IPM Stratergies for Moth bean Diseases

43 ratings Moth bean Diseases Fusarium wilt Charcoal rot or ashy stem blight Bacterial leaf spot and blight Mung bean yellow mosaic ...

43 ratings

Moth bean Diseases

1. Fusarium wilt
2. Charcoal rot or ashy stem blight
3. Bacterial leaf spot and blight
4. Mung bean yellow mosaic virus
5. Cercospora leaf spot
6. IPM for Mothbean

Fusarium wilt

Disease symptoms:

• The first symptom of the disease in the field is drooping of the plants followed by sudden death. The leaves may also turn yellow and drop off prematurely.
• Pod formation is severely affected. In collar regions of the wilted plants, necrosis and discolouration can be seen.
• The diseased plants can be pulled out easily than the healthy ones.
• When the diseased stem is cut, there is a dark brown, discoloured band around the vascular system. Infection occurs directly through the root hairs.
• The fungus survives for indefinite periods in the soil.

Survival and spread:

• This fungal disease may spread through infected plant debris and in seeds.

Favourable conditions:

• Fusarium wilt is more severe during hot, dry weather conditions and particularly when plants are under stress

Charcoal rot or ashy stem blight

Disease symptoms:

• The disease symptom starts as yellowing of lower leaves, followed by drooping and defoliation.
• The stem portion near the ground level shows dark brown lesions and bark at the collar region shows shredding.
• The sudden death of plants is seen in patches. In the grown-up plants, the stem portion near the soil level shows large number of black pycnidia.
• The stem portion can be easily pulled out leaving the rotten root portion in the soil.
• The infection when spreads to pods, they open prematurely and immature seeds shriveled and become black in colour.
• Minute pycnidia are also seen on the infected pods and seeds.
• The rotten root as well as stem tissues contains a large number of minute black sclerotia on the infected pods and seeds.

Survival and spread:

• M. phaseolina survives as microsclerotia in the soil and on infected plant debris. The microsclerotia serve as the primary source of inoculum and have been found to persist within the soil up to three years.
• Seeds may also carry the fungus in the seed coat.

Favourable conditions:

• Germination of the microsclerotia occurs throughout the growing season when temperatures are between 28 oC and 35oC.
• he rate of infection increases with higher soil temperatures and low soil moisture will further enhance disease severity.

Bacterial leaf spot and blight

Disease symptoms:

• Halo blight occurs primarily when temperatures are cool.
• Light greenish-yellow circles that look like halos form around a brown spot or lesion on the plant. With age, the lesions may join together as the leaf turns yellow and slowly dies.
• Stem lesions appear as long, reddish spots. Leaves infected with common blight turn brown and drop quickly from the plant.

Survival and spread:

• The bacterium survives in the infected plant debris and in seeds.
• The secondary spread is by rain water.

Favourable conditions:

• Rain and damp weather favor disease development.
• Blight occurs primarily when temperatures are cool and moist weather

Mung bean yellow mosaic virus

Disease symptoms:

• The leaves show sharply defined patches of unusual coloration.
• The causal agents of these symptoms may be nutrient imbalance

Survival and spread:

• Virus occurs worldwide in many agricultural crops, ornamentals and weeds. Many of these plants serve as reservoirs for season to season survival of the virus.
• The virus is transmitted by white fly

Cercospora leaf spot

Disease symptoms:

• On infected leaves (especially those more mature) look for brown or rust-coloured lesions that vary from circular to angular, are 2-10 mm, and may coalesce.
• Lesions may have a grey centre with a slightly reddish border.
• Conidia develop at the centre on short conidiophores.
• Severely affected leaves become chlorotic. Lesions may dry and portions may fall out, giving the leaf a shot-hole appearance.
• Lesions and blemishes may occur on branches, stems and pods.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus survives in the infected plant debris and in seeds.

Favourable conditions:

• Rain and damp weather favor disease development.
• Leaf spot occurs primarily when temperature are optimum and moist weather

IPM for Mothbean

To know the IPM practices for Mothbean, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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33 ratings

Moth bean Insect pests

1. White grub
2. Aphids
3.  
4. Spotted pod borer
5. Pod bugs: Clavigralla spp.
6. Root knot nematode
7. IPM for Mothbean

White grub

Biology:

• Egg: A female lays on an average of 27 eggs in the soil, which are pear like white enclosed in earthen cells.
• Grub: Fleshy ‘C’ shaped, whitish yellow in colour found close to the base of the clump.
• Pupa: Pupae are tan to brown, and occur deeper in the soil in earthen chambers
• Adult: Adult beetles are a rusty-red color just after emerging from the pupal stage, but turn nearly black

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Yellowing and wilting of leaves.
• Drying of entire crown.
• Affected canes come off easily when pulled.
• Cause extensive damage to roots and base of shoot.

Biological control of root grubs:

Entomo Pathogenic Nematodes seek out and kill all stages of harmful soil-dwelling insects. They can be used to control a broad range of soil-inhabiting insects and above-ground insects in their soil-inhabiting stage of life

Aphids

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are very tiny, shiny-black, and are found in the crevices of bud and stems, of the plant. Aphids usually do not lay eggs in warmer parts of the world, but reproduce parthenogenetically all through the year on different host plants.
• Nymph: Nymph (immature stages) are young aphids, they look like the wingless adults but are smaller. They become adults within 7 to 10 days.
• Adult: Adults are small, back to dark brownish colour, 1 to 4 mm long, soft-bodied insects with two long antennae that resemble horns. Most aphids have two short cornicles (horns) towards the rear of the body.

Damage symptoms:

• Nymphs and adult aphids suck plant sap from leaves, shoots, buds and floret.
• In addition, plants may become contaminated by honeydew produced by aphids and sooty mould growing on honeydew.
• Aphids are also vectors of diseases, including the common bean mosaic virus.

 

Natural enemies of aphid:

• Parasitoids: Lysiphlebus sp, Diaeretiella sp, Aphidius colemani, Aphytis spp., Lipolexix scutellaris etc.
• Predators: Ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata, C. transversalis, Chilocorus spp., Chilomenes sexmaculatus, Brumoides suturalis), Chrysoperla spp., anthocorid bug, mirid bug, nabid bug, carabid beetle, earwig, spider, hover flies, etc

 

Spotted pod borer

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs of the pod borer are pale cream and flattened. The eggs are laid on or in the flowers (inserted between the petals).
• Larva: Larvae are pale cream with two rows of distinctive paired black markings on their back. In the final instar, these markings are often very pale. Larvae can reach 18 mm in length. Young larvae feed inside flowers for 5-7 days before moving to the pods. After completing their development (10-15 days from egg hatch), larvae exit pods and pupate in the soil.
• Adult: Moths have a 20-25 mm wingspan and a slender body. They have brown forewings with a white band extending two-thirds down the wing from the leading edge. Inside this band near the leading edge is a white spot. They live for an average of 6-10 days, each female can lay up to 200 eggs.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Bore holes on the buds, flowers and pods
• Infested pods and flowers are webbed together.
• Seeds within damaged pods are totally or partially eaten out by the larvae.
• Entry holes also let in water, which stains the remaining non-eaten seeds.

Natural enemies of spotted pod borer:

• Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Tetrastichus spp., Telenomus spp., Chelonus spp., Campoletis spp., Bracon spp., Carcelia spp. etc.
• Predators: Lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant, dragonfly, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, King crow, wasps, common mynah, Geocoris sp, earwig, ground beetle, pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata) etc

Pod bugs: Clavigralla spp.

Damage is caused at flowering stage onwards to developing pods.

Biology:

• Eggs: are laid on the pods or leaves in groups of 5-10. Females lay up to 437 eggs each over a period of 150 days. The mean incubation period varies 4 to 20 days depending on weather conditions.
• Nymphs: develop into adults taking 10 to 30 days. There is considerable overlapping of generations and six generations often occur in a year.
• Adults: The adults can live up to 150 days, the usual period being 1-2 months. Adults are brown (light to dark) in colour with typical protruding pronotal spines

Root knot nematode

Biology:

• Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and the adult male and female. They are microscopic in size.
• Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first moult occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
• Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4-8 weeks depending on temperature.
• Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 21-2680°F.

Life cycle:

Life stages are microscopic in size

Damage symptoms:

• Infections occur in patches in the field
• Formation of galls on host root system is the primary symptom
• Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a ‘beard root’ symptom
• Infected roots become knobby and knotty
• In severely infected plants, the root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent. The roots are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and transport of water and nutrients
• Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted
• Nematode infection predisposes plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Cysts and egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculum
• Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water dispersed

IPM for Mothbean

To know the IPM practices for Mothbean, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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33 ratings

Moth bean Pests

1. Pests of national significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Weeds
3. Nematodes
4. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
5. IPM for Mothbean

Pests of national significance

Insect and mite pests

• White grub: Holotrichia spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
• Aphids: Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Spotted pod borer: Maruca vitrata Geyer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Leaf hopper: Empoasca kerri Pruthi (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
• Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
• Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae); Clavigralla gibbosa (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Diseases

• Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht) Snyder & Hansen
• Charcoal rot or ashy stem blight: Macrophomina phaseolina (Maubl.)
• Mung bean yellow mosaic virus
• Bacterial blight: Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola Van Hall,
• Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas phaseoli (Burkholder) Starr & Burkholder.
• Cercospora leaf blight: Cercospora spp

Weeds

Broad leaf

• Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
• Tick weed: Cleome viscosa L (Capparidaceae)
• Horse purslane: Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
• False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)

Grasses

• Rabbit/Crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
• Crab grass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Yellow nutsedge: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae)

Nematodes

• Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.
• Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford & Oliveira)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Hawk moth: Acherontia styx Westwood (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) (Rajasthan)
• Hairy caterpillar: Amsacta spp. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

IPM for Mothbean

To know the IPM practices for Mothbean, click here.

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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32 ratings

Beneficial insects of Moth bean

1. Parasitoids
1. Egg parasitoids
2. Larval parasitoids
3. Nymphal and adult parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Mothbean

Parasitoids

Egg parasitoids

Larval parasitoids

Nymphal and adult parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Mothbean

To know the IPM practices for Mothbean, click here.

Source: NIPHM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

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28 ratings

Moth bean Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing
2. Sowing
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive stage

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing
	Common cultural practices: Timely sowing should be done. Field sanitation. Destroy the alternate host plants Plant tall border crops like pearl millet, sorghum for the management of aphids and whitefly. Adopt ecological engineering by growing the recommended attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds.
Nutrients	Get the soil sample tested and apply nutrients based on soil test report. Soil is brought to fine tilth by 2-3 ploughing with harrow or plough. Incorporate 4 to 5 tonnes of Farm Yard Manure per acre in soil 2-3 weeks before sowing.
Weeds	Solarisation of soil during summer reduces weed infestation.
Sowing
	Common cultural practices: Timely and line sowing should be done Use healthy, certified and weed free seeds. Sow with proper spacing
Nutrients	Fertilizers should be applied on soil test basis
Weeds	Always use certified and weed free seeds. Timely sowing should be done. Line sowing should be done to facilitate inter-culture operations. Plant population should be maintained to its optimum right from its beginning to minimize the crop weed competition
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy diseased and insect infested plant parts. Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water stress and water stagnation conditions. Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs, early stage larvae and adult beetles of white grub. Use yellow sticky traps for aphids and whitefly. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	Correct micronutrient deficiency if any in standing crop. Seed treatment of Thiourea @ 500 ppm in light soils. Foliar application of Thiourea @500ppm solution twice in standing crops
Weeds	Keep field boundary & bunds free from weeds. The crop field should be weed free initially for 3-4 weeks. Inter-culture operation/hoeing should be done twice at 20 and 35 days after sowing-using hand hoe to remove all weeds in between the row. Mulches like straw, hay, plastic, etc. should be used in between the rows to suppress the weed growth
Aphids	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Apply optimum doses of nitrogen fertilizers Regular field monitoring in the morning hours for monitoring of pests and defender population, barrier crops like pearl millet and sorghum around the field. Biological control: Conserve predators such as ladybird beetles (Cocciniella septumpunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata and Brumoides suturalis.
Root grub	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: Use Entomopathogenic nematodes
Whitefly	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: Spray neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5%. Spray neem oil @ 1%
Spotted pod borer	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Inter cropping are found to be effective. Collect and destroy the larvae. Keep the field weed free in the initial 25-40 days through intercultural operations and hand weeding
Pod bugs	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: Aggregation pheromone traps are widely used as a monitoring tool and partial control measure
Fusarium wilt	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Mung bean Yellow mosaic virus	Follow common mechanical and biological practices Cultural practices: All the infected plants should be removed carefully and destroyed. Control the whitefly
Bacterial leaf spot/blight	Follow common mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Use disease free and certified seeds.
Charcoal rot or ashy stem blight	Follow common mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: All the infected plants should be removed carefully and destroyed. Follow intercropping cropping system (Mothbean: Sesame) (1:1 ratio). Irrigate field every two weeks to avoid stress contitions
Reproductive stage
Nutrients	Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest
Weeds	Remove left over weeds to prevent weed seed spread in field.
Pod bugs	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: Aggregation pheromone traps are widely used as a monitoring tool and partial control measure.
Spotted pod borer	Same as in vegetative stage

Source: NIPHM, and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage