IPM Stratergies for Coriander

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34 ratings Coriander Diseases Powdery mildew Wilt Stem gall Blight disease Stem rot Disease cycles IPM for Coriander ...

34 ratings

Coriander Diseases

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms:

It appears as small, white, powdery patches on young parts of stems, leaves and buds which increases in size, and coalesce to cover entire area of leaf surface.
Affected leaves are reduced in size and distorted. Premature sterility is also common. in serve cases, the umbels dry up.
Seed formation may not take place in affected plants due to this disease.

Survival and spread:

Fungus can survive in plant debris in the form of cleistothecia and spread long distances by air.

Favourable conditions:

Disease emergence is favored by high humidity and moderate temperatures (cloudy weather); infection is most severe in shaded areas

Wilt

Disease symptoms:

The disease can easily be recognized in the field by drooping of the terminal portions, followed by withering and drying up of leaves, eventually resulting in death.
Discoloration of vascular system of the root is observed. Partial wilting is also found. In partially wilted plants, growth is arrested.
The leaves become pinkish yellow to yellow. Sterility is often noticed in such plants. Seeds, if formed are immature and light in weight.
Severe infection in the early stage results in total failure of the crop.

Survival and spread:

The disease is soil borne and primary infection occurs through inoculum present in the soil.

Favourable conditions:

Relatively high soil moisture and soil temperature are favourable for the infection.

Stem gall

Disease symptoms:

The disease appears in the form of tumor-like swellings of leafveins, leaf stalks, peduncles, stems as well as fruits. The infected veins show a swollen hanging appearance to the leaves. Initially the tumors are glossy which rupture later on and become rough. They are about 3 mm broad and up to 12.5 mm long.
Badly affected plants may be killed. In the presence of excessive soil moisture, especially under shaded conditions, when the stem fails to harden and remain succulent, the tumors are numerous.

Survival and spread:

The disease is soil borne and the inocula present in the soil are the source of primary infection. Pathogen may survive in soil as resting spore for several years.

Favourable conditions:

Relatively high soil moisture and soil temperature are favourable for the infection.

Blight disease

Disease symptoms:

Dark brown spots appear on the stem and leaves of infected plants and emerging umbels with young flowers get killed.
Later in the season when plants are beginning to mature it may be difficult to recognise a diseased field except reduced seed production.

Survival and spread:

The pathogen survives through conidia or mycelia in diseased plant debris or weed or in soil.

Favourable conditions:

Moist (More than 70% relative humidity) and warm weather (12-25 ºC temp) and intermittent rains favour disease development.

Blight disease

Stem rot

Disease symptoms:

Infected seeds fail to germinate; rapid death of germinatingseeds prior to emergence; water-soaked reddish lesions girdling the stem at the collar region results in the collapsing of emerged seedlings .

Survival and spread:

The pathogen survives as mycelium in dead or live plants and as sclerotia in infected plant parts or on the soil surface or with seed as contaminant.The fungus can spread in water, contaminated soil or on equipment.

Favourable conditions:

Rainy season favours the development of disease.

Disease cycles

Powdery mildew:

Wilt:

Stem gall:

Blight:

Stem rot:

IPM for Coriander

To know the IPM practices for Coriander, click here.

Source:NIPHM,Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

3.17

36 ratings

Coriander Insect Pests

Whitefly

Biology:

Egg: The females mostly lay eggs near the veins on the underside of leaves. They prefer hairy leaf surfaces to lay more eggs. Each female can lay about 300 eggs in its lifetime. Eggs are small (about 0.25 mm), pear-shaped, and vertically attached to the leaf surface through a pedicel. Newly laid eggs are white and later turn brown. The eggs are not visible to the naked eye, and must be observed under a magnifying lens or microscope. Egg period is about three to five days during summer and 5 to 33 days in winter.
Nymph: Upon hatching, the first instar larva (nymph) moves on the leaf surface to locate a suitable feeding site. Hence, it is commonly known as a “crawler.” It then inserts its piercing and sucking mouthpart and begins sucking the plant sap from the phloem. The first instar nymph has antennae, eyes, and three pairs of well-developed legs. The nymphs are flattened, ovalshaped, and greenish-yellow in color. The legs and antennae are atrophied during the next three instars and they are immobile during the remaining nymphal stages. The last nymphal stage has red eyes. This stage is sometimes referred to puparium, although insects of this order (Hemiptera) do not have a perfect pupal stage (incomplete metamorphosis). Nymphal period is about 9 to 14 days during summer and 17 to 73 days in winter (David 2001). Adults emerge from puparia through a T-shaped slit, leaving behind empty pupal cases or exuviae.
Adult: The whitefly adult is a soft-bodied, moth-like fly. The wings are covered with powdery wax and the body is light yellow in color. The wings are held over the body like a tent. The adult males are slightly smaller in size than the females. Adults live from one to three weeks.

Life cycle:

Natural enemies of whitefly:

Parasitoids: Encarsia sp., Eretmocerus mundus, Amitus aleurolobi. Platygaster sp.
Predators: Spiders, Chelomenus sexmaculatus, Verania discolor, Coccinella septumpunctata, Harmonia octomaculata etc.

Indigo caterpillar

Biology:

It is found throughout the tropical and sub tropical parts of the world, wide spread in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato, cabbage and various other cruciferous crops.

Eggs: Female lays about 300 eggs in clusters. The eggs are covered over by brown hairs and they hatch in about 3-5 days.
Larva: Caterpillar measures 35-40 mm in length, when full grown. It is velvety, black with yellowish – green dorsal stripes and lateral white bands with incomplete ring – like dark band on anterior and posterior end of the body. It passes through 6 instars. Larval stage lasts 15-30 days
Pupa: Pupal stage lasts for 7-15 days and pupation takes place inside the soil.
Adult: Moth is medium sized and stout bodied with forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour having wavy white crisscross markings. Hind wings are whitish with brown patches along the 30 margin of wing. Pest breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. Adults live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle is completed in 32-60 days depending on environmental conditions. There are upto eight generations in a year.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

In early stages, the caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll content of leaf lamina giving it a papery white appearance.
Irregular holes are produced on leaves initially and later skeletonisation occurs, leaving only veins and petioles

Natural enemies of indigo caterpillars:

Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis, Telenomus spp., Campoletis chloridae, Peribea orbata, Glipapanteles africanus, Cotesia ruficrus, Chelonus carbonator, Blepherella setigera, Bracon spp., Sarcophaga dux , Sarcophaga albiceps, Brachimeria lasus, Lasiochalcidia erythropoda.
Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, C. crassinervis, King crow, Braconid wasp, Dragon fly, Spider, Reduviid, Preying mantid, Harpactor costalis, Rhynocoris fuscipes, R. squalis , Polistes stigma, Coranus spiniscutis, Andrellus spinidens, etc

Aphid

Biology:

Eggs: Eggs are very tiny, shiny-black, and are found in the crevices of bud and stems of the plant. Aphids usually do not lay eggs in warmer parts of the world.
Nymphs: Nymphs (immature stages) are young aphids, they look like the wingless adults but are smaller. They become adults within 7 to 10 days. Viviparity is also observed.
Adults: Adults are small, 1 to 4 mm long, soft-bodied insects with two long antennae that resemble horns. Most aphids have two short cornicles (horns) towards the rear of the body

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Infesting tender shoots and under surface of the leaves.
Curling and crinkling of leaves
Stunted growth
Development of black sooty mould due to the excretion of honeydew

Natural enemies of aphid: Parasitoids:

Aphidius colemani and Diaeretiella sp Predators: Fire ant, Robber fly, Big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), Earwig, Ground beetle, Cecidomyiid fly, Lacewing, Ladybird beetle, Spider, Preying Mantid, Reduviid, Dragon fly, hoverfly, etc.

Cutworm

Biology:

Egg: The egg is white in color initially, but turns brown with age. It measures 0.43 to 0.50 mm high and 0.51 to 0.58 mm wide and is nearly spherical in shape, with a slightly flattened base. The eggs normally are deposited in clusters on foliage. Females may deposit 1200 to 1900 eggs. Duration of the egg stage is three to six days.
Larva: There are five to nine instars, but six to seven instars are most common. Head capsule widths are about 0.26-0.35, 0.45-0.53, 0.61-0.72, 0.90-1.60, 2.1-2.8, 3.2-3.5, 3.6-4.3, and 3.7- 4.1 mm for instars one to eight respectively. Head capsule widths are very similar for instars one to four, but thereafter those individuals that display eight or nine instars show only small increments in width at each moult and eventually attain head capsule sizes no larger than those displaying only six or seven instars.
Pupa: Pupation occurs belowground at a depth of 3 to 12 cm. The pupa is 17 to 22 mm long and 5 to 6 mm wide, and dark brown. Duration of the pupal stage is normally 12 to 20 days.
Adult: The adult is fairly large in size, with a wingspan of 40 to 55 mm. The forewing, especially the proximal two-thirds, is uniformly dark brown. The distal area is marked with a lighter irregular band, and a small but distinct black dash extends distally from the bean-shaped wing spot. The hind wings are whitish to gray, and the veins marked with darker scales. The adult preoviposition period is about seven to 10 days.

Life cycle

Damage symptoms:

The larva cuts the plants from ground level and makes them to fall down. Infestation of this pest starts at the initial stage of plants resulting in heavy loss to the crop.

Natural enemies of cutworm:

Parasitoids: Apanteles merginiventris, Chelonis insularis, Hyposoter exigua, Chelonis insularis, Lespesia archippivora.
Nematode: Hexameris arvalis
Predators: Broscus punctatus, Liogryllus bimaculatus.

Thrips

Biology:

Egg: Eggs are microscopic and white or yellow in color which is inserted one by one in the plant tissues by the females. Only one end of the egg will be near the surface of the tissue to allow the immature to emerge. Adults prefer to lay their eggs in leaf, cotyledon or flower tissues.
Nymph: Nymphs are very small, pale yellow to brown in color and the pupae appear as an intermediate form between the immature and the adult. Nymphs have short antennae and the wing buds are visible but short and not functional. They are found at the base of the plant neck or in the soil.
Adult: Adults are up to 2 mm in size, pale yellow to dark brown in color and have fully developed wings which are very different from other insects. They have a single longitudinal vein in which there is several hairs connected perpendicular to the vein. The wing appears as fringe with hairs. When at rest, the wings are folded along the back of the insect... Besides undersurface of leaves, they can also be found in the flowers. Adults are more mobile than immature and are attracted to yellow and white colors. They often alight on one's clothes or on 34 exposed skin.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Thrips have a very peculiar feeding behavior. They start the feeding by rasping and sucking and they lacerate the leaf surface with their mouth parts to release the liquids from the plant cells. In this process, thrips release chemicals substances that help to predigest the cell sap. Which they suck up.
The damaged leaves show silvery patches or streaks that shine in the sun. When damage is severe, these small patches can occupy most of the surface of the leaf and the plant cannot adequately photosynthesize. The plant loses more water than normal through the damaged tissues which are the entry points for plant pathogens.

Natural enemies of thrips:

Parasitoid: Ceranisus menes
Predators: Predatory mite, Predatory thrips, Oligota spp., Orius spp. (pirate bug), Hover fly, Mirid bug, etc.

Mites

Biology:

Egg: Eggs are microscopic, hyaline, globular, laid in masses beneath clods and are either active (red in colour) or dormant (iwhite in colour).
Nymphs: Yellowish in colour
Adult: The mites are very small measuring about 0.5 mm in length, metallic brown to black with 35 pale yellow legs. Their forelegs are distinctively longer than the other three pairs

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms

The mites frequently attack the coriander crop and whole plant becomes whitish yellow and appears sickly. It mostly feeds on young leaves and the infestation is more severe on young inflorescence.
Mites are seen on the lower side of the leaves and when serious, cause webbing and feed from within the web. Plants get stunted at severe infestation.

Natural enemies of mites:

Predators: Anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings (Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi .), predatory mites (Amblyseius alstoniae, A. womersleyi, A. fallacies and Phytoseiulus persimilis), predatory coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.), predatory cecidomyiid fly (Anthrocnodax occidentalis), predatory gall midge (Feltiella minuta), Predatory thrips etc.

Root knot nematode

Biology:

Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and the adult, male and female.
Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first moult occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from eggs and infest plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on temperature.
Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature ranging from 39-450 C.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

Infested plants appear in patches in the field
Formation of galls on host root system is the primary symptom
Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a ‘beard root’ symptom
Infected roots become knobby and knotty
In severely infested plants the root system is reduced and the rootlets are almost completely absent hampering their function of uptake and transport of water and nutrients.
Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry conditions and are often stunted.
Nematode infestation predisposes plants to fungal and bacterial root pathogens.

Survival and spread:

Primary: Egg masses in infested plant debris and soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculum. Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water dispersed.
Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water dispersed.

Favourable conditions:

Loamy light soils.

IPM for Coriander

To know the IPM practices for Coriander, click here.

Source: NIPHM Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage

3

28 ratings

Coriander Pests

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests:

Cotton whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Aphid: Hyadaphis coriandri Das, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Cutworm: Agrotis sp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Seed Chalcid fly: Systole coriandri Gussakovsky (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Diseases:

Powdery mildew: Erysiphe polygoni DC
Wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. corianderii
Stem gall: Protomyces macrosporus Unger
Blight disease complex: Alternaria poonensis Ragunath & Colletotrichum sp.

Weeds:

Grasses

Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) Broad leaf
Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album . L. (Chenopodiaceae)
Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
Onion weed: Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (Liliaceae)
Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)

Sedge

Purple nut sedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Pest of Regional significance:

Insect and mite pests:

Thrips: Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Indigo caterpillar: Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Mite: Petrobia latens Muller, Tetranychus telarius Linn. (Tetranychidae: Acarina)

Diseases:

Stem rot: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
Root rot: Pythium sulcatum Pratt and Mitchell
Grain mould: Alternaria sp., Helminthosporium sp.

Nematodes:

Root knot Nematode: Meloidogyne spp.

IPM for Coriander

To know the IPM practices for Coriander, click here.

Source : NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine Storage

2.88

33 ratings

Coriander Crop Stage-Wise IPM

Stage wise management	Activity
Pre-sowing
	Common cultural practices: Deep ploughing of fields during summer to control nematodes population, to expose pupae, propagules of soil borne pathogens and weeds. Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil-borne pests including weeds. Timely and line sowing should be done. Field sanitation, rogueing Destroy the alternate host plants Soil test based application of manures and fertilizers. Growing castor or marigold as a trap crop for the management of Spodoptera. Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum for the management of mites and thrips. Follow crop rotation of non-host crops like cereal crops for 3 years. Adopt ecological engineering by growing the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds.
Nutrients	Nutrients should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for particular agro climatic zone. Apply 4-5 tons of farmyard manure or vermicompost @1.5- 2.0 t/acre at the time of last cultivation and incorporate in the soil 2 to 3 weeks before sowing. Incubate Trichoderma @ 500 g in 100 Kg FYM for 15 days prior to its application in one acre field
Weeds	Summer ploughing should be done in hottest month of the year (May –June) and soil solarization should be done with transparent polyethylene sheet or Adopt stale seed bed in irrigated fields and allow the weed seeds to germinate. Then field is cultivated immediately before sowing of crop to destroy the germinating weed seeds.
Soil and seed borne pathogens, nematodes	Cultural control: Plant resistant varieties if nematodes are known to be present in the soil; check roots of plants mid-season or sooner if symptoms indicate nematodes.
Sowing
Nutrients	Seed inoculation with Azotobacter (107 CFU per g) @ 5 g /Kg seed and PSB @ 8-10g/Kg seed. Apply 12 Kg of N, 16 Kg P₂O₅ and 8 Kg K₂O per acre as a single basal dose in the black cotton soils. In light soils under irrigated conditions, apply 18kg of N, 12 Kg of P₂O₅ and 12 Kg of K₂O as basal dose at the time of sowing.
Weeds	Always use certified and weed free seeds. Line sowing should be done to facilitate inter-culture operations. Plant population should be maintained to its optimum right from its beginning to minimize the crop- weed competition. or adopt soil .
Wilt, blight, root rot, Nematodes and insects	Cultural control: Select healthy and disease free seeds. Use resistant /tolerant varieties. Over irrigation should be avoided to minimize the wilt.
Application of Trichoderma harzianum/ viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens for treatment of seed/seedling/planting materials in the nurseries and field application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water stress and water stagnation conditions. Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs, and larvae Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts. Use yellow sticky traps for whitefly and aphids and blue sticky trap for thrips @ 4-5 traps/acre. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Install pheromone traps @ 4-5 traps/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2- 3 weeks) Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm 25 Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies.
Nutrients	Apply 12 Kg of N/acre as top dressing at 30 days after sowing. Micro nutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular nutrient, if required.
Weeds	During early stages of growth, coriander plants grow very slow, hence weeding during this period is very essential to save the plants from weed competition. Two hand hoeing should be done at 25 and 50 days after sowing to keep the field weed free before flowering. In rain fed crop, first weeding should be done at about 25-30 days after sowing and in irrigated crop about 30-35 days after sowing and second weeding at 50-60 days after sowing. Thinning of plants should be done before first irrigation to maintain a spacing of 5 to 10 cm between plants.
Aphids	See common cultural and biological practices. Insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem or canola oil or NSKE 5% are usually the best method of control Always check the labels of the products for specific usage guidelines prior to use.
Whitefly	See common cultural and biological practices.
Indigo caterpillar	See common cultural and biological practices.
Mite	See common cultural and biological practices. See management practices of Aphids
Cutworm	See common cultural and mechanical practices. Biological control: Release of Trichogramma sp. @ 20,000/acre.
Wilt, stem gall, Stem rot	Cultural control: Maintain the optimum moisture to minimize the stem gall. See common cultural and biological practices.
Flowering/Maturity stage
Nutrients	Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular micronutrient.
Weeds	Left over weeds should be removed from the field to avoid further spread of weed seeds.
Thrips, Seed Chalcid fly	See common cultural and biological practices.
White fly, aphids, caterpillar, other pests	Same as vegetative stage.
Stem gall, Stem rot, wilt	Same as vegetative stage.
Grain Mould, Powdery Mildews	Cultural control Harvesting of the mature crop should not be delayed to avoid powdery mildew attack. Chemical control: Sulphur 85% DP @ 6-8 kg/acre
Storage
Pest (khapra beetle) & diseases	Store in gunny bags with moisture proof lining.