. These should be placed in a pit constructed on one corner of the orchard. Allow branches and twigs to dry until the parasites escape. Burn the remaining debris. Removal of attendant ants may permit natural enemies to control the insect. monitor and when the eggs and crawlers (immatures) are present
Twig girdlers & borers	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: During September and October the adult female deposits her eggs by piercing the bark below the buds on terminal twigs. After oviposition the female girdles the stem which may later fall to the ground. Infested twigs should be gathered and destroyed. Select and apply horticultural spray oils according to label directions. Crawler sprays should be applied from late May through early June. Repeat applications may be needed. Be sure to follow label directions. Prune and destroy heavily infested twigs and branches.
Persimmon psylla	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 22) Cultural control: Galls with nymphs should be collected and destroyed. Biological control Conserve the predators like black ladybird beetle, purplish pirate bug, brown lacewing, tiny parasitic wasp
Leaf rollers	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control Conserve the biocontrol agents such as tachinid flies and ichneumonid wasps, which parasitize the larvae.
Mites	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Proper irrigation scheduling reduces the water stress and also increases the humidity thereby reducing the mite population Biological control: Several predatory insects and spiders feed on mites but the most efficient natural predators of mite pests are predatory mites.
Crown gall	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest SAUs/ICAR Institutes/KVKs Cultural control: Trees in fruit and nut orchards can be maintained over long periods if the trees became infected at maturity. Diseased trees will bear crop, but with age the trees will become unthrifty and suffer dehydration as their root system becomes progressively infected. The removal of infected trees and vines is costly in loss in time and in money.
Root rot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices ) For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest SAUs/ICAR Institutes/KVKs Cultural control: To cure slightly affected plants, dig out the soil from around the roots and allow them to dry. Prune infected roots down to healthy tissue and replant the persimmon in a new area. Water sparsely.
Cercospora leaf spot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest SAUs/ICAR Institutes/KVKs Cultural control: Remove the infected leaves from the plant Crop rotation plays a key component in reducing Cercospora leaf spot inoculum level from over-wintering in plant debris and in soils.
Circular leaf spot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest SAUs/ICAR Institutes/KVKs Cultural control: Rake up and destroy fallen leaves before the first snowfall to eliminate locations where pathogens can survive to re-infect the plant the following growing season. Do not overcrowd plants — use size at maturity as a spacing guide when planting. Prune trees or shrubs to increase light penetration and improve air circulation throughout the canopy. Biological control: Wet conditions promote disease, so avoid or redirect lawn and landscape sprinklers that wet the lower canopy of the tree.
Bitter rot or anthracnose	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest SAUs/ICAR Institutes/KVKs Cultural control: Taking cuttings from symptom-free plants will greatly reduce the risk of disease spread in container stock. Collecting fallen disease leaves and removing blighted blooms are also suggested.
Leaf spots	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest SAUs/ICAR Institutes/KVKs Cultural control: Because the fruit crown covers the blossom tissues preharvest sprays are generally ineffective. Good orchard management practices, such as field sanitation (removal of old fruit and dead branches), may reduce the incidence of the disease. Infected, healthy-appearing fruit may be dropped to the ground by gently shaking the tree at the time of harvest. Avoid water stress and overwatering that may result in fruit cracking.
Reproductive state
Mealybug	Same as in vegetative state
Scales	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Prune heavily infested plant parts to open the tree canopy and destroy’ them immediately. Prune infested parts (branches and twigs) preferably during summer. These should be placed in a pit constructed on one corner of the orchard. Allow branches and twigs to dry until the parasites escape. Burn the remaining debris. Removal of attendant ants may permit natural enemies to control the insect.
Persimmon psylla	Same as in vegetative state
Leaf rollers	Same as in vegetative state
Mites	Same as in vegetative state
Maturation state
Nutrients	In the bearing orchards, apply 8 tonnes of FYM per acre in alternate years. Apply 30 kg N, 25 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O per acre per year. Half dose of N is applied in spring before flowering and the other half one month later. Fertilizers are applied in tree basin about 30 cm away from the tree trunk. The band application of nitrogenous fertilizers should be preferred over broadcasting. Apply recommended micronutrients, if symptoms are observed.
Weeds	Remove weeds around the plants. Use straw or plastic Mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period. Mulching tree basins with 10-15 cm thick dry grass also checks weed growth. During the initial 2-4 years, peas, beans and cowpea enrich the soil and give economic returns also.
Fruit fly	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 22) Cultural control: Prior to harvest (30-40 days) collect and disposed off infested and fallen fruits to prevent further multiplication and carry-over of population. Ploughing of orchard during November-December to expose pupae to sun’s heat which kills them. If infestation is heavy, bait splash on the trunk only, once or twice at weekly interval is recommended. To prepare bait splash, mix 100 gm of jaggery in one litre of water and add 1 ml of deltamethrin by using an old broom. Managing fruit flies also reduces anthracnose disease and prevents late fruit fall. Mechanical control: Male annihilation technique: Set up fly trap using methyl eugenol. Prepare methyl eugenol 1 ml/l of water + 1 ml of malathion solution. Take 10 ml of this mixture per trap and keep them at 25 different places in one ha between 6 and 8 am. Collect and destroy the adult flies. Use methyl eugenal pheromone trap@4/acre Physical control: Hot water treatment of fruit at 48 ± 1ºC for 4-5min.
Mealybug	Same as in vegetative state
Scales	Same as in vegetative state
Twig girdlers & borers	Same as in vegetative state
Persimmon psylla	Same as in vegetative state
Post-harvest
Post-harvest fruit rot	Treat the fruits after harvest with 2 mM salicylic acid
Twig girdlers borers	Same as in vegetative state

Source:NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage

 

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