IPM Stratergies for Passion Fruit

  165 ratings and Passion Fruit - Crop Stage Wise IPM Nursery management Planting Vegetative Reproductive Managemen...

 

165 ratings and

Passion Fruit - Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Nursery management
2. Planting
3. Vegetative
4. Reproductive

Management	Activity
Nursery management
	Seed should be sown in well prepared seed bed or in polybag with a mixture of soil, compost and sand (2:1:1).
Root rot and crown rot	Cultural control: The elimination of diseased tissues during the initial stages of the disease. Proper drainage system to remove excess water
Soil borne diseases, insect pests	Common cultural practices: Summer deep ploughing to expose soil inhabiting/resting stage of various insects/pathogens. Trimming of all orchard bunds to destroy existing rodent burrow. Use tolerant/resistant varieties Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations. Grow tall barrier crops like maize, sorghum etc. for management of aphids. Common mechanical practices: Uproot and burn infected plants parts early to avoid spread of the disease. Collection and destruction of larvae.
Nutrients	Nutrients should be applied based on soil test report and recommendation of the particular agroclimatic zone. Soil should be rich in organic matter. If required, add farm yard manure or vermicompost.
Weeds	Deep ploughing during summer Ploughing the orchard before planting to destroy existing weeds in the orchard.
Planting
Nutrient management	Apply mycorrhizae @ 5 to 10 g in each pit. Apply nutrients as mentioned above.
Weed management	Use weed free planting material. Remove all existing weeds from pits or furrows at the time of planting. Seasonal vegetables (e.g. Turmeric, Ginger, Chilli, Soybean, Beans, pea, Green leafy vegetables, mustard etc) may be grown as intercrop right from the first year.
Vegetative
	Common cultural practices: Destroy crop debris. Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of rotten fruits, twigs and leaves. The trellis should always run across the slop or in north south direction for proper exposure to sunlight. Pruning should be restricted to lower part of the vines hanging on the ground during winter when vines are dormant. Use yellow sticky traps for whitefly and aphids and blue sticky trap for thrips @ 4-5 trap/acre. Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering. Augmentative release of natural enemies.
Nutrients	Apply as mentioned above
Weeds	Weed control should be done manually or mechanically. Care should be taken to avoid the damage to shallow roots of the vines Mulching of plants around the root zone to conserve the moisture and fertility of soil.
Mites	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Periodic inspections of the orchard and other adjacent hosts, including weeds, are essential to verify the occurrence and first symptoms of mite attacks. See common cultural practices. Biological control: Spray neem or pongamia soap at 1% on lower surface thoroughly
Aphids	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: High levels of nitrogen fertilizer favor aphid reproduction, so never use more nitrogen than necessary. Biological control: Release 1st instar larvae of green lacewing (Chrysoperla zastrowii sillemi) @ 4,000 Nos/acre. Spraying with tobacco decoction (1 kg tobacco boiled in 10 lit of water for 30 minutes and making up to 30 lit + 100 g soap).
Mealybugs	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Prune affected shoots during winter. Destroy ant colonies. Grow attractant plants to attract the defenders Bachelor's Buttons or cornflower (Centaure acyanus), coriander attract wasps. Mechanical control: Collect and destroy the damaged leaves, twigs and stems Use sticky barrier (5cm length) on trunk. Biological control: Orchard release of Australian lady bird beetle (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) @10 beetles per plant.
Scales	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: When infestation in serious, two sprays of white oil, one in early December and one 4 to 6 weeks later are usually required. Spray horticultural oil, if needed, year round. Apply mixture of manure compost tea, molasses and citrus oil. Conserve the Aphytis spp.
Fusarium wilt	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute Cultural control: Planting areas previously affected may be avoided. Use of healthy seedlings and careful control of weeds to avoid root injury can check the spread of disease. Usage of resistant root stocks or resistant hybrids from crosses between purple and yellow passion fruits.
Root and Crown rot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute
Anthracnose	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute Mechanical control: Pruning to eliminate affected areas and improve ventilation and light conditions helps to control the disease. Fruit should not be harvested during wet conditions.
Scab	Cultural control: High densities of seedlings have to be avoided in plant nurseries, as well as excessive irrigation. Follow the common cultural practices.
Septoria blotch/spot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute
Brown spot	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute
Woodiness virus	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute
Reproductive
Nutrients	Zinc and Boron are the micro-nutrients taken up in largest amounts by the plant. With Zn deficiency, apply 20 g of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) per plant, and of B, apply 6.5 g of boric acid (H3BO3) per plant
Weed	Remove weeds manually or mechanically around the plants. Apply the bio-mulch around the root zone of the plants.
Fruit fly	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no 24 & 25 ) Mechanical control: Elimination of over-ripe fruits in which the flies breed and on which the adults feed. Removal of wild host plant. Installation of 10 traps/ha to monitor fruit fly. Hanging of bottle traps containing 100 ml of water emulsion of methyl eugenol (0.1%) + malathion (0.1%) during fruiting season.
Mealy bugs,Scales, Aphids and mites	Follow practices mentioned in vegetative stage
For diseases	Same as in vegetative stage.

Source:NIPHM Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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39 ratings and 0

Passion Fruit Insect and Mite Pests

1. Aphid
2. Mealybugs
3. Fruit fly
4. Scales:
5. Mites
6. IPM for Passion Fruit

Aphid

Biology:

• Both winged and wingless forms breed parthenogenetically.
• Aphids reproduce in two ways: by laying eggs and giving birth to young ones. Which birth process is used depends on environmental conditions and the availability of food.
• When food is plentiful, aphids give birth to live young. Populations develop quickly as this pest has many young ones, a short lifespan and pre-adult insects can also give birth.
• Eggs hatch after three or four days. Young aphids, called nymphs, need five to eight days to become adults.
• It has 12-14 generations per year

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms

• Aphids cause malformation in foliage, and they are more important as disease vectors.
• Myzus persicae and A. gossypii transmit viral disease that causes hardening of fruits.
• Myzus persicae and M. solanifolii are vectors of the passion fruit woodiness virus.

Natural enemies of Aphids

• Predators: Scymnus, Chrysoperla, Aphidoletes, Syrphus Coccinellids etc.
• Parasitoids: Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Aphidius colemani, Diaeretiella rapae

Mealybugs

Citrus mealy bug, P. citri, is a small, oval- shaped sucking insect commonly found on passion fruit. Mealybugs characteristically aggregate on the plant, especially at leaf nodes and under dead leaves and trash. Aggregation may also occur under dried flower bracts. Secretion of a sugary solution from the mealy bugs promotes growth of a black fungal mould on the fruits and leaves.

Biology:

• Eggs: Eggs are deposited as white cottony masses called ovisacs on trunk and stems of citrus plants, giving the appearance of cotton spread on plants. The glossy, light yellow eggs are oval and approximately 0.3 mm long. A female can lay from 300 to 600 eggs in her life period, which are deposited in groups of 5 to 20. Depending on the season, egg hatch may occur after 6 - 10 days or several weeks. An average of 29 eggs per day is laid by females.
• Nymphs: Nymphs emerge from the ovisacs and typically settle along midribs and veins on the underside of leaves, young twigs, and fruit buttons. Wax and honeydew secreted by crawlers are visible indicators of infestations. First instar female and male nymphs are called crawlers. The nymphs take 6 to 10 weeks to reach maturity. The nymphs are yellow, oval-shaped with red eyes, and covered with white waxy particles The female nymphs resemble the adult female in appearance, while male nymphs are more elongated. Female nymphs have four instars. Males differ greatly; they have three instars and a pre-pupal stage.
• Adult: Adult size ranges in length from 3 mm (females) to 4.5 mm (males). The females are wingless, white to light brown in color, with brown legs and antennae. The body of adult females is coated with white wax and bears a characteristic faint gray stripe along their dorsal side. Short waxy filaments can be seen around the margins of their oval body with a slightly longer pair of filaments present at the rear end of their body. Female mealybugs are wingless and, therefore, must be transported to subsequent host plants, although they are able to crawl for short distances. The immature can be blown by wind. Females can live for up to 29 days depending on the host plant. Males are similar in color to females and have two long backward-projecting white wax threads.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

If a severe infestation occurs, loss of vigour, leaf drop, and fruit malformation may occur. Unchecked, an infestation may cause death of the plant.

Natural enemies of Mealy bug:

• Predators: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Harmonia octomaculata, Lacewing larvae
• Parasitoids: Coccophagus sp., Anagyrus coccidivorus, A. pseudococci, Leptomastidea abnormis, Leptomatrix dactylopii

Fruit fly

Biology:

• Egg: Female flies insert eggs under the skin of fruit in clusters of 10 to 50 about 1/25 to 1/8 inch below the fruit surface. The eggs measure about 1/25 by 1/250 inch and are white, elongate, and elliptical. They hatch in 1-1/2 days.
• Maggot: The white maggot is legless, and resembles an elongated cone. The mouth is at the pointed end of the body. There are 3 larval stages, or instars. The third instar is about 2/5 inch long. The entire maggot stage lasts for 11-15 days.
• Pupae: When mature, maggot drop to the ground and pupate in the soil. The puparium   is yellowish-brown and seed-like. Adults emerge in about 10 days.
• Adults: Generally, the abdomen has two horizontal black stripes and a longitudinal median stripe extending from the base of the third segment to the apex of the abdomen. These markings may form a "T" shaped pattern, but the pattern varies considerably. Females begin to lay eggs about 8 days after emergence from the puparium. Under optimum conditions, a female can lay more than 3,000 eggs during her lifetime, but under orchard conditions approximately 1,200 to 1,500 eggs per female is considered to be the usual production. Ripe fruit are preferred for egg laying, but immature ones may be also attacked.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Fly species feed upon the fruits of Passiflora spp., and also attack flowering buds.
• Fruit fly adult damage is caused by oviposition in green fruits, causing disfigurations of the fruit surface.
• The larvae damage the fruit by feeding on its pulp, contaminating it with bacteria and fungi and causing premature fruit drop. The oriental, melon, and Mediterranean fruit flies puncture the fruit while the rind is still tender.
• If the fruit is small and undeveloped, the damage may be sufficient to cause it to shrivel and fall from the plant. If the fruit is well developed, it may continue to maturity.
• Infested immature fruit shows characteristic skin blemishes. A few days after larval infestation, mature fruit will show wrinkling and breakdown.

Natural enemies of Fruit fly:

Parasitoids: Opius fletcheri

Scales:

Biology:

• Females are viviparous.
• Eggs hatch just before being laid.
• Females produce 60 to 150 nymphs over a ten-day period. After a brief period of quiescence (2 to 4 hours), the nymphs leave the maternal scale and disperse on the host tree, preferably onto stems, but also onto foliage and fruits.
• The majority have settled one day later. Reproduction is greatest during uniformly hot and dry conditions. Summer heat, combined with even slight humidity, causes considerable mortality amongst newly emerged nymphs under the maternal scale.
• The imaginal moult usually occurs 5to 6 weeks after egg hatching.

Damage symptoms:

• Soft scales and diaspidids injure plants by sucking sap, and when in numerous can kill the plant.
• They sometimes heavily encrust the leaves, fruits, twigs or branches.

Natural enemies of scales

• Parasitoids: Aphytis spp.
• Predators: Ladybird beetle

Mites

Biology:

• Eggs: Eggs are deposited singly, in cracks, crevices, and other protected areas on the plant surface. These clusters of bright reddish orange eggs. Eggs have a stipe, a tail-like projection, that extends from the slightly pointed end that came out of the female mite last. This stipe often breaks off if the egg is handled. A day before hatching, the eggs become opaque white and the red eyes of the larvae are visible within.
• Larvae: Larvae are six-legged, bright orange-red when newly emerged, but turn an opaque orange when fully grown. Nymphs: There are two nymphal stages, the protonymph and the deutonymph. The protonymph is larger than the larva and has eight legs. The outer shell is transparent; light green, orange, black, and yellow patches may be seen within the body. The deutonymph is similar in appearance to the protonymph except for having an extra pair of legs, two additional setae (hairs), and being slightly larger.
• Adults: Adult females are about 275 microns long, including the rostrum. The body is flat, light to dark green or reddish orange. Two pairs of legs extend forward and two pairs extend behind. The adult male is flat, reddish and more wedge-shaped than the female. Males do not have black markings. On average, adults lived for a maximum of 47 days at 68°F and a minimum of 7.5 days at 86°F with a relative humidity of 85 to 90 percent. Duration from egg hatch to adult required a minimum of 10.6 days at 86°F and a maximum of 27.3 days at 68°F.

Lifecycle

Damage symptoms:

• Mites are scattered in reddish patches on the surface of the fruit, particularly around the stem end, along the midrib and veins of the leaf, especially on the under-surface.
• Brevipalpus phoenicis is responsible for general discoloration of the leaves, and necrosis, culminating in leaf drop.
• Attacked young stems dry from the extremity to the base and eventually die. With heavy and prolonged infestation, leaf fall increases and the vine has the appearance of dying back.
• At the same time, developing fruit may begin to shrivel and fall prematurely from the plant. If red spider mites are left uncontrolled, the plant may eventually die.
• Dense populations of spider mites produce silken webs that cover the leaves. Heavy infestations cause leaves to drop and plants to lose vigour.

Natural enemies of Mites:

Predators: Anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings (Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla sp.), predatory mites (Amblyseius alstoniae, A. womersleyi, A. fallacies and Phytoseiulus persimilis), predatory coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum),   staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.), predatory cecidomyiid fly (Anthrocnodax occidentalis), predatory gall midge (Feltiella minuta), Predatory thrips etc.

IPM for Passion Fruit

To know the IPM practices for PAssion Fruit, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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33 ratings and

Beneficial insects of Passion fruit

1. Parasitoids
1. Pupal parasitoids
2. Nymphal and adult parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Passion Fruit

Parasitoids

Pupal parasitoids

Nymphal and adult parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Passion Fruit

To know the IPM practices for Passion Fruit, click here.

Source: NIPHM ; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage

 

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36 ratings and

Passion Fruit Diseases

1. Brown spot
2. Septoria spot
3. Root and crown rot
4. Fusarium wilt
5. Anthracnose
6. Woodiness virus
7. Scab
8. Disease cycles
9. IPM for Passion Fruit

Brown spot

Disease symptoms:

• Alternaria passiflorae causes reddish brown spots on the leaves. Under high humidity, spots normally grow larger up to 2 cm in diameter become round and zonate.
• Spores can form a black thin mass covering the middle of the lesion, being more abundant on the abaxial surface. Abscission of the affected leaves occur rapidly causing intense defoliation.
• In twigs dark brown lesions are more elongated and may cause girdling and death of the terminal portion of these organs.
• Slightly circular spots occur on the mature fruits or when they are half way through their growth process. They are reddish brown, sunken affecting the pulp and damaging the commercial value.
• Alternata causes smaller spots with chlorotic haloes on leaves and can induce defoliation. The stem lesions rarely kill vines. Spots on fruits have dark green and greasy margins.

Survival and spread:

• The pathogen survives in infected leaves, twigs and fruits in the plant and on the soil.
• The conidia are dispersed by wind, water and rain and occasionally by infected seedlings.

Favourable conditions:

The disease is more intense under high humidity and abundant rainfall, along with rising temperatures. The disease appears in fruits during the rainy season and disappears during the dry season.

Septoria spot

Disease symptoms:

• Leaves are the most affected organs, showing light brown slightly round necrotic spots normally encircled by a chlorotic halo. A single lesion per leaf is sufficient to cause abscission, and even leaves without visible symptoms may fall prematurely.
• When the disease reaches 15-20% of leaves in the same plant, partial or even complete leaf abscission is observed. In young twigs, lesions may promote girdling leading to wilt and twig tips death.
• Lesions on flowers are similar to those on leaves. The primary infection in the calyx may reach the stalk, causing the early drop of flowers. The infection may occur at any stage of the development of the fruits, affecting maturation or development.
• Leaf and fruit abscission, twig wilt and plant death may occur under disease favoring conditions.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus survives in infected tissues, mucilage in the cirrus is thought to aid survival.
• The conidia are released in the hyaline cirri and are agglutinated by a mucilaginous substance. Conidia contained in the cirri are spread by water, dew and insects.

Favourable conditions:

• Prolonged rains and mild temperature favour disease development. The optimum conditions for growth of fungus are temperature ranging from 5⁰ to 35⁰ C.

Root and crown rot

Disease symptoms:

• Phytophthora root and crown rot disease affects both adult as well as nursery plants. Mild cholorosis is followed by wilting, defoliation and death. Cortical tissues of the plants are exposed.
• Plant intumescence and bark fissures are found in the collar. Injured leaf shows a burned appearance. Occurrence of foliar blight followed by drop of flowers is observed.
• There is a change in leaf color from colorless to pale green, with leaves reaching a light copper colour. The affected plant shows burned -like black twig tips and flowers which eventually die. Large grayish- green aqueous spots can be viewed in fruits, which easily fall down.

Transmission:

• The disease appears in specific spots and spreads from one plant to another.

Favourable conditions:

• High disease incidence is observed in clay soils during rainy periods when temperatures vary between 26 -30 degree C.

Fusarium wilt

Disease symptoms:

• The glossy green leaves of young passion fruit plants show a pale green colour and mild die back. Drop of lower leaves, general plant wilting and sudden death take place as the disease progresses.
• In adult plants, the disease causes yellowing of young leaves, followed by plant wilt and death. Symptom development may be unilateral or encompasses the entire plant.
• The vascular system becomes darkened at the root, collar, stem and twig areas. The disease typically affects the xylem vascular system, leading to the impermeability of vascular walls and preventing the translocation of water to other plant parts.
• Under high relative humidity conditions, lesions and fissures can be found in the plant collar and stems.

Survival and spread:

• Inside an orchard the fungus is spread by soil movements (machines, implements, shoes etc) and by run off or irrigation water.
• Resistant chlamydospores enable long term survival of the fungus in the soil.

Favourable conditions:

• The disease intensity is greater in sandy soils and favored by high temperatures and relative humidity.

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms:

• Spots, initially 2-3 mm in diameter and oily in appearance, are produced on the leaf. They become dark brown, round or irregularly shaped and 1 cm in diameter. The centers of spots become brittle and may break apart. Lesions also develop on petioles.
• As foliar lesions coalesce, large areas of the leaf die, resulting, eventually, in abscission. Dark brown spots, 4-6 mm in diameter, are produced on the branches and tendrils, eventually turning into cankers. Severe lesions can cause the death of shoots and a partial blighting of the plant
• Affected flowers abort, and immature fruit abscise. Lesions on fruit initially are superficial and light brown, and later become sunken and greyish to dark brown. They may be larger than 1 cm in diameter and may reach interior portions of the fruit. As fruit mature, the spots enlarge and become oily or light tan.
• The fruit skin becomes papery and acervuli are formed on lesions here and on leaves. Under high humidity, masses of red and orange spores form in acervuli.   Dieback, characterized by reduced elongation of shoots, shortened internodes and an eventual wilting and death of these structures are the symptoms normally associated with anthracnose.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus survives and sporulates in infected tissues and crop residues of passion flower.
• Fungal dissemination in the orchard is carried out by raindrops infected seeds, seedlings and cuttings.

Favourable conditions:

• Long raining periods and average temperatures of 27 degree C are the ideal conditions for the occurrence of epidemics.

Woodiness virus

Disease symptoms:

• Infection causes a noticeable reduction in the development of plant. Leaves display severe mosaic, rugosity and distortion.
• Plants affected with PWV and CWV produce woody and deformed fruits. Severe mosaic, epinasty, defoliation and premature death of plants are associated with infection of PWV.
• Other common symptoms are leaf mottling and ring spot on the younger leaves. Fruits are symptom less or may show mild molting. Chlorotic spots on the leaves and dappled or faded fruits are often found.

Transmission:

• Viruses are normally transmitted by several species of aphids in a non persistent, noncirculative way. They can also be transmitted through grafting and experimental mechanical inoculation. Mechanical transmission by knifes, scissors and nails during cultural practices of trimming are observed. None of the viruses are found to be transmitted through seeds.

Scab

Disease symptoms:

• Infected plant show small round spots on the leaves. Spots are initially translucent, later become necrotic showing greenish-grey centers which correspond to fungal fructification.
• Lesions can perforate leaves, occur on veins and cause them to be deformed leading to abscission. Similar spots may appear on bud sepals or open flowers. High numbers of lesions on flower buds or on peduncles can greatly reduce the number of flower buds.
• Twigs and twig tips initially show lesions similar to the ones on leaves, which later turn into cankers of elongated and sunken aspect that become greenish - grey, where the pathogen fructification takes place. As scar tissue forms, branches become weakened and break in the wind.
• On small fruits, symptoms are slightly sunken with small dark circular spots. On bigger fruits lesions on fruit skin grow and become cork like, prominent and brownish. Lesions do not reach the inner fruit and consequently do not affect juice quality. Several lesions may form on the same fruit causing it to be deformed and stunted.
• The disease mainly affects young tissues of leaves, branches, tendrils, flower buds and fruits, when not controlled cause significant damages. In field orchard conditions it causes death of the twigs, can delay flowering and reduce the commercial quality of fruit.

Survival and spread:

• Dissemination of the fungus occurs through infected seedlings, by wind and sprinkler water.

Favourable conditions:

• High relative humidity promotes the infection. The disease severity is high in spring time when temperatures are mild.

Disease cycles

Brown spot

Septoria blotch

Root and Crown rot

Fusarium wilt

Woodiness of passion fruit

IPM for Passion Fruit

To know the IPM practices for Passion Fruit, click here.

Source: NIPHM ; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage

 

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28 ratings

Passion Fruit Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and Mite Pests
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
3. Rodents
4. IPM for Passion Fruit

Pests of National Significance

Insect and Mite Pests

• Aphids: Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Aphis gossypii (Glover) and Macrosiphum solanifolii Thomas (Hemiptera: Aphidae)
• Mealy bugs: Planococcus citri Risso, Planococcus pacificus Cox (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)
• Fruit flies: Bactrocera latifrons, B. dorsalis, B. cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae)
• Scales: Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
• Mites: Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Trombidiformes :Tenuipalpidae), Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor) and T. desertorum Banks (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Diseases

• Brown spot: Alternaria passiflorae J.H. Simmonds, Proc. Roy. Soc. and A. alternata
• Septoria Blotch (Spot) : Septoria fructigena Berk. M.A. Curtis, Grevillea, S. passifloricola Punith and S. passiflorae Louw
• Root and crown rot: Pythium splendens Hans Braun, P. aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands and P. nicotianae Breda de Haan
• Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyder Hansen
• Woodiness Of Passion Fruit: Passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV) and Cucumber woody virus (CWV)
• Scab or Cladosporium Rot: Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries   and C. herbarum (Pers.) Link
• Anthracnose : Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. . Sacc orchard

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Lamb’s quarter : Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Creeping wood sorrel: Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
• Wild sage: Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)
• Wire weed: Sida acuta Burm.f. (Malvaceae)
• Siam weed: Chromolaena odorata (L) King H.E. Robins (Asteraceae)
• Buckthorm: Rhamnus nepalensis (Wall.) Lawson (Rhamnaceae)
• Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
• Stinkbells: Circaester agrestis Maxim. (Circaestraceae)
• Crofton weed: Ageratina adenophora (Spring.) (Asteraceae)
• Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Common purslane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae)
• Pink knotweed: Persicaria napalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe (Polygonaceae)

Grassy

• Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon L.Pers. (Poaceae)
• Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
• Itch grass: Rottboellia exaltata L.f. (Poaceae)
• Johnson grass: Sorghum halepense (L) Pers. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nut sedge : Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Rodents

• Soft furred orchard rat: Rattus meltada
• Indian mole rat: Bandicota bengalensis
• common house rat: Rattus rattus

IPM for Passion Fruit

To know the IPM practices for PAssion Fruit, click here.

Source: NIPHM ; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage