IPM Stratergies for Mango

  32 ratings Mango : pests Pests of National Significance Insect Pests and mites Diseases Weeds Pests of Regional S...

 

32 ratings

Mango : pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect Pests and mites
2. Diseases
3. Weeds
2. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. IPM for Mango

Pests of National Significance

Insect Pests and mites

• Mango hopper: Idioscopus clypealis Lethierry , I. nitidulus Walker and Amritodus Atkinsoni Lethierry.Idioscopus niveosparsus Leth together (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
• Mango mealy bug: Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
• Fruit fly: Bactrocera dorsalis, HendelB. Correcta Bezzi and B. zonata Saunders (Diptera: Tephritidae)
• Inflorescence midge: Erosomyiaindica Grover, Dasineuraamraramanjarae, ProcystiphovramangiferaeBitancourt& Jenkinsand Procontare niamatteiana (Diptera Cecidomyiidae)
• Stem borer: Batocera rufomaculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
• Bark eating caterpillar: Indarbela quadrinotata Walker (Lepidoptera: Metarbedelidae)
• Stone Weevil: Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricius (Coleoptera:Curculionidae)
• Shoot Borer: Chlumetia transversa, Walker, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Leaf Webber: Orthaga exvinascea Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Shoot gall psylla: Apsyllaci stellate Buckton (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
• Red ant: Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
• Eriophyid mite: Aceria mangiferae (Eriophyidae: Acarina)
• Stone weevil: Sternochetus mangiferae Fab. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae
• Termites: Odontotermes obesus, Microtermes obesi (Isoptera: Termitidae)

Diseases

• Powdery mildew: Oidium mangiferae Berthet
• Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Ston, Spaull and Schrenk
• Die back: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.)
• Sooty mould: Meliola mangiferae Earle (Capnodium mangiferae Cke. & Brown)
• Mango malformation complex: Fusarium mangiferae Wollenweber & Reinking, etc.
• Gummosis: Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Mauble (Synonyms: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Physalospora rhodina Cooke, perfect stage of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.
• Post-harvest disease
• Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz.and Sacc
• Aspergillus rot/Black mould rot: Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh
• Stem end rot: Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. Griffon & Maubl.

Weeds

• Bermuda grass : Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cypraceae)
• Biden spilosa: L. Spanish needles, (Asteraceae)
• Coat buttons: Tridax procumbens L., (Asteraceae)
• Silk leaf: Lagascea mollis Cav, Asteraceae)
• Madras leaf-flower: Phyllanthus madraspatensis L, (Euphorbiaceae)
• Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Loranthaceae)

Pests of Regional Significance

Insect pests

• Scale insects: Chloropulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Homoptera: Coccidae) (Utter Pradesh, Karnataka) 11
• Shoot borer: Chlumetia transversa Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Karnataka, Rajashtan, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat)
• Shoot gall psylla: Apsylla cistellata Buckton (Psyllidae :Homoptera) (Bihar, Utter Predesh)
• Leaf webber: Orthaga euadrusalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Tamil Nadu)
• Thrips: Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, (Gujarat, West Bengal) Caliothrips indicus, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)
• Red spider mite: Oligonychus mangiferus Rahman and Sapra (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Bihar)

Diseases

• Phoma blight: Phoma glomerata (Cords) Woll. Hochapf (Uttar Pradesh)
• Bacterial canker: Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferae-indicae (Maharashtra)
• Red rust,: Cephaleuros virescens Kunze
• Scab: Elsinoe mangiferae Bitancourt and Jenkins = anamorph: Sphaceloma mangiferae Bitancourt and Jenkins
• Root Rot & Damping off: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn

IPM for Mango

To know the IPM practices for Mango, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.03   

 

159 ratings and

Mango: Crop stage-wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing*
2. Sowing*
3. Vegetative *
4. Reproductive*
5. Maturation *
6. Postharvest

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing*
	Common cultural practices: •Destroy the alternate host plants •Sow the ecological engineering plants •Sow sorghum/maize/pearl millet in 4 rows all around the main crop as guard/barrier crop •Plough the field before planting to destroy existing weeds in the field. •Plough deep after harvest to bury the pupae. •Deep summer ploughing of field reduces the incidence of mealy bug and soil-borne pathogens. •Seed nuts must be collected during peak period of harvest and sun dried for two to three days. •Medium size nuts (7-9 gm) may be selected to get vigorously growing seedlings. •Seed nuts should be soaked over night in water before sowing. •Sow the soaked nuts in the polythene bags filled with potting mixture. •Seedlings will be ready for grafting 40-50 days after germination. •Irrigate the orchards as and when required •Provide proper shade, irrigation & drainage. •Rogue out diseased seedling. •Employ locally made rat traps. •Use resistant/tolerant varieties •Destroy the alternate host plants
Nutrients	•Nitrogen: Application of recommended nitrogenous fertilizers (69kg of Urea/acre) or foliar application of Urea 20g-40g/lit water at fortnightly intervals. •Phosphorus: Soil application of single super phosphate or foliar application of ortho phosphoric acid 5ml/lit thrice. •Potassium: Foliar spray of SOP 20gl/l at fortnightly intervals •Calcium: Application of gypsum at 50 kg/ha. •Magnesium: Soil application of MgSO4 5-10 kg/ha a foliar spray of MgSO4 20ml/lit at fortnightly intervals. •Sulphur: Soil application of sulphur fertilizer •Boron: Soil application of 5-10 kg Borax / ha or foliar spray of 2.5ml/li Borax at 10 days interval or solubor at 300 g/ 100l of water •Copper: Foliar spray of Copper sulphate by mixing with lime water @ 2 g/l of water at fortnightly intervals •Iron: Soil application of FeSO4 fertilizer @ 4 kg/acre •Manganese: Foliar application of MnSO4 2 g l/l at fortnightly intervals •Zinc: Soil application of ZnSO4 10 kg/ha or foliar spray of ZnSO4 5g/l of water .
Weeds	• Hand weeding and timely mulching.
Sowing*
	Common mechanical practices: •Remove new sprouts emerging from root stock at frequent intervals. •Shift the grafts frequently from one place to another to prevent them from striking roots into the ground.
Pests, Soil-borne pathogens	Cultural Control: •Well decomposed farm yard manure coupled with Trichoderma viride/harzianum should be used. •Nursery beds should be raised.. •Nursery beds should be fumigated with 4% formalin Mechanical Control: •Destruction of termetorium along with queen. Chemical Control: •Drenching of the planting pits with Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 5 ml/l of water
Vegetative *
	Common cultural practices: •Collect and destroy crop debris •Collect and destroy disease infected and insect damaged plant parts •Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed •Remove weed plants •Provide timely irrigation, organic manure, fertilizer as per the recommended dose, drainage, weeding, mulching, interculture etc. Common mechanical practices: •Handpick the older larvae during early stages •Collect and destroy plant parts infested with insect pest and diseases •Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. •Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre •Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm •Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) •Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. •Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: •Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering •Augmentative release of natural enemies
Mango leaf hopper	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: •Pruning of dense orchards in the month of December, orchard sanitation andfield sanitation, rogueing. •Keep the nursery area clean, free of weeds and grasses to keep away the grasshoppers. •Removal of weeds and alternate host plants like hibiscus, , custard apple, guava etc. •Avoid dense plantings, maintained open canopy; prune overcrowded overlapping branches after rainy season. •Avoid excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers. •Smoking of orchards by burning of crop residues/cow dung cake during evening hours. Biological Control: •Application of bio-agents, Metarhiziumanisopliae@ 1x 108 cfu/ml or Beauveriabassiana@ 108 cfu /ml on tree trunk once during off season and twice at 7 days interval during flowering season. Chemical Control: •Buprofezin 25% SC @ 1.25ml/ l of water, 5-15 l per tree •Deltamethrin 2.8% EC @ 0.03-0.05% (0.33 to 0.5 ml / lit) Asperspray field requirement •Dimethoate30% EC @ 990-1320 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre •Imidacloprid17.8% SL @ 3ml / l, 10 l/ tree •Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 0.5-1.0 ml/ lof water •Malathion 50% EC @ 900-1200 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre •Monocrotophos 36% SL @ 600-800 ml in 200-800 l of water/acre •Oxydemeton–methyl 25% EC@ 600-800 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre
Bark-eating caterpillar	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural Control: •Keep orchard clean and healthy. •Cut dried branches
Stem borer	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Leaf webber	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Mechanical Control: •Pruning of overcrowded and overlapping branches. •Mechanical removal of infested webs by leaf web removing device and burning them.
Mango mealybug	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: •Flooding of orchard with water in the month of October kill the eggs. •Ploughing of orchard in November. •Raking of soil around tree trunk to expose the eggs to natural enemies and sun, removal of weeds •Fastening of alkathene sheet (400 gauge)/grease band of 25 cm wide afterwards mud plastering of trunk at 30 cm above the ground in the middle of December. •In July –August destruction of infested fallen leaves with scales Biological control: •Raking of soil around tree trunk to expose the eggs to natural enemies and sun, removal of weeds and releasing 10-15 grubs •Releasing 10-15 grubs of cocinellid predator, C. montrozieri per tree. Chemical Control: •Dimethoate 30% EC@ 990-1320 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre •Monocrotophos 36% SL@ 600-800 ml in 200-800 l of water/acre ( Do not use at fruiting stage)
Powdery mildew	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: •Spraying at full bloom needs to be avoided. Mechanical control: •Prune diseased leaves and malformed panicles harbouring the pathogen to reduce primary inoculum load. Chemical control: •Azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 100 ml (0.1%)/100 l of water depending on the size of the tree canopy. •Carbendazim 46.27% SC@ 0.1%or100 ml/100 l Water, depending on the size of tree. •Dinocap 48% EC @ 5 g in 10 l of water/tree •Hexaconazole 5% EC@ 0.1%(100ml/100 l) depending on the size of tree •Hexaconazole 5 % SC @ 0.2%or 200ml/100 lt. water Asrequired depending onsizeof treeand plant protection equipment used. •Penconazole 10% EC@50ml/100Lt. water50ml/100Lt. water, 10 l/tree •Sulphur 55.16 % SC@ 0.30%or300 ml/100Lt. water As required •Sulphur 80% WP@ 1.252 kg in 300-400 l of water/acre •Sulphur80%WG@ 0.7-1.0 kg in 300-400 l of water/acre •Triadimefon 25% WP@ 0.040- 0.100% ,10-15 l depending on the size of tree
Anthracnose	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural Control: •Diseased leaves, twigs, gall midge infected leaves and fruits, should be collected and burnt. •Covering the fruits on tree, 15 days prior to harvest with news or brown paper bags. Chemical Control: •Azoxystrobin 23% SC@ 100 ml (0.1%)/100 l of water depending on the size of the tree canopy. •Copper oxy-chloride 50% WG@0.24%or 240g/100lwater asrequired depending uponPP equipment
Dieback	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural Control: •Scion wood selected for propagation should be free from infection •Every care should be taken to prevent introduction of disease in newly planted orchards. Mechanical control: •Any infected portion should immediately be pruned, followed by spraying/ pasting of copper oxy-chloride or pasting with cow dung at the cut ends. •Pruning should be done in such a way that some healthy portion is also removed, to ensure complete eradication of pathogen (3 “below the infection site).
Bacterial canker	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: •Regular inspection of orchards, sanitation and seedling certification are recommended as preventive measures. •Mango stones for raising seedlings (root stock) should always be taken from healthy fruits. •Use of wind-breaks helps in reducing brushing/ wounding and thus reduces chance of infection.
Red rust	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: •If vigour of plant is maintained by balanced nutrients, the disease is less. •As the disease starts on the onset of rain, it is desired to spray fungicide copper oxy-chloride twice during the month of July/ August at 15 days intervals.
Phoma blight	•Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: •The affected branches should be collected and burnt. •Balanced nutrition provides resistance to phoma blight
Reproductive*
Mango Leaf Hopper, Leaf webber, Mango mealy bug	•Same as vegetative stage.
Scale insects,	Cultural control: •Prune heavily infested plant parts to open the tree canopy and destroy‟ them immediately. •Prune infested parts (branches and twigs) preferably during summer. •These should be placed in a pit constructed on one corner of the orchard. Allow branches and twigs to dry until the parasites escape. •Burn the remaining debris. •Removal of attendant ants may permit natural enemies to control the insect. Chemical control: •Malathion 50% EC @ 900-1200 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre
Inflorescence midge,	Cultural control: •Deep ploughing of orchard in October- November to expose pupae and diapausing larvaeto sun‟s heat which kills them.
Stone weevil	Cultural control: •Collection and destruction of infested and fallen fruits at weekly interval till fruit harvest. •Ploughing of orchard after harvest to expose hibernating adults, reduce, infestation levels. •Destroy all left over seeds in the orchard and also in the processing industries. Biological Control: •The natural enemies recorded on S. gravis include a mite Rhizoglyphussp., ants (Camponatus sp., Monomorium sp. and Oecophyllasmaragdina) andfungus Aspergillussp., Beauveriabassiana was found to be pathogenic on mango weevil.
Shoot gall psylla,	Cultural control: •Galls with nymphs should be collected and destroyed. Biological control: •Conserve the predators like blackladybird beetle, purplish pirate bug, brown lacewing, tiny parasitic wasp.
Shoot borer,	Cultural control: •Attacked shoots should be clipped off and destroyed. •Clean hole and pour kerosene/petrol/crude oil or formalin into the stem borer hole and subsequently close entrance of the tunnel by plugging with cotton wool and paste the mud. •Use light trap@1/acre Chemical control: •Monocrotophos36%SL@ 600-800 ml in 200-800 l of water/acre
Powdery mildews, Anthracnose, Dieback, Bacterial canker, Red rust, Phoma blight	•Same as vegetative stage
Sooty mould	•Pruning of affected branches and their prompt destruction prevents the spread of the disease
Stem end rot	Cultural control: •Avoid harvesting of immature fruits Cool fruits immediately after harvest and store in well ventilated containers.
Gummosis	Cultural control: •The diseased bark / portion should be removed or cleaned and pasted withcow dung paste.
Mango malformation	Cultural control: •The floral malformed panicles/ vegetative malformed shoots should be pruned and burnt which reduces the incidence of malformation. •Application of NAA (200 ppm) in the first week of October (Before bud differentiation stages) followed by de-blossoming in the late December or January reduces the incidence of malformation.
Maturation *
Mango Shoot Caterpillar	Cultural control: •Keep orchard clean and healthy. •Removal and destruction of egg masses.
Fruit fly	Cultural control: •Prior to harvest (30-40 days) collect and disposed off infested and fallen fruits to prevent further multiplication and carry-over of population. •Ploughing of orchard during November-December to expose pupae to sun‟s heat which kills them. •If infestation is heavy, bait splash on the trunk only, once or twice at weekly interval is recommended. To prepare bait splash, mix 100 gm of jaggery in one litre of water and add 1 ml of deltamethrin by using an old broom. •Managing fruit flies also reduces anthracnose disease and prevents late fruit fall. Mechanical control: •Male annihilation technique: Set up fly trap using methyl eugenol. Prepare methyl eugenol 1 ml/l of water + 1 ml of malathion solution. •Take 10 ml of this mixture per trap and keep them at 25 different places in one ha between 6 and 8 am. •Collect and destroy the adult flies. Physical control: •Hot water treatment of fruit at 48 ± 1 ºC for 4-5min. Biological control: •Use methyl eugenal pheromone trap@4/acre
Sooty mould, anthracnose, bacterial canker	•Same as vegetative stage
Postharvest
Anthracnose (C. gloeosporioides), Stem end rot (L. theobromae), Aspergillus rot	Physical control: •Hot water treatment at 520C for 4-5min. •Fruits should be sprayed with the mixture of bio-inoculants. Botanical control: •Postharvest dip treatment of fruits with botanical fungicides could also control the diseases during storage.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

148 ratings

Mango: Diseases and symptoms

1. Powdery mildew
2. Anthracnose
3. Die back
4. Phoma blight
5. Bacterial canker
6. Red rust
7. Sooty mould
8. Mango malformation
9. Gummosis
10. Root rot & Damping off
11. Scab
12. Postharvest diseases
13. Crop stage-wise IPM for Mango

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms

• The characteristic symptom of the disease is the white superficial powdery fungal growth on leaves, stalks of panicles, flowers and young fruits.
• The affected flowers and fruits drop pre-maturely reducing the crop load considerably or might even prevent the fruit set.
• The fungus parasitizes young tissues of all parts of the inflorescence, leaves and fruits.
• Young leaves are attacked on both the sides but it is more conspicuous on the grower surface. Often these patches coalesce and occupy larger areas turning into purplish brown in colour

Survival and spread

• The powdery mildew fungus overwinters in dormant buds. When conditions are favorable for growth of the fungus in spring, spores are produced, released, and cause new infections. Secondary spread of the disease can occur if spores are produced in these new infections

Favourable conditions

• Rains or mists accompanied by cooler nights during flowering are congenial for the disease spread.

Anthracnose

Disease symptoms

• The disease causes serious losses to young shoots, flowers and fruits It is also affects fruits during storage.
• The disease produces leaf spot, blossom blight, wither tip, twig blight and fruit rot symptoms. Tender shoots and foliage are easily affected which ultimately cause „die back‟ of young branches. Older twigs may also be infected through wounds which in severe cases may be fatal.
• Depending on the prevailing weather conditions blossom blight may vary in severity from slight to a heavy infection of the panicles. Black spots develop on panicles as well as on fruits. Severe infection destroys the entire inflorescence resulting in no setting of fruits. Young infected fruits develop black spots, shrivel and drop off.
• Fruits infected at mature stage carry the fungus into storage and cause considerable loss during storage, transit and marketing.

Survival and spread

• Fungus survives in dead twig and other host for long time which is the source of primary infection.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity, frequent rains and a temperature of 24-32oC fabours the development of disease.

Die back

Disease symptoms

• The pathogen causing dieback, tip dieback, graft union blight, twig blight, seedling rot, wood stain, stem-end rot, black root rot, fruit rot, dry rot, brown rot of panicle etc. The disease is most conspicuous during October November.
• It is characterized by drying back of twigs from top downwards, particularly in older trees followed by drying of leaves which gives an appearance of fire scorch. Internal browning in wood tissue is observed when it is slit open along with the long axis.
• Cracks appear on branches and gum exudes before they die out. When graft union of nursery plant is affected, it usually dies

Survival and spread

• Pathogens survive in plant debris which is the source of primary inoculums.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity and moist conditions favours the development of disease. The disease is most common in October-November.

Phoma blight

Disease symptom

• The symptoms of the disease are noticeable only on old leaves. Initially, the lesions are angular, minute, irregular, yellow to light brown, scattered over leaf lamina.
• As the lesions enlarge their colour changes from brown to cinnamon and they become almost irregular.
• Fully developed spots are characterized by dark margins and dull grey necrotic centres. In case of severe infection such spots coalesce forming patches measuring 3.5-13 cm in size, resulting in complete withering and defoliation of infected leaves.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen is seed borne fungus and inoculums present in the seeds are source of primary infection. Fungus also survives on glumes, fruit and plant debris.

Favourable conditions

• Rainy seasons favour the development of disease.

Bacterial canker

Disease symptoms

• The disease is noticed on leaves, leaf stalks, stems, twigs, branches and fruits, initially producing water soaked lesions, later turning into typical canker.
• On leaves, water soaked irregular satellite to angular raised lesions measuring 1-4 mm in diameter are formed. These lesions are light yellow in colour, initially with yellow halo but with age enlarge or coalesce to form irregular necrotic cankerous patches with dark brown colour.
• On fruits, water-soaked, dark brown to black coloured lesions are observed which gradually developed into cankerous, raised or flat spots. These spots grow bigger usually up to 1 to 5 mm in diameter, which covers / almost the whole fruit.
• These spots often, burst extruding gummy substances containing highly contagious bacterial cells.

Survival and spread

• In lesions on plant parts and can also survive for long periods in diseased plant tissues.

Favourable conditions

• Spring session is responsible for the development of diseases.

Red rust

Disease symptoms

• Red rust disease, caused by an alga, has been observed in mango growing areas. The algal attack causes reduction in photosynthetic activity and defoliation of leaves thereby lowering vitality of the host plant.
• The disease can easily be recognized by the rusty red spots mainly on leaves and sometimes on petioles and bark of young twigs and is epiphytic in nature.
• The spots are greenish grey in colour and velvety in texture. Later, they turn reddish brown. The circular and slightly elevated spots sometimes coalesce to form larger and irregular spots. The disease is more common in closely planted orchards.

Survival and spread

• The pathogens reproduce and survive in spots on leaves or stems and in fallen plant host debris.

Favourable conditions

• Frequent rains and warm weather are favorable conditions for these pathogens. For hosts, poor plant nutrition, poor soil drainage, and stagnant air are predisposing factors to infection by the algae

Sooty mould

Disease symptoms

• The disease is common in the orchards where mealy bug, scale insect and hopper are not controlled efficiently.
• The disease in the field is recognized by the presence of a black velvety coating, i.e., sooty mould on the leaf surface. In severe cases the trees turn completely black due to the presence of mould over the entire surface of twigs and leaves.
• The severity of infection depends on the honey dew secretion by the above said insects. Honey dew secretions from insects sticks to the leaf surface and provide necessary medium for fungal growth.

Survival and spread

• The severity of infection depends on the honey dew secretions by the scale insects which provide the necessary medium for the fungal growth.
• Transmission occurs by air-borne as co-spores.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity and moist situation favours the development of disease.

Mango malformation

Disease symptoms

• Vegetative malformation: Vegetative malformation is pronounced in young seedlings. The affected seedlings develop vegetative growths which are abnormal growth, swollen and have very short internodes.
• Floral malformation: The flower buds are transformed into vegetative buds and a large number of small leaves and stems, which are characterized by appreciably reduced internodes and give an appearance of witches‟ broom. The flower buds seldom open and remain dull green.

Survival and spread

• The disease is mainly spread via infected plant material. Mango malformation disease spreads slowly within affected orchards.
• The mango bud mite, Aceria mangiferae, has been associated with mango malformation disease as wounds from the mites‟ feeding activity are thought to facilitate fungal infection.

Favourable conditions

• Moist weather favours the development of disease.

Gummosis

Disease symptoms

• The disease is characterized by the presence of profuse oozing of gum on the surface of the affected wood, bark of the trunk and also on larger braches but more common on the cracked branches.
• In severe cases, droplets of gum trickle down on stem, bark turn dark brown with longitudinal cracks, rots completely and the tree dries up because of cracking, rotting and girdling effects

Survival and spread

• Pathogen survives in disease plant debris.

Favourable conditions

• Warm weather favours the development of disease.

Root rot & Damping off

Disease symptoms

• The disease is characterized by sudden dropping of leaves after the emergence of seedlings from the soil.
• During prolonged rainy and humid weather, infection occurs at / or below the ground level with circular to irregular water soaked patches.
• These patches enlarge and ultimately girdle the entire base of the seedlings.

Survival and spread

• Disease is soil borne and pathogen survives in soils of orchards. Primary infection occurs by soil and secondary by conidia through rain or wind.

Favourable conditions

• High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24° C for few days are ideal for infection and development of disease.

Scab

Disease symptoms

• The scab fungus attack leaves, panicles, blossoms, twigs, bark of stems and mango fruits. Spots are circular, slightly angular, elongated, 2-4 mm in diameter, brown but during rainy season, lesions differ in size, shape and colour.
• Symptoms produced by the disease are very much like those of anthracnose.
• On young fruits, the infection is grey to grayish brown with dark irregular margins. As the fruit attains in size, spots also enlarge and the centre may become covered with the crack fissure and corky tissues.

Survival and spread

• The pathogen survives in the form of resting spore in the soil debris.

Favourable conditions

• Suitable temperatures and moisture promote the release of Elsinoemangiferaespores. This cycle of secondary infections continues throughout the summer, until the leaves and fruit fall from the tree at the onset of winter.

Postharvest diseases

• The mango fruit is susceptible tomany postharvest diseases caused by anthracnose (C. gloeosporioides) and stem end rot (L. theobromae) during storage under ambient conditions or even at low temperature. Aspergillus rot is another postharvest disease of mango.

Crop stage-wise IPM for Mango

To know the crop stage-wise Integrated Pest management practices for Mango, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.05   

 

254 ratings and

Mango: Insect and pest management

1. Mango hopper
2. Mango mealy bug
3. Fruit fly
4. Inflorescence midge
5. Stem borer
6. Bark eating caterpillar
7. Mango nut weevil
8. Shoot gall psyllid
9. Leaf webber
10. Shoot borer
11. Crop stage-wise IPM for Mango

Mango hopper

Biology

• Egg: Females lay more eggs and nymphs develop faster during the flowering and fruiting period. Eggs hatch in two to three days and nymphs develop between 12 to 20 days
• Nymphs: The nymphs are greenish with black or brown markings, cannot fly and move rapidly on the plant
• Adult: Adult mango leafhoppers are golden-brown or dark brown, wedge-shaped insects about 4-5 mm in length whichlook rather like a small cicada. When disturbed, the adults jump off the plant with a clicking sound, fly a short distance and then quickly resettle on the plant

Damage symptoms

• The wedge shaped nymphs and adult insects puncture and suck sap of tender parts, reducing vigour of plants and particularly destroying the inflorescence and causing fruit drop.
• Heavy puncturing and continuous draining of sap causes curling and drying of infested tissue.
• They also damage the crop by excreting a sweet sticky substance facilitates the development of sooty mould

Natural enemies of mango hopper

• Parasitoids: Polynema spp., Gonatocerus sp, Tetrastichus sp
• Predators: Mallada boninensis, Plexippus paykullii

Mango mealy bug

Biology

• Eggs: Females lay their eggs directly on the host in a fluted ovisac that is attached to the body of the adult female. Inseminated eggs produce hermaphrodites and un inseminated eggs produce males.
• Nymphs: The first instar nymphs are also called as crawlers, which are mobile.They settle on the plants, start sucking the sap and form the colonies
• Adults: In general they have 4 female instars and 5 male instars, but unlike most other scale insects, the prepupa is quite mobile and although it may have wing buds, the legs and antennae are well developed. Females actually are hermaphrodites that frequently inseminate themselves. Adult males mate with females, but it is not clear if their sperm are used for reproduction.

Damage symptoms

• The adult bugs are covered with whitish powder and colonize between bark of tree trunk, young shoots and panicles
• The nymphs‟ ascent the trees and settle on inflorescence causing flower drop, affecting fruit set.
• They also excrete honey dew, a sticky substance, which facilitates development of sooty mould

Natural enemies of mealybug

• Predators: Menochilus sexmaculatus, Rodolia fumida, Cryptolaemus montrozieri

Fruit fly

Biology

• Egg: Female flies insert eggs under the skin of fruit in clusters of 10 to 50 about 1/25 to 1/8 inch below the fruit surface. The eggs measure about 1/25 by 1/250 inch and are white, elongate, and elliptical. They hatch in 1-1/2 days.
• Maggot: The white maggot is legless, and resembles an elongated cone. The mouth is at the pointed end of the body. There are 3 larval stages, or instars. The third instar is about 2/5 inch long. The entire maggot stage lasts for 11-15 days.
• Pupae: When mature, maggot drop to the ground and pupate in the soil. The puparium is yellowish-brown and seed-like. Adults emerge in about 10 days.
• Adults: Generally, the abdomen has two horizontal black stripes and a longitudinal median stripe extending from the base of the third segment to the apex of the abdomen. These markings may form a "T" shaped pattern, but the pattern varies considerably.Females begin to lay eggs about 8 days after emergence from the puparium. Under optimum conditions, a female can lay more than 3,000 eggs during her lifetime, but under field conditions approximately 1,200 to 1,500 eggs per female is considered to be the usual production. Ripe fruit are preferred for egg laying, but immature ones may be also attacked.

Damage symptoms

• The female punctures outer wall of mature fruits with the help of its pointed ovipositor and insert eggs in small clusters inside mesocarp of mature fruits.
• On hatching, the maggots feed on fruit pulp and the infested fruits start rotting due to further secondary infection

Natural enemies of fruit fly

• Parasitoids: Fopius arisanus, Diachasmi morphakraussi

Inflorescence midge

Biology

• Eggs: Eggs are single on floral parts like tender inflorescence axis newly set fruit or tender leaves encircling the inflorescence. The eggs hatch within 2-3 days
• Maggot: The minute maggots penetrate the tender parts where the eggs have been laid and start feeding on them. The mature larvae drop down into the soil for pupation. The larval period varies from 7-10 days, while pupal period varies from 5-7 days
• Pupae: Pupae are yellowish-brown and 1-2 mm long, with male pupae generally smaller than females.
• Adults: Adults are small midges with a wing length of 1.0-1.5 mm. Eye facets are circular, but further apart laterally than in other genera and the tarsal claws are toothed, which is unusual in Cecidomyiini. The ovipositor is protrusible but relatively short and the terminal cerci are fused to form a single lobe. The male gonocoxites are elongate and, unlike those of other Cecidomyiini, have a short mesobasal lobe

Damage symptom

• The larvae tunnel the axis of inflorescence and destroy it completely.
• Damage by E. indicacauses bending and drying of the inflorescences.
• Second attacks starts at fruit setting as young maggots bore into these tender fruitswhich slowly turn yellow and finally drop.
• Third attack is on tender „new leaves encircling inflorescence.
• The most damaging one is first attack in which the entire inflorescence is destroyed.
• The inflorescence shows stunted growth and its axis bends, at the entrance point of larva

Natural enemies of Inflorescence midge

• Parasitoids: Tetrastichus sp., Platygaster sp., Systasis dasyneurae, Aprostocetus spp.

Stem borer

Biology

• Egg: The eggs are brownish-white, cylindrical, and 6 x 2 mm, with narrowly rounded ends. They are normally placed into an incision, about 25 mm long, cut in the bark by the mandibles.
• Larva: Newly-hatched, first-instar larvae are about 10 mm long. Fully grown larvae may reach 100 mm long, but more commonly reach about 60-80 mm long.The grub is subcylindrical, weakly flattened dorsoventrally, and yellowish-white, with the head dark brown and sclerotized, without obvious legs. The larva is described in detail by Duffy (1968) who also provided a key to separate out all known Oriental cerambycid larvae.
• Pupa: It is robust, about 80 mm long, with some short, reddish setae on labrum and bases of mandibles and antennae.Sides of prothorax with strong tubercle. Basal four abdominal segments with reddish hairs forming transverse interrupted band dorsally, segments five to seven with sparse setae. Apical segment ending with a spine on a strong subvertical acute prominence.
• Adult: Typical cerambycid beetles, recognized by the long antennae reaching to atleast the end of the body and the tarsi, the same on all legs, with apparently four segments excluding the claws, but with the third segment strongly bilobed and almost concealing the very small fourth segment at the base of the true fifth, claw-bearing segment. Length ca 25-55 mm. Covered with grey to yellowish pubescence on a dark brown to pitchy surface. Head held vertically downwards, maxillary palpi tapering apically. Antennae inserted on distinct prominences forming a shallow V-shape on the top of the head.

Damage symptoms

• Grub tunnels in the sapwood on the trunk or branches
• Grub bore into the sap wood and making irregular tunnels.
• Feeding the vascular tissues
• Interruption of nutrient and water transport on the tissue
• Drying of terminal shoot in early stage
• Frass comes out from several points and sometimes sap oozes out of the holes
• Wilting of branches or entire tree

Bark eating caterpillar

Biology

• Egg: Adults female emerge in summer and lays 15-25 eggs in clusters under loose bark of the trees spherical eggs, usually singly, eggs hatch in 8-10 days.
• Larvae: The larval stage is for 10 months. Pupation takes place inside the bore hole. The full grown caterpillar is dirty brown in colour and is about 35-45 mm in length.Larvae makes webs and feeds making zigzag galleries on the wood filled with frass and excreta and later bores inside the wood.
• Pupae: About 10 mm long, it feeds at first in the meristem and later penetrates deep. Pupation takes place inside the bore hole. Pupal stage is 3-4 months
• Adults:
• Male: Head and thorax are rufous. Forewing is pale-rufous with numerous dark-rufous bands of strigae; there is a spot at the end of the cell. The abdomen and hindwings are fuscous.
• Female: Head, thorax and abdomen are ochreous-white. Forewings are ochreous-white with markings as in the male. Hindwings are pale, slightly suffused with fuscous, with numerous obsolescent brown striga.

Damage symptoms

• Caterpillars bore into the trunk or junction of branches
• Caterpillars remain hidden in the tunnel during day time and come out at night, feed on the bark.
• Larvae construct galleries and move in it.
• Affected plant show dried galleries on the stem and shoots.
• Webbing consists of wooden frass and faecal pellets of larvae hanging outside the tunnel.
• Heavy infestations retard the growth of tree and affect the fruits yield.

Mango nut weevil

Biology

• Egg: Eggs are elliptical, about 0.8 mm long and 0.3 mm wide and are creamy-white in colour when freshly laid. They are laid singly in small cavities made by the female in the skin of young fruits. There are reports that eggs may also be laid into inflorescences. The female then covers each egg with a brown exudate and cuts a very small crescent-shaped area (0.3 mm) in the fruit, near the back end of the egg. The wound creates a sap flow, which hardens and covers the egg with a protective coating. Several eggs may be laid in each fruit. Incubation requires 5 to 7 day
• Larvae: Larvae are white grubs with a curved body, brown heads and legless. Newly hatched larvae are extremely slender and elongated and about 1 mm long. Mature larvae are about 17 mm long. After hatching, the larva burrows through the flesh of the fruit and into the seed where they feed until pupation. The development of the larva is usually completed within the maturing seed, but also very occasionally within the flesh.
• Pupae: Pupae are whitish when newly formed, but change to a very pale red colour just before the adult emerges. They are about 8 mm long and 7 mm wide. Pupation takes place in the seed within the stone of the fruit
• Adults: Adults are weevils with a compact body, about 8 mm long. They are usually active at dusk. Adults can fly, but they are not known to be strong fliers. They pretend to be dead when touched or disturbed. Females start egg laying 3 to 4 days after mating, when the fruit is about marble-size. Adult weevils feed on mango leaves, tender shoots or flower buds. They can live for two years.

Damage symptoms

• Grub makes zigzag tunnels in pulp
• Eats unripe tissue and bore into cotyledons
• Fruit dropping at marble stage
• Oviposition injuries on marble sized fruits.

Natural enemies of Mango nut weevil

• Predators: Rhizoglyphus sp, Camponatus spoecophylla, Smaragdina sp.

Shoot gall psyllid

Biology

• Eggs: Adult female lays 80-100 eggs on either side of the midrib of a single leaf. Freshly laid egg looked like a rectangular block with rounded corners. The incubation period ranges between 191-211 days.
• Nymphs: Freshly hatched nymph is yellowish in colour, but changed in size and colourwith time. There were six nymphal instars. Each instar moults after duration of about one month except 2nd nymphal instar, which moulted 2-3 weeks after hatching. Only one generation occur in a year. The nymphal period is about five to six months
• Adults: Adult emergence starts from fourth week of February and continued up to third week of March.

Damage symptoms

• Nymphs emerge during August September and suck cell sap from adjacent buds.
• As a result of feeding, buds develop into hard conical green galls .
• The galls are usually seen during September-October.
• Consequently there is no flowering and fruit setting. Nymphs pass winter inside the galls

Natural enemies of shoot gall psyllid

• Parasitoids: Tiny parasitic wasp, Inostemma apsyllae
• Predators: Ladybird beele, purplish pirate bug, brown lacewings

Leaf webber

Biology

• Eggs: The eggs are very small and dull-greenish in colour, and are laid in a scattered manner on the leaves. Adults lays upto 30-50 yellowish green eggs singly near the leaf veins. Egg period is 4 days.
• Larvae: There are five larval instars. Larval development takes place in 15 days during July and 33 days in November, when the temperature is comparatively low. After November the larvae hibernate in tough, silken, waterproof cocoons in the soil.
• Pupae: Long brown pupae in white silken cocoons remain attached to leaves. The pupal period lasts 4-5 days, but at 25°C, the pupal period is prolonged to 14-16 days. Temperatures of 40°C and above are detrimental to the pupae and affect adult emergence
• Adult: The head and thorax of the adult moth are grey with a slight olive-green tinge. The abdomen is grey to brownish-grey (fuscous). The forewings are yellowish-white with an olive tinge and slight rufous (reddish-brown) and fuscous (brownish-grey) irroration with black specks at the base and middle of cell. The hindwings are fuscous, the cilia rufous, and underside with indistinct medial curved line. in general, the moth is medium-sized with a wingspan of 31 mm and body length of 14 mm. The male is slightly smaller than the female

Damage symptoms

• Initially caterpillars feed on leaf surface gregariously by scrapping/Later they make web of tender shoots and leaves together and feed within.
• Several caterpillars may be found in a single webbed up cluster of leaves

Natural enemies of leaf webber

• Parasitoids: Brachymeria lasus, Hormius sp. Pediobius bruchicida.
• Predators: Carabid beetle, reduviid bug etc.

Shoot borer

Biology

• Egg: The eggs were laid in masses on the fruit apex and hatched after 3 to 4 days
• Larva: Development of the larvae is rapid. The larvae pass through five instars at the rate of approximately one instar each day. The feeding period lasts 5-6 days, after which the caterpillars move from the leaves to search for pupation sites in cracks or crevices in the bark, or in the soil at the base of the tree
• Pupa: The pre-pupal and pupal stages lasted from 2 to 3 and 9 to 14 days, respectively
• Adult: Adult moths are stout grayish brown in colour with wingshaving wavy lines and measure about 17.5 mm with expanded wings. Hind wings are light in colour.

Damage symptoms

• Larvae bore into young tender leaves during August and freshly hatched caterpillar bore into mid rib.
• After a couple of days, they bore into tender shoots near the growing point tunneling downward, throwing their excreta resulting in dropping of leaves and wilting of terminal shoots

Natural enemies of shoot borer

• Parasitoids: Bracon greeni

Crop stage-wise IPM for Mango

To know the crop stage-wise Integrated Pest management practices for Mango, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

193 ratings

Nutritional deficiencies of Mango

1. Potassium
2. Zinc
3. Iron
4. Boron
5. Salt injury / Toxicity
6. Copper
7. IPM for Mango

Potassium

Symptoms

• Scorching of leaf margins is the characteristic symptom of potassium deficiency.
• Scorching starts from tip downwards. Fruit quality is reduced. Trees with potassium deficiency are easily prone to pest and disease attack.

Management

• Application of 1 kg muriate of potash or sulphate of potash along with 2 kg urea and 6 kg super phosphate during July-August in the basin could rectify potassium deficiency.
• Dropped leaves should also be incorporated along with manures to enrich the soil health and fertility.

Zinc

Symptoms

• The leaves become small and narrow with leaf margins bent upward or downward. Inter nodal length is reduced drastically and the twig with crowded leaves gives rosette appearance.
• Pale inferential areas and green veins are typical of zinc deficient leaves.
• The tree with zinc hunger does not grow well and the yield, size and quality of the fruit are reduced.
• Small plants with severe zinc deficiency may die.
• Zinc deficiency is conspicuously seen in alkaline, saline and sandy soils

Management

• Zinc deficiency can be rectified by spraying of zinc sulphate 5 g +10g urea /1water twice at 15 days interval.

Iron

Symptoms

• The leaves loose green colour and turn white and is called “Bleaching”.
• The size of the leaf is reduced. In severe cases of iron deficiency, the leaves dry from tip downwards.
• The deficiency is common in soils with high calcium content. Hence, the effect is known as “calcium induced iron chlorosis”.

Management

• Two sprays at fortnight interval with ferrous sulphate 2.5 g per liter.

Boron

Symptoms

• Cracking of fruit is the characteristic symptom of boron deficiency.
• Lusterless leathery leaves with thickened veins are the other associated symptoms.
• Brown areas in yellow fruit pulp are conspicuous.

Management

• Application of 250gm boron per tree (10-15 year old) with recommended dose of manures during July-August.

Salt injury / Toxicity

Symptoms

• The leaves are scorched due to excess salt in soil or irrigation water. The leaves lose their natural colour and turn to bronze colour.
• Tip burning is also seen in severe cases of salt injury.

Management

• Raise Diancha as green manure crop with onset of monsoon in the inter-spaces of the orchard during tree bearing years and remove.
• Farm yard manure and compost should be applied adequately every year.
• Gypsum filled gunny bag if kept in flowing irrigation water will reduce salt effect.

Copper

Symptoms

• Copper deficiency symptoms frequently develop on young trees which generally occur due to heavy nitrogenous fertilization.
• It may also be accompanied by Zinc deficiency symptoms.
• The appearance of weak terminal shoots followed by defoliation and die back of branches, on the top of long drooping or shaped branches of the proceeding cycle of growth usually makes evident that copper is needed.

Management

• Application / spraying of Copper (250 g/ 10 years tree) or Copper oxychloride(0.3%) at monthly interval.

IPM for Mango

To know the IPM practices for Mango, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage