IPM Stratergies for Kinnow

  Insect Pest of Kinnow in Hot Arid Region Kinnow fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) Host Range Nature of Damage Description ...

 

Insect Pest of Kinnow in Hot Arid Region

1. Kinnow fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)
1. Host Range
2. Nature of Damage
3. Description
2. Management of Kinnow pests

Kinnow fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)

• It is widely distributed in the region from Australia and Hawaii to Pakistan. The pest is active throughout the year in South India whereas in northern parts, the pest hibernates during winter.

Host Range

• It is one of the major pests of mango in India. It also infests kinnow, guava, peach, citrus, ber, banana, papaya etc.

Nature of Damage

• On hatching the maggots feed on pulp of the fruits.
• As a result a brown patch appears around the place of oviposition and the infested fruits start rotting.
• These affected fruits drop down prematurely and the maggots come out from these fallen fruits to pupate in the soil.

Description

• Adult flies are very conspicuous.
• These are about 7 mm long, with hyaline wings (expanse : 13 - 15 mm), thorax ferrugineous without yellow middle stripe, legs yellow, abdomen conical in shape and dark brown in colour.
• Pupation usually takes place 80 - 160 mm below the soil surface.

Management of Kinnow pests

To know the management practices for Kinnow, click here.

Source: Insect Pest of Arid Fruit Crops

 

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17 ratings

Kinnow Diseases

1. Gummosis of citrus
2. Citrus canker
3. Scab
4. Greening disease
5. Citrus dieback

Gummosis of citrus

Causal organism : Phytophthora nicotianae

The disease is identified by profuse gumming on the surface of the bark on tree trunk from which gummy substance oozes out. The affected bark turns dark brown and develops longitudinal cracks. The wood tissues are also affected. In severe cases, bark rots and the trees dry because of girdling effect.

Transmission

The disease is favoured by rains, heavy to ill drained soils, excessive and flood method of irrigation leading to prolonged contact of trunk and crown with water or moist soil, high water-table, deep planting, low budding and injuries to roots or base of the stem. The primary means by which Phytophthora spp. are spread through citrus orchards is by use of infested nursery stock. The pathogen may be present in soil or infected roots even though disease symptoms are not readily apparent. The fungus like organism is also carried in soil on equipment when vehicles move from infested to non-infested groves or nurseries. Flooding method for irrigation water may also move the pathogen from area to area. Within groves, dispersal by irrigation water occurs especially where furrow or flood irrigation is used. Surface water following heavy rains may carry the pathogen as it drains from the grove.

Management of Citrus Phytophthora

• Trunk Paint: Scrap the affected bark portions of the tree trunk, branches and limbs along with some healthy green bark with the help of sharp Knife or Khurpa. Properly collect and destroy the diseased bark by burning and do not allow it to fall on the ground. Apply the fungicidal paint of Ridomil
• Gold (2 gm in 100 ml Linseed oil) or Trichoderma harzianum @ 100 g/l and paint Linseed oil after five days with the help of painting brush twice in a year during February-March and July-August.
• Soil Drench: Drenching the root zone area of the infected tree with Ridomil Gold (25 g / tree in 10 litres of water) twice in February-March and July-August. Trunk paint can be combined with soil drench for effective disease control.
• Foliar Sprays: Spray application of Aliette 80 WP (2.5 gm/ litre) can be made during April and September for the effective disease control. The spray application will check the lesions on the tree parts as well as regeneration of feeder roots. Aliette spray can be combined with drenching of root zone area with Ridomil Gold.
• Prefer basin method of irrigation or double ring or drip irrigation over flooding method of irrigation

Citrus canker

Causal organism : Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

This disease is endemic to India and occurs in all the citrus growing areas. It is a bacterial disease and is spread with the help of citrus leaf miner. Canker lesions start as pinpoint spots and attain a diameter of 2 - 10 mm. Their eventual size depends mainly on the cultivar and the age of the host tissue at infection. The lesions are initially circular but later may develop irregularly often aggregated at the leaf margin or the leaf tips or in a restricted area of the leaf. Lesion become visible on the underside of leaves about 7 days after infection and on the upper surface soon after. The characteristic symptom of the disease on leaves is the yellow halo that surrounds lesion. Young lessons are raised or pustular, particularly on the lower leaf surface. The pustules later became corky and crateriform, with a raised margin and a sunken centre. Lesions on fruit and stems extend 1-3 mm in depth and are superficially similar to those on leaves.

Scab

 

Causal organism : Elsinoe fawcettii

Citrus scab attacks the fruit, leaves and twigs, producing slightly raised, irregular scabby or wart-like outgrowths. The scabs are grey or pinkish at first and become darker with age. They are more common on fruits than leaves. The raised lumps associated with scab can be confused with symptoms caused by citrus canker or with windrub abrasions. Spores of the fungus are readily produced on the surface of scab lesions on young fruits and leaves throughout the year.

Spores of the fungus are spread in the orchard by rain, overhead irrigation and during spraying operations. Dew may also cause the spores to be liberated from the lesions but due to the limited splashing action, there would only be localised dispersal.

Greening disease

Causal organism : Candidatus - Liberibacter asiaticus

The range and severity of symptoms vary with season, type and extent of infection, age and nutritional status of the trees. Greening infected citrus leaves are generally small, upright and frequently have symptoms with green veins and chlorotic interveinal areas. Diseased leaves also show various types of chlorotic mottling. Leaf mottle is one of the best diagnostic symptoms of greening. In severe cases leaves become almost chlorotic with scattered dark green islands. Symptoms are often seen on part of the canopy or even only in a branch or a twig. Infected fruits are small and mis-shapen, many fall prematurely, while those that remain on the tree do not colour properly, remaining green on the stylar (lower) end and hence the origin of the name 'greening_. Greening disease is transmitted by infected budwoods and in the orchards through citrus psylla. Psylla picks the pathogen in nymphal stage and transmits it when adult.

Management of greening disease:

• The management of greening disease involves removal of affected unproductive trees and their replacement by disease-free budded plants developed on improved rootstock through proper indexing programme.
• Regulatory (quarantine) measures should be strengthened to limit movement, sale and use of infected bud wood or nursery stock.
• Strict control of nurseries through registered disease-free certification scheme is essential to prevent the spread of disease.
• Since the disease also spreads through the vector, citrus psylfa, recommended insecticides given in the table should be applied to control the disease spread.

Citrus dieback

The term 'dieback' means death of plant from top to downwards. Citrus dieback is not a specific disorder but is culmination of several interacting factors such as pathological infections, pest attacks, nutritional disorders, unfavourable environment, faulty cultural practices, poor choice of plant material etc.

The major symptoms include the complete decline of the trees through rotting of the rootlets, girdling of the trunks and dropping and blightening of the leaves. In the early stages the disease appears in the form of light to dark brown on the terminal areas of young growing shoots. The disease starts from the apical part of the shoots and under favourable climatic conditions rapidly spreads downwards up to the base of shoots which show signs of wilting and ultimately die. The infected plants usually blossom heavily and bear small sized flowers and a few fruits which slow brown rotting leading to heavy fruit drop. Rotting of roots takes place and with the increase in the severity of infection, the bark gradually turns black and slips off readily.

Source: NCIPM

 

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18 ratings

Kinnow Insect Pests

1. Citrus leaf miner
2. Citrus psylla
3. Citrus whitefly
4. Citrus blackly
5. Citrus Aphid
6. Citrus fruit sucking moth
7. Bark eating caterpillar
8. Citrus mite

Citrus leaf miner

Name : Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton
Family : Lepidoptera (Gracillariidae)

Description

• During nursery stage, leafminer is one of the limiting factors in producing healthy seedlings. It also continues to inflict serious damage even after transplanting. It generally occurs during spring (March-April) and autumn (September- October).
• The citrus leaf miner adult is a tiny silvery-white moth about 2 mm long with fringed wings. Fore wings have brown stripes and a prominent black spot near the apical margin while hind wings are pure white with a wing spread of 4-5 mm. Adults can be seen on young flush leaves when disturbed.
• Eggs are laid singly usually on the underside of leaves near the midrib. The eggs look like tiny water droplets and hatch within 3-5 days.
• The young pale yellow larvae immediately start feeding between epidermal layers of the leaf. They pupate, when full grown, near the margin of the mined leaf.
• The total life cycle is about 2 - 3 weeks.

Damage symptoms

The characteristic symptom of leaf miner is presence of silvery serpentine mines usually on the under surface of the leaf. Usually each leaf has only a single mine, but in case of heavy infestation there may be several mines per leaf. This mining of the leaves causes them to curl up, distorted and thereby reducing the photosynthetic area of the young foliage. In case of severe infestation mines can also be seen on the upper side of the leaves as well as on shoot portion of new twigs. Damage by this pest predisposes the plant for development of canker disease.

Citrus psylla

Name : Diaphorina citri Kuwayama
Family : Hemiptera : Psylfidae

Description

• This pest is active on young flush during spring till autumn but the more serious damage is done during flowering and fruit set stage in March-April.
• This tiny insect is 3-4 mm long, mottled brown in color, with transparent wings.
• The eggs of psyllids are bright yellow and deposited on unopened leaf buds.
• Early instar nymphs are green or dull orange and late instar nymphs are bright yellowish orange.

Damage symptoms

The damage is caused by both nymphs and adults by sucking the cell sap from the leaves, tender shoots and flowers causing curling of leaves, defoliation and drying of twigs. Nymphs secrete whitish crystalline honey dew which attracts the growth of fungus, adversely affecting the photosynthesis. This insect also transmits the citrus greening disease. In case of severe attack the leaf buds, flower buds and leaves may wilt and die.

Citrus whitefly

Name : Dialoeurodes citri (Ashmead)
Family : Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae

Description

Whiteflies are distributed in all citrus growing areas. The adult is 1.5 mm long with white or greyish wings, pale yellow body and red constricted eyes. The nymphs are oval in shape, scale like, blackish with marginal bristle like fringes and are stationary. Large number of yellowish eggs (150 - 200) are laid on the lower surface of leaves which hatches in about 10 days.

Damage symptoms

The crawlers settle on the under surface of the leaves and suck the sap. These nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and secrete honeydew due to which sooty mould develops on the leaves. Severe infestation results in black layer manifestation, covering entire plant parts including fruits due to which photosynthesis is effected.

Citrus blackly

Name : Aleuracanthus woglumi Ashby
Family : Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae

Description

The adults of backfly are ashy coloured with brick red abdomen, smoky wings.. The adult females are about 1.2 mm long and the males are 0.8 mm in length. The nymphs are scale like, shiny black and spiny with marginal fringes. The adults emerge in March-April and the females lay yellowish brown oval shaped eggs which are arranged in a spiral manner on broad leaves with 15-22 eggs in a cluster. The eggs hatch in 7-14 days and the nymphs on emergence start feeding on cell sap and settle on the lower side of the leaf. There are two distinct broods in a year. The first brood adults emerge in March-April and those of the second brood emerge in July-October.

Damage symptoms

Both adults and nymphs suck plant sap and results in the curling of leaves and also the premature fall of flower buds and the developing fruits thereby resulting in reducing the vitality of the tree. Moreover, honey dew secretion favours rapid development of black sooty mould that covers entire plant surface. The process of photosynthesis is hampered greatly resulting in stunted growth of plants, low intensity of flowering and scarce fruiting.

Citrus Aphid

Name : Toxoptera aurantii, Myzus persicae Sulzer, Aphis gossypii Glove
Family : Hemiptera : Aphididae

Description

Three species of aphids, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe); Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in general are sporadic pests, but now these are becoming regular pests of citrus. T.aurantii and A. gossypii are reported as most efficient vectors of Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV).

Aphids are soft bodied, pear shaped, tiny sucking insects, measuring less than 2 mm in length and are pale yellowish green to black in colour. They have apair of cornicles arishing from Vth abdominal segment. Each aphid produces about 5 young nymphs/ day for a period of 1-3 weeks parthenogenetically Single live cycle normally takes 6 to 8 days.

Damage symptoms

Nymphs and adults suck sap from tender leaves and shoots. Affected leaves turn yellow, ger curled, deformed and dry up. Growth of young shoots is adversely affected. Plant growth is stunted. Sooty mould is produced on honeydew excreted by aphids. Infestation of aphids at the time of flowering is associated with reduced fruit set. Aphids also act as the active vectors of Citrus Tristeza Virus.

Citrus fruit sucking moth

Name : Eudocima fullonica Linnaeus
Family : Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Description

The moths are distinguished by having particularly well developed proboscis with dentate tips with which they are able to pierce the ripening fruits. The adults of E.fallonica have pale orange brown body with forewings dark grayish and the hind wings orange red with two black curved patches. The female moth lays eggs on weeds like Tinospora cardifolia, T.semilacina, Cocculus hirsutus, Convolvulus arvensis etc. where the caterpillar develops after harching. Egg period is 8-10 days. The caterpillar is a semilooper, dark brown with yellow and red spots. Full grown caterpillars are 50-60 mm long, stout, velvety-blue with yellow patterns on dorsal and lateral sides. pupation takes place in a transpatent pale whitish silken cover enclosed in leaf fold. Larval period is 28-35 days. Pupal period is 14-18 days.

Symptoms

It is a pest of regular occurrence on maturing kinnow fruits during July-October in Hoshiarpur and Gurudaspur districts of Punjab in the recent past. These moths are active during night and suck the juice from the fruit with their long proboscis. The punctures produced during feeding by the adult moths leads to fruit rot due to invasion by secondary pathogens leading to pre-mature fruit drop. Only adult moths are destructive to citrus fruits.

Bark eating caterpillar

Name : Indarbela quadrinotata (Walker)
Family : Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae

Description

The pest is noticed predominantly in old and neglected orchards. The hanging wooden frass and tunnel at the joint of two branches from October-April indicates the presence of the pest. Adult moths are active during May-June. They are 35-40 mm in size, pale brown or grey in colour. Female moths deposit eggs under loose bark and eggs hatch in 8-10 days. Caterpillars are 50-60 mm and have pale brown bodies with dark brown heads.

Damage symptoms

Caterpillars eat the bark and bore inside the tree. Larva remains hidden inside the tunnel during day time and becomes active in the night. Several caterpillars may attack the same tree at different locations which can cause serious injury to the bark and the death of small branches. The holes left on the trunk may lead to infestation by other insects or plant pathogens. Affected branches break at the points of attack. A severe infestation may arrest the growth of the tree and the fruiting capacity.

Citrus mite

Name : Eutetranychus orientalis Klein
Family :(Acarina)

Description

The adult is small, pulump and orange with thick deep brown patches on the dorsal side of its body and measures 0.33 mm in length. Its body is covered with prominent bristles, each  borne on a whitish tubercle. The mites are most active during May-June when they lay about 50  eggs are minute, round and orange and are embedded in the leaf tissues, They hatch in about week. The newly hatched larva is light yellowish brown and has only three pairs of legs and after feeding on  call sap for three or four days, it moults into protonymph which has four pairs of legs. It is full-fed in 4-5 days and after moulting, transforms into an adult mite. The female mites live for about ten or more days. The life - cycle in summer is completed in 17-20 days and the pest passes through several overlapping generations in a year.

Damage symptoms

The mite assumes serious proportions during dry spells particularly May-June in citrus orchards. In Punjab, it is found infesting kinnow, sweet-orange, lemon, grapefruit and sour-lime. Nymphs and adults cause damage by lacerating the leaves, resulting in speckled appearance of the leaves. Heavy infestation may result in complete defoliation, especially of the young nursery plants. The affected fruits become yellow and remain undersized.

Source: NCIPM

 

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22 ratings

Management practices for Kinnow Pests

1. General management tips
2. Seasonal management practices

General management tips

• As precautionary measure first spray may be given as soon as the new flush is emerged.
• Destroy the ant colonies in the orchards as they are the carriers of certain pests to their feeding sites and also protect them from other harmful agencies.
• Close spacing and water logging conditions should be avoided in the orchards which help in creating micro niche favouring the pest population.
• Avoid pruning during active growth periods as it induces irregular and frequent flushes which lead to the perpetuation of pest. If necessary, prune only the infested dry shoots after fruit harvest.
• Apply nitrogenous fertilizers as per need only as excessive and frequent applications promote new flushes which provide favourable conditions for insect pests' infestation.
• Modify canopy structure in such a way that light interception is maximum below the canopy.
• Preparations of spray solution, spraying operations, insecticide residue and compatibility in mixtures are important aspects to keep in mind before undertaking the sprays.
• The time of insecticide application should be decided after monitoring the pest incidence meticulously viz., only young and vulnerable life stages of the pest should be sprayed upon.
• The spray should be targeted on the lower surface of the leaves and the new flush. Canopy should be covered till the run off stage.
• Avoid the repeat application of a particular pesticide and do not use expired pesticide.
• Prepare spray solution first in small quantity and then increase the volume to desired level by adding water. In case of wettable power take required quantity of pesticide, add a little quantity of water, mix it thoroughly to prepare the paste and then add remaining quantity of water to this paste with constant stirring.
• Avoid spraying during strong winds, cloudy days and drizzling.

Seasonal management practices

February - March	Citrus psylla occurrence starts after fruit harvesting at bud swelling stage in the end of February of begining of March. Look for the pest on the border trees, If found, infested initiate spraying of Lecanicillium lecanii (1*10 conidia/ml) of dimethoate 30 EC @ 25 ml/ 10 lit. of water. It gives good management of early (1st and 2nd) instar nymphs of citrus psylla. In the month of March, If the occurrence of the pest is still observed, spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL (4 ml/10lit.water), 8 days after dimethoate for the management of citrus psylla, leaf miner and aphids, if need be. If required, spray thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 3 g/ 10 lit. water, 10 days after application of imidacloprid.	Citrus psylla, Aphid, Leafminer
April (After fruit set)	Erect yellow sticky traps @ 10 per ha. If the incidence of whitefly is observed (under surface of leaves) and its population is more than 5-10/ trap/week and also 5 per cent of the trees are found infested, initiate spray of triazophos 40 EC @ 25ml/10 lit. water, 8-10 days after triazophos application if there is still attack of whitefly. Spray mixture of Aureofungin/Bavistin + 2,4-D @ 0.4g/10 g +0.1 g/ 10 lit. water for the management of fruit drop. Use GA3 instead of 2,4-D when cotton or other broad leaved crop is cultivated in or aroung thye orchard. If infestation of Phytophthora is observed, spray Aliette 80 WP @ 25g/10 lit. water.	Citrus psylla, Leafminer, Whitefly, Fruit drop, Phytophthora
May - June	If the incidence of whitefly still persists, spray triazophos 40 EC @ 25ml/10 lit water. Bavistin 50 WP @ 10 ml/ 10 lit. for the management of fruit drop, if needed.	Whitefly, mite, Fruit drop
July - August	During this period, the population of psylla or leaf miner or white fly starts reinfesting the trees. To manage these pests, spray thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 3 g/ 10 lit of water and triazophos 40 EC @ 25ml/ 10 lit or water Spray mixture of 2, 4-D + Tilt 25 EC @ 0.1 + 10 gm/ 10 lit. water for the management of fruit drop. Spray Bavistin 50 WP @ 10g/ 10 Iit. water, 2 weeks after application of 2,4-D	Citrus psylla, Whitefly, Leafminer, Fruit drop
September	If the whitefly damage still persists and sooty mould is observed, spray mixture of triazophos 40 EC + ziram 80 WP @ 25 ml +25 ml/ 10 lit. water Clear the infested branches of the fross and faeces and inject 5-10 ml of dichlorvos (1%) in to the tunnel and cover it with cotton wad reduces the bark eating caterpillar infestation If the incidence of Phytophthora is observed, spray Aliette 80 WP @ 25g/ 10 lit. water. Spray Roko 70 WP @ 10 g/ 10 lit. water for the management of fruit drop in end September	Whitefly, Bark eating caterpillar, Sooty mould, Scab, Phytophtho ra, Fruit drop
October	If the spraying of Triazophos was given in September, citrus psylla will not reapper but if observed, spray thaimethoxam 25 WG @ 3 g/ 10 lit. water. Destroy the fallen fruits by burrying in the ground, generation of smoke in the late evening hours and fliar application of neem oil (1%) or malathion 50EC @ 2ml/l reduces the fruit sucking moth incidence. For the management of Canker/ Scab, spray mixture of Streptocycline + Copper oxychloride/hydroxide @ 1 gm + 25 g/ 10 lit. water.	Citrus psylla, Fruit sucking moth, Canker, Scab

Source: NCIPM

 

3.06   

 

27 ratings

Kiwi Crop Stage Wise IPM

1. Pre planting
2. Planting stage
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive stage

Management	Activity
Pre planting
	Common cultural practices: Deep summer ploughing to break hard pan and to facilitate rain water absorption & deep root penetration. Timely planting should be done. Vineyard sanitation Destroy the alternate host plants
Nutrients	Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations. Do not leave FYM or compost exposed to sunlight as nutrients may be lost. Nutrient should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone. Pits of 1m x 1m x 1m size are dug at a distance of 6 m x 4 m and left exposed to sunlight. The rows should be oriented in north – south direction for maximum light distribution. Pits are filled with a mixture of 30 cm top soil, 40 kg farmyard manure and 45 g DAP .
Weeds	Summer ploughing should be done to expose and destroy weed seeds/ rhizomes.
Soil borne pathogens, resting stages of insects	Cultural control: Deep summer ploughing of vineyard s to control resting stages of insect pests.
Planting stage
	Common cultural practices: Use healthy, certified and weed free seeds Grow resistant/tolerant varieties.
Nutrients	Before transplanting, soil testing should be done to find out the soil fertility status. Nutrient should be provided as per soil test recommendations. Planting is done in December January in pits already filled with farm yard manure and vines are trained on T bars Add mycorrhiza culture @ 50 grams per pit or a basket of soil taken from old Kiwi orchard to ensure mycorrhiza association with seedling roots.
Weeds	Use weed free seedlings for planting. Remove weeds from the pits before planting. Green manuring and leguminous vegetables crops like bean, pea, red clover and white clover should be grown to manage the weeds between vine rows as well as to improve soil texture and fertility.
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Destroy crop debris Provide irrigation at critical stages of the plant Avoid water logging Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae Handpick the older larvae during early stages The infested plant parts collect and destroyed Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering. Augmentative release of natural enemies.
Nutrients	The amount of manure and fertilizer to be applied is influenced by the age or size of tree, soil types, fertility, cultural practices and anticipated fruit yield. Age (Year) Quantity of manures and fertilizers (g/vine/year) FYM Urea DAP MoP 1 20 200 220 266 2 25 400 440 532 3 30 600 660 800 4 35 800 880 1064 5th year onwards 40 1000 1100 1330 The fertilizer should be applied in 2 equal doses, half to two third in January-February and the rest after fruit set in April-May. The nutrients should be applied in 20-30 cm deep and 30 cms wide trench along the drip line of the tree.
Weeds	Cultural control: Kiwi vineyards basins be maintained weed free by hand tool weeding or Mulching tree basin in April with plastic or straw mulch helps control weeds and conserves soil moisture. Weeds between rows of vines are controlled by cultivating, mowing, tilling and planting cover crops or use black polyethylene mulch to prevent entry of light, to restrict germination of weed seeds and smothering of weeds. Use slashing and moving between the rows to control the weeds.
Passion vine hopper	Cultural control: Heavy winter pruning of egg laying sites. Spray them with Neem; it acts as a deterrent and anti-feeder. Biodegrades within two weeks when exposed to sunlight. Repeated application. Companion plants such as geranium and petunia, marjorams, coriander, chamomile and yarrow. Biological control Egg parasitoids Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera), Scolypopa australis. predators:.Spider, birds
Thrips	Cultural control: Sprinkle water over the seedlings to check the multiplication of thrips Biological control Release or augment the biological control agents like larval parasitoids- Thripobius semiluteus and predators like Predatory mite, predatory thrips, hover fly, mirid bug etc.
Phytophthora Root rot, collar rot and crown rot	Cultural control: Control of the disease is reliant on good water management. Kiwi should be planted in well-draining soils where water does not pool after rain or irrigation; Vineyard should be allowed to dry out between irrigations
Brown headed leaf roller/ Green headed leaf roller	Cultural Control Follow proper training and pruning in the vineyards. Infested leaves should be removed and burned to destroy the eggs and caterpillars. Biological control Release or augment the biological control agents like Predators: Predatory mite, Predatory Wasp and Larval parasitoids like Trigonospila brevifacies, Braconid wasp, Dolichogenidea tasmanica, Goniozus jacintae
Greedy scale	Cultural Control Use propagative material that is free of scales. Adequate plant spacing is important because armored scales seldom spread from plant to plant unless the crowns of the plants are in contact. As plants grow, pruning maintains spacing and allows maximum coverage when using insecticides. Mechanical Control Scraping and scrubbing to remove scales from plants are effective mechanical control tactics. Biological control Release or augment the biological control agents like parasitoids Aphytis wasps, Encarsia sp. and predators: Green lacewings, Minute pirate bugs, and Ladybird beetle, Chilocorus bipustulatus, Chilocorus infernalis, Chilocorus cacti
Bacterial blight	Control of the disease relies on the avoidance of injuries to the plant which allow bacteria to enter. Infected areas should be pruned by cutting 1 foot below the edge ofthe canker. Disease severity can be reduced by protecting plants from freeze injuries during winter.
Two spotted mite	Cultural Control: Maintain proper plant canopy microclimate by using timely training and pruning of the plants. Biological control: Predatory mites like Amblyseius, Metaseiulus, and Phytoseiulus; ladybird beetles, Stethorus; the minute pirate bugs, Orius; the thrips, Leptothrips; and the lacewing larvae, Chrysopa. Scolothrips sexmaculatus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, In greenhouses, the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius are good predator)
Leaf spots	Ensure that land to be used for new kiwi plantings is completely cleared of roots which are greater than 1 inch in diameter. Ensure kiwi vines are adequately irrigated but not overwatered
Sclerotium rot	Implement deep ploughing during summer. Use proper vineyard sanitation practices
Botrytis fruit rot	Remove infected leaves, debris and fruit mummies from the vineyard to prevent survival and spread of the pathogen. Summer pruning is done to open the canopy for increased air movement and to reduce disease incidence
Reproductive stage
Nutrients	Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular micronutrient. In the bearing orchards, apply FYM and other fertilizers according to age of vines as given in table above. Fertilizers are applied in tree basin about 30 cm away from the tree trunk. Apply recommended micronutrients, if symptoms are observed.
Weeds	Remove left over weeds from the vineyard to avoid further spread of weed seeds. Use straw or black polyethylene mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period. Mulching of vine basins with 10-15 cm thick dry grass also checks weed growth.
Brown headed leaf roller/ Green headed leaf roller	Same as in vegetative stage
Greedy scale	Same as in vegetative stage
Passion vine hopper	Same as in vegetative stage

Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.9   

 

31 ratings