Fennel: Diseases,Symptoms and Pest Management

Fennel: Diseases and Symptoms Leaf (Ramularia) blight Leaf spot Damping off Fusarium wilt Powdery mildew Collar rot Root r...

Fennel: Diseases and Symptoms

1. Leaf (Ramularia) blight
2. Leaf spot
3. Damping off
4. Fusarium wilt
5. Powdery mildew
6. Collar rot
7. Root rot
8. IPM for Fennel

Leaf (Ramularia) blight

Disease symptoms:

• Symptoms first appear on the lower and older leaves in the month of January, as a minute, angular brown, necrotic spot.
• Later these spots become large and are covered with grayish white erumpent growth.
• At later stage, linear and rectangular spots cover the entire stem, peduncles and fruits.
• Severely affected leaves shrivel and dry up.
• In case of severe attack whole plant turns to brown colour, resulting in drying up of plant

Survival and spread:

• Pathogen survives on infected plant debris in the soil
• Pathogen infects lower part first and then above plant parts
• It spreads through wind and rain splash.

Favorable conditions:

• Disease favours high humidity >80%.

Leaf spot

Disease symptoms:

• The disease primarily affects older foliage. Affected leaf tips and stems turn brown to black in color and dry up.
• Examination of the stems and leaves show tiny, discrete, dark brown to black fungal patches.
• Early patches are less than one-sixteenth inch wide, and can be oval, circular or irregular in shape

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Through dormant mycelium remains in the infected crop debris, seeds and volunteer plants
• Secondary: Through wind dispersed conidia

Favorable conditions:

• Disease favours high humidity >80%.

Damping off

Disease symptoms:

• Damping off occurs in two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the post-emergence phase.
• In the pre-emergence phase the seedlings are killed just before they reach the soil surface.
• The young radical and the plumule are killed and there is complete rotting of the seedlings.
• The post-emergence phase is characterized by the infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the collar at the ground level.
• The infected tissues become soft and water soaked.
• Infected seedlings are toppled on the ground surface.

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Through soil, seed, water
• Secondary: By conidia through rain splash or wind

Favourable conditions:

• High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24° C for few days.
• Crowded seedlings, dampness due to high rainfall, poor drainage and excess of soil solutes hamper plant growth and increase the pathogenic damping-off.

Fusarium wilt

Disease symptoms:

• Disease produces wilting symptoms at seedling and later stage of plant growth
• Infected plants turn yellow.
• Fungal growth may be seen in the infected plant stem if cut longitudinally

Survival and dispersal:

• Pathogen is both soil and seed borne and survives as saprophyte in the soil debris as a mycelium and all spore types. It spreads short distances by water splash, planting equipment, and long distances by infected transplants and seeds.
• After the plant dies the fungus invades all tissues, sporulates, and continues to infect neighboring plants.

Favourable condition:

• Soil temperature is between 12.5-14° C and high moisture

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms:

• The disease symptoms appear at flowering stage in cloudy weather during February-March.
• The powdery fungal growth usually develops first on leaves which later can cover all succulent stems and branches including flowers.
• In severe case seed development may not take place.

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Through soil and seed,
• Secondary: Dispersal of conidia through wind, rain splashes

Favourable conditions:

• Cool high humid weather (20-25˚ C) or cloudy weather favours conidial germination and disease development
• High RH > 80% favours disease development.

Collar rot

Disease symptoms:

• Disease appears in plots where water stagnation near the plant stem is more.
• Collar portion of the affected plants start decaying and the plants turn to yellow colour & die later on.
• Later collar region of the plant/seedlings get rotted and plant topple down.

Survival and spread:

• Primary: Dormant mycelium and fruiting bodies survive in the infected crop debris, seeds and volunteer Plants.
• Secondary: Irrigation disperses conidia to nearby plants.

Favourable conditions:

• High humidity, high soil moisture and temperature
• Crowded seedlings

Root rot

Disease symptoms:

• Symptoms consist of seed decay and brown to reddish lesions on seedling stems and roots just below the soil line.
• These reddish brown lesions may become sunken and girdle the stems and kill the plant.
• Plants may often appear stunted and unthrifty and will die.
• Often the stand will appear uneven because of stunted plants.
• Disease is often found in patches in fields.
• On older plants, the pathogen causes a reddish brown dry cortical root rot that may extend into the base of the stem.
• Foliar symptoms may include yellowing or wilting of leaves.

Survival and spread:

• The disease is mainly soil-borne and pathogen can survive in the soil as sclerotia for several years.
• Sclerotia disseminate by irrigation water, implements, and other cultural operations.

Favourable conditions:

• Dry weather following heavy rains,
• High soil temperature (35-39˚ C)

IPM for Fennel

To know the IPM practices for Fennel, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

113 ratings

Fennel Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematode
4. Weeds
1. Broadleaf
2. Grasses
3. Sedges
5. IPM for Fennel

Pests of National Significance

Insect pests

• Aphid: Hyadaphis coriandri Das. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Thrips: Thrips flavus Schrank (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Cutworm: Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel, & Agrotis segetum Denis & Schiff ermüller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
• Cigarette beetle: Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)
• Drug store beetle: Stegobium paniceum Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

Diseases

• Leaf blight: Ramularia foeniculi Sibilia
• Leaf spot: Cercosporidium punctum (Delacr.) Deighton
• Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (seedling)
• Wilt: Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.
• Powdery mildew: Erysiphe polygoni DC/ E. heraclei
• Collar rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
• Root rot: Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kuhn

Nematode

• Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
• Yellow sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parvifl ora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophylliaceae)
• Wild onion: Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (Xanthorrhoeaceae)

Grasses

• Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)

Sedges

• Purple nut sedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Yellow sedge: Cyperus campestris Schrad. ex Nees (Cyperaceae)

IPM for Fennel

To know the IPM practices for Fennel, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.06   

 

113 ratings

Fennel: Insect Pests Management

1. Aphid
2. Thrips
3. Leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer
4. Cutworm
5. Cigarette beetle
6. Drugstore beetle
7. IPM for Fennel

Aphid

Biology:

• Egg: The females produce wingless off spring which are mated by the males and then lay hard-shelled eggs on the branches. The eggs initially are greenish, but soon turn black. In this form the aphids survive the winter. In Spring the eggs hatch to wingless females which produce winged off spring by parthenogenesis.
• Nymph: There were three nymphal instars. The first instar nymphs were dull white and became light green in the second instar. The third instar nymphs and adults turned green.
• Adult: Adults are yellow-green in color, dusted with greyish wax. They have short, dusky, slightly swollen, siphunculi (or cornicles) that are about twice as long as wide

Damage symptoms:

• Direct damage: Aphids damage plants by puncturing them and sucking their juices. They damage the young and soft parts of plants, such as new leaves and shoots. Signs of damage are leaves not opening properly and being smaller in size. Severe infestation can cause shoots to wilt and dry out.
• Indirect damage: Aphids have wings and can move from plant to plant spreading viral diseases, picked up from infected plants. Aphids secrete a sugary liquid that stimulates black sooty mold growth. It can cover the surface of leaves which affects the way they absorb sunlight.

Natural enemies of aphid:

• Parasitoids: Lysiphlebus sp, Diaeretiella sp, Aphelinus sp, Aphidius colemani etc.
• Predators: Ladybird beetle, lacewing, spiders, hover fly etc.

Thrips

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are white to yellow, kidney-bean shaped, microscopic in size. Develop within leaf tissue with one end near the leaf surface. Egg stage is 5-10 days.
• Larva: Instars I and II are active, feeding stages. Larvae are white to pale yellow, elongate and slender body. Resemble adult, but without wings. Antennae are short and eyes are dark in color. Crawl quickly when disturbed. Larval stage is 8-10 days.
• Pre-pupa and pupa: Instars III and IV are inactive, non-feeding stages called pre-pupa and pupa. Pale yellow to brown; body more stout than younger instars. Antennae are bent to head; wing buds are visible. Found in the soil, at the base of the plant. Pre-pupal and pupal period is 2-4 days.
• Adult: About 1.5 mm long; elongate, yellow and brown body with two pairs of fringed (hairy) wings. Mouthparts are beak-like and antennae are 7-segmented. Parthenogenic (asexually reproducing) females; males are extremely rare. Feed on young leaves and insert eggs individually into leaves. Adult life span is about 13-15 days month.

Damage symptoms:

• Direct damage: Thrips damage the undersides of leaves by sucking their juices. They damage young and soft parts of plants such as new leaves and shoots. As a result, leaves curl downwards and change to a blackish- silver color. Severe infestation causes young leaves to wilt and dry out.
• Indirect damage: Thrips can carry and spread viral diseases.

Natural enemies of thrips:

• Parasitoid: Ceranisus menes
• Predators: Predatory thrips, minute pirate bug, ladybird beetle, lacewing, mirid bug etc.

Leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer

Biology:

• Egg: The spherical, yellowish eggs are laid singly on tender parts and buds of plants. The egg period lasts for 2-4 days.
• Larva: Caterpillars vary in colour, initially brown and later turn greenish with darker broken lines along the side of the body. The larval period lasts for 18-25 days. Body covered with radiating hairs. When full grown, they measure 3.7 to 5 cm in length.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
• Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/grayish forewings with a dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near costal margins, with a wing expanse of 3.7cm.

Damage symptoms:

• Young larva feeds on the leaves.
• Feed on leaves, shoots and buds.

Natural enemies of leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer:

• Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Tetrastichus spp., Telenomus spp, Bracon spp., Campoletis sp, Chelonus spp., Ichneumon spp., Carcelia spp. etc.
• Predators: Lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant, dragonfly, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, King crow etc.

Cutworm

Biology:

• Egg: Each female moth come out at dusk and lay creamy white, dome-shaped eggs (200-350) in clusters of about 30 each, either on the under surface of the leaves of host plants or in the soil.
• Larva: Newly emerged young larva is yellow in colour, 1.5 mm long with a shiny, black head and a black shield on the prothorax. The full-grown larva is about 42-45 mm long and is dark or dark brown with a plump and greasy body. Larvae live in the soil and are yellow or blackish- green in color. They have striped markings running down the sides of their bodies. The larval stage varies from 30-34 days
• Pupa: Pupae are brown to dark brown, about 1.5 to 2.0 cm in length and are usually found in or on piles of leaf mould. Pupation takes place underground in an earthen chamber. Pupal period is completed in 10 to 30 days
• Adult: Adult measures about 25 mm from the head to the tip of the abdomen and looks dark with some grayish patches on the back and dark streaks on the forewings. Adults live for 7-10 days. Total life cycle takes up to 36 days (from egg to adult). The moths usually emerge at night. This pest generally completes three generations in a year.

Damage symptoms:

• Both adult and caterpillars become active at night.
• During the day time caterpillars hide in crack and crevices in the soil.
• They attack young plants by severing their stems, pulling all parts of the plant into the ground and devouring them.
• Plants with severed stems have difficulty growing again.
• This pest can cause serious damage; particularly when crops are at 25 - 35 days after planting.

Natural enemies of cutworm:

• Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Tetrastichus spp., Telenomus spp., Bracon spp., Campoletis sp, Chelonus spp., Ichneumon spp., Carcelia spp. etc.
• Predators: Lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant, dragonfly, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, King Crow etc.

Cigarette beetle

Biology:

• Egg: An egg is pearly white, and is not easily seen with the naked eye. When fully grown, beetle larvae is C-shaped (grub-like) and about 3/16-inch long. Female lays about 30 eggs in a period of 3 weeks. Eggs hatch in 6 to 10 days.
• Larva: Larvae are creamy white and covered with long, yellowish-brown hairs. They have a brown head and legs. The larval stage lasts from 5 to 10 weeks.
• Pre-pupa and pupa: The pre-pupal and pupal periods last 2 to 3 weeks and are passed in a cell.
• Adult: Adults are yellowish- to reddish-brown, oval-shaped, and about 1/10-inch long. The head is bent downward sharply, nearly at right angles to the body, giving a humpbacked appearance when viewed from the side. The wing covers (elytra) are smooth, and the antennal segments are uniform and saw-like (serrate). Adults are strong flyers and active in subdued light at temperatures above 65° F. Adult beetles may live from 23 to 28 days. In temperate climates, beetles begin swarming in May and again in August. Overwintering may be passed in the larval stage, with some adults not too resistant to cold hibernating in crevices. There may be 5 to 6 overlapping generations per year in warm localities with only one generation in the more temperate regions. In warehouses, the life cycle may be completed in 52 days.

Drugstore beetle

Biology:

• Egg: Females lay up to 75 eggs in the food or substrate.
• Larva: The larval period ranges from 4 to 20 weeks. Larvae tunnel through the substrate and when fully grown build a cocoon and pupate
• Pupa: Pupal period is 12 to 18 days.
• Adult: The beetles are cylindrical, 2.25 to 3.5 mm long, and are uniform brown to reddish brown in colour. Have longitudinal rows of fi ne hairs on the elytra (wing covers). The antennae of the cigarette beetle are serrated (like the teeth on a saw) while the antennae of the drugstore beetle are not and end in a 3-segmented club. The elytra (wing covers) of the drugstore beetle have rows of pits giving them striated (lined) appearance. Adult females live approximately 13 to 65 days. The entire life cycle is generally less than two months but can be as long as 7 months.

Favourable condition

• The duration of the life cycle is highly dependent on the temperature and food source. Development occurs between 60 to 93° F (15 to 34° C) but is optimal at about 85° F (30° C) and 60 to 90% relative humidity.

IPM for Fennel

To know the IPM practices for Fennel, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.04   

 

153 ratings

Fennel: Crop stage-wise IPM

1. Pre- sowing*
2. Sowing*
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive stage
5. Storage insect pest

Management

Activity

Pre- sowing*

	Common cultural practices: • Timely sowing should be done. • Field sanitation, rogueing • Destroy the alternate host plants • Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations • Deep ploughing of fields during summer • Follow crop rotation • Sow the ecological engineering plants • Sow/plant sorghum/maize/bajra in 4 rows all around fennel crop as a guard/barrier crop.
Nutrients	• Soil is brought to fi ne tilth by 2-3 ploughing with harrow or country plough. • For Rabi drilled fennel apply10 of FYM, 36 Kg Nitrogen (N) and 18 Kg Phosphorous (P) per acre. Whole quantity of FYM should be mixed in the soil at the time of land preparation. • Beds with provision of irrigation channels should be prepared before sowing of seeds to facilitate proper irrigation and intercultural operations.
Weeds	• Deep summer ploughing or solarisation during summer
Soil borne pathogens, nematodes and resting stages of insect pests	Cultural control: • Soil solarisation: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thicknesses for three weeks before sowing which will help in reducing the soil borne pests. • Apply organic amendment viz., mustard, castor or neem cake @ 0.8-1.0 tonnes/acre.

Sowing*

	Common cultural practices: • Use tolerant/ resistant varieties. • Select healthy, certified, and weed seed free seeds
Nutrients	• Half dose of N (18 Kg/acre) and full dose of P (18 Kg/acre) should be applied as basal dose. • In zinc deficient areas, apply zinc sulphate @ 8 Kg/acre.
Weeds	• Sowing/transplanting should be done in lines to facilitate hoeing and weeding operations during vegetative stage. • Adopt recommended agronomic practices like timely sowing, proper spacing irrigation etc. to obtain the healthy plant stand.

Vegetative stage

	Common cultural practices: • Collect and destroy crop debris • Avoid water logging • Judicious use of fertilizers • Install light traps in and around the fields • Avoid any stress to the crop as much as possible • Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed Common mechanical practices: • Collect and destroy disease infected and insect infested plant parts • Collect and destroy eggs and early stage larvae • Handpick the older larvae during early stages of the crop • Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water. • Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre • Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm • Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks) • Erect bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc. • Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm Common biological practices: • Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering • Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	• Apply remaining 18 Kg of N in two equal splits of 9 Kg each as top dressed at an interval of 30 days and 60 days after sowing.
Weeds	• The crop should be kept free from weeds for initial 40 days by adopting 2-3 hand tool weeding. The 1st weeding and hoeing should be done at 20-25 days after sowing and 2nd and 3rd at 40 and 60 days after sowing.
Aphid and thrips	Cultural control: • Spray pressurized water • Use yellow and blue sticky traps @ 4-5 traps/acre for aphid and thrips, respectively, before flowering. Biological control: • Release Coccinella septumpunctata @ 2000 beetles/ acre (2 releases at 15 days interval)
Cutworm	Cultural control: • Attracting cutworm larvae using rice bran – heaps of rice bran should be placed in several places in the late afternoon. They can be removed from the rice bran on the next day and destroyed. • Flood field prior to planting whenever possible farmers can consider temporarily flooding fields, particularly on severely infested fields.
Leaf eating caterpillar/gram pod borer	Cultural control: • Grow intercrops such as cowpea, onion, coriander, urdbean in 5 or 4:1 ratio • Rotate the fennel crop with a non-host cereal crop i.e. cucurbit, or cruciferous vegetable. • Use of ovipositional trap crops such as marigold @ 100 plants/acre 1 row of marigold for every 18 rows of fennel (marigold seedling of 45 days should be planted along with fennel transplanting) • Collect larvae from marigold flowers and destroy them. Biological control: • Release egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum @ 50,000 adults (in the form of parasitized card) /acre / week.
Leaf (Ramularia) blight	• See in common cultural practices
Fusarium wilt	Cultural control: • Avoid water stagnation • Follow the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Powdery mildew	• Follow the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Damping off	Cultural control: • Follow the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Collar rot	Cultural control: • Avoid water stagnation in the field. • Follow the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Root rot	Cultural control: • Crop rotation with non-susceptible hosts will reduce populations of Rhizoctonia in the soil. • Avoid crop rotations with sugar beets if there is evidence of Rhizoctonia in the field. Crop rotations with dry beans may also increase incidence of disease. • Protective seed treatment and good seedbed preparation can reduce root rot. • Earthing up of soil around stems promotes lateral root growth and lessen the effect of root rot on older plants.
Leaf spot	Cultural control: • Avoid water stagnation. • Follow the common cultural, mechanical and biological practices

Reproductive stage

Nutrients	• Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest
Weeds	• Remove left over weeds before shedding of seeds to prevent further spread of weeds.
Insect- pests & disease management	• Same as in vegetative stage

Storage insect pest

Cigarette beetle	Mechanical control: • Sticky traps baited with the female sex pheromone, • Store grains in gunny bags with moisture proof lining • Synthetic serricornin is used in commercially available cigarette beetle traps
Drugstore Beetle	Mechanical control: • The drugstore beetle sex pheromone, stegobinone (2,3-dihydro- 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1-methyl-2oxobutyl) -4H-pyran-4-one) is used in commercially available traps and lures • Sticky traps baited with the female sex pheromone, stegobinone, can be used to monitor for adult beetles
Cigarette beetle	Mechanical control: • Sticky traps baited with the female sex pheromone • Store grains in gunny bags with moisture proof lining • The commercially available cigarette beetle traps with synthetic serricornin
Drugstore beetle	Mechanical control: • Use commercially available traps and lures with the drugstore beetle sex pheromone, stegobinone (2,3-dihydro-2,3,5-trimethy l-6-(1-methyl- 2oxobutyl) -4H-pyran-4-one) is used in • Use sticky traps baited with the female sex pheromone, stegobinone for monitoring adult beetles
Note: Pesticides dosages and spray fluid volume are based on high volume sprayer *Apply Trichoderma viride/ harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed/seedling/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.04   

 

169 ratings

Fennel: Natural Enemies

1. Natural Enemies of Fennel Insect Pests
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
2. Resistant/tolerant varieties
3. IPM for Fennel

Natural Enemies of Fennel Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Predators

Resistant/tolerant varieties

Pest/disease	Resistance/ tolerant variety
Blight and powdery mildew	RF-101, RF-125 (Moderate resistant)
Sugary disease, leaf blight, leaf spot	Gujarat Fennel-1 (GF-1), (VC-14-34), PF-35 (Guj.) (Tolerant/ resistant)
Leaf blight	S-7-9 (Guj.) (Moderate resistant)
Aphid	S-16, E-58, UF-132 (Tolerant)

IPM for Fennel

To know the IPM practices for Fennel, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

110 ratings

Nutritional Deficiencies/Disorders of Fennel

1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Sulphur
5. Magnesium
6. Manganese
7. Iron
8. IPM for Fennel

Nitrogen

Pale or yellow green leaves (chlorosis) symptoms appear fi rst in the older leaves. Reddish tints gradually appear at the leaf margins spread toward the midrib or central vein. Leaves are small. Overall growth is markedly reduced.

Correction measure: Foliar spray of urea 1% or DAP 2% twice at weekly intervals.

Phosphorus

Slow plant growth, leaf colour may intensify, browning or purpling in foliage in some plants, thin stems, reduced lateral breaks, loss of lower leaves.

Correction measure: Soil application of recommended dose of phosphorous should be applied at the time of sowing or planting.

Potassium

Since potassium is very mobile within the plant, symptoms only develop on young leaves in the case of extreme deficiency. Reduced growth, shortened internodes, marginal burn or scorch (brown leaf edges), necrotic (dead) spots in the leaf, reduction of lateral breaks and tendency to wilt readily.

Sulphur

Stunted plant growth, leaves turn to pale yellow. The leaves show a general overall chlorosis. Under severe deficiency, the yellowing is much more uniform over the entire plant including young leaves.

Correction measure: Foliar spray of K₂SO₄ or CaSO₄ @ 1% twice at fortnightly interval.

Magnesium

Symptoms appear on the older leaves. Older leaves may fall off, or they develop a triangular arrowhead at the base of the leaf, near the stalk. Reduction in growth, marginal chlorosis, interveinal chlorosis (yellow between the veins) in some species, eventually the whole leaf becomes yellow.

Correction measures: Foliar spray of magnesium sulphate @ 0.5 % ( 5g MgSO₄ dissolved in 1 lit of water) in the interval of 15 days on the foliage till the symptoms disappear.

Manganese

Symptoms occur on new growth. Leaves appear mottled, light green to yellow green in-between the veins.

Correction measure: Foliar spray of MnSO₄ @ 0.5% twice at weekly interval.

Iron

The deficiency of iron shows up first in the young leaves of plants, which develop interveinal chlorosis and it progresses rapidly over the entire leaf. In severe cases, the leaves turn completely white.

Correction measure: Soil application of FeSO₄ at 12 Kg/acre followed by foliar spray of FeSO₄ @ 0.5% during 3rd, 4th and 5th months.

IPM for Fennel

To know the IPM practices for Fennel, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

Fenugreek Diseases

1. Cercospora leaf spot
2. Charcoal rot
3. Powdery mildew
4. Root/ collar rot/ Foot rot
5. Downy mildew
6. Rust
7. Damping off
8. Fusarium wilt
9. Yellow mosaic disease
10. Diseases cycle:
11. IPM for Fenugreek

Cercospora leaf spot

Disease symptoms:

• Circular sunken lesions with chlorotic halos on leaves; necrotic areas on leaves; discolored areas on pods

Survival and spread:

• Pathogen survives mainly in plant debris as desiccation-resistant pseudostromata, but can also survive as conidia in debris or seeds.
• When moisture is sufficient, new conidia are formed and spread via rain-splash or wind to new leaves or plants.

Favourable conditions:

• Optimum conditions are 25° to 35° C with night temperatures above 16.1° C, and a relative humidity of 90-95%. Infection is greatly reduced or nonexistent at temperatures less than 15° C or during periods of leaf wetness less than 11 hours.

Charcoal rot

Disease symptoms:

• Cankers on stem may spread upwards; leaves may wilt and drop from plant.
• Numerous small black sclerotia (fungal fruiting bodies) develop in affected tissues and can be used to diagnose the disease

Survival and spread:

• M. phaseolina survives as microsclerotia in the soil and on infected plant debris.
• The microsclerotia serve as the primary source of inoculum and have been found to persist within the soil up to three years.

Favourable conditions:

• Hot, dry weather promotes infection and development of charcoal rot.

Powdery mildew

Disease symptoms:

• White, powdery spots on leaves which expand over time.
• Yellow spots may be visible on leaf underside

Survival and spread:

• The fungus survives the winter attached to plant parts and plant debris such as fallen leaves.

Favourable conditions:

• Humidity is an important factor related to the onset and spread of powdery mildew. High relative humidity favors spore formation, and low relative humidity favors spore dispersal, which explains why powdery mildew tends to be a problem when the days are cool and the nights are humid.

Root/ collar rot/ Foot rot

Disease symptoms:

• Rhizoctonia root rot develops from infection of the growing tip of small lateral roots. The fungus then progressively grows from the root tip and may cause rot of the main root. Rhizoctonia infection of a rootlet often results in the „spear-point‟ symptom of roots.
• Small chlorotic, water-soaked lesions appear randomly over both surfaces of the leaflets. They enlarge, become irregular in shape, and are brown with darken brown margins. The central portion later become pale, dry rapidly and disintegrate.

Survival and spread:

• They survive in soil for long periods in the absence of a host, and inoculum levels in soil increase slowly over several years (crop cycles).

Favourable conditions:

• High humidity and warm weather favours the development of disease.

Downy mildew

Disease symptoms:

• The symptoms of downy mildew are quite distinct from the other diseases.
• The adaxial surfaces of the leaves showed yellow patches or small chlorotic spots which appear often at the margins.
• The abaxial surface of the leaf showed white cottony mycelial growth which often appears as grayish violet.
• The disease also causes stunted growth of the plant

Survival and spread:

• The fungus survives in plant parts and plant debris such as fallen leaves.

Favourable conditions:

• The disease is favored by a maximum temperature range of 18-24˚C to minimum temperature range of 4-10˚C and a relatively high humidity which is more than 80%.

Rust

Disease symptoms:

• · Rust commonly appears as a colored powder, consisting of minute aeciospores that land on the fenugreek plant generating pustules (uredia) on the ventral leaf surface. · During late spring or early summer of the disease cycle, yellowish orange to dark brown, hair-like (ligulate) structures called telia develop on the leaves.
• · Small, round or oblong, dark brown pustules on the leaves and petioles are commonly observed.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus mainly survives through teliospores (thick walled, resting spores) on leaves left in the field or on the soil surface.
• The disease spreads by wind-borne uredospores from infected crop.

Favourable conditions:

• Temperature ranging from 20 to 25° C with relative humidity of 86-92%RH favours high intensity of rust.

Damping off

Disease symptom:

• The emerged seedlings exhibit water soaked discoloured, soft basal rot of the stem due to the death of cortical tissues.
• The rotted seedlings emit bad odour, the whole seedling topples over.

Survival and spread:

• The fungus survives in soil. Primary infection occurs through soil and secondary by conidia through rain or wind.

Favourable conditions:

• High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures below 24°C for few days are ideal for infection and development of disease.
• Crowded seedlings, dampness due to high rainfall, poor drainage and excess of soil solutes hamper plant growth and increase the pathogenic damping-off.

Fusarium wilt

Disease symptom:

• The symptoms are first seen as minor clearings in veins on the external part of young leaflets finally accompanied with downward drooping of mature leaves.
• At the seedling stage, plants may wilt and die soon after the appearance of the symptoms.
• In mature plants, vein clearing and downward drooping of the leaf are seen which is followed by stunting, yellowing of the lower leaves and subsequent wilting of leaves and young stems.
• This is followed by marginal necrosis of the infected leaves, rapid defoliation and death of the plant. In addition, browning of vascular tissue occurs.
• These symptoms become more prominent in mature plants during the period between blossoming and fruit maturation.

Survival and spread:

• The disease is soil borne and primary infection occurs through inoculum present in the soil.

Favourable conditions:

• Relatively high soil moisture and soil temperature are favourable for the infection.

Yellow mosaic disease

Disease symptom:

• Mosaic virus disease with symptoms of vein clearing, severe molting, leaves curled at the margin and reduced leaf size.
• Pods if formed are very small, curled with thin and shrunken seeds.

Transmission and favourable conditions

• The disease is transmitted in semi persistent mannerby aphid.
• Aphids are more active in warm conditions and increase their population as well as spread the virus.

Diseases cycle:

Powdery mildew:

IPM for Fenugreek

To know the IPM practices for Fenugreek, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

2.68   

 

19 ratings

Fenugreek Insect Pests

1. Aphid
2. Leaf Miner
3. Mites
4. Thrips
5. Spotted pod borer
6. IPM for Fenugreek

Aphid

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are very tiny, shiny-black, and are found in the crevices of bud and stems, of the plant, especially in colder regions of the world and may overwinter as eggs. In warmer parts of the world aphids usually do not lay eggs and parthenogenic reproduction takes place throughout the year.
• Nymph: Nymph (immature stages) are young aphids, they look like the wingless adults but are smaller. They become adults within 7 to 10 days.
• Adult: Adults are small, back to dark brownish colour, 1 to 4 mm long, soft-bodied insects with two long antennae that resemble horns. Most aphids have two short cornicles (horns) towards the rear of the body. A female aphid lives for 9 to 25 days and can produce from 25 to 125 young during its life. There may be up to twenty generations in the year.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Nymphs and adult aphids suck plant sap from leaves, shoots, buds and floret.
• In addition, plants may become contaminated by honeydew produced by aphids and sooty mould growing on honeydew.
• Fenugreek contaminated with honeydew and / or sooty mould are not marketable.
• Aphids are also vectors of diseases, including the common bean mosaic virus.
• The black bean aphid is a widely distributed pest of fenugreek.

Natural enemies of aphid:

• Parasitoids: Aphidius colemani, Aphelinus sp, Diaeretiella sp
• Predators: Red ant, Big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), Earwig, Cecidomyiid fly, Dragon fly, Lacewing, Ladybird beetles, Syrphid flies, etc.

Leaf Miner

Biology:

• Egg: Minute orange yellow, apodous maggot feeds on chlorophyll mining in between epidermal layers.
• Larva: Full grown maggot measures 3 mm. Larval duration is about 7 days. Pupation is in soil. Some pupae are found in leaves. Total life cycle takes 3 weeks.
• Pupa: Pupation takes place inside a thin loose mesh of silken cocoon. Pupal period is about 7 days.
• Adult: It is a pale yellowish fly, measuring 1.5 mm in length. The female fly punctures upper surface of leaf to lay eggs singly. The egg hatches in 4 days. Serpentine leaf miner is polyphagous pest, native of Florida (USA) and believed to be accidentally introduced into India. It is widely distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra causing damage to fibre crops, pulses, ornamentals, vegetables, fodder etc. It is a serious pest on cucurbits, cotton, ridge gourd, brinjal, and potato.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Leaves with serpentine mines. The maggot punctures the epidermal layers and scraps the chlorophyll content between the layers. In severe cases, the photosynthetic activity is reduced and leads to death of the plant.
• In severe cases, defoliation occurs.

Favourable conditions:

• Warm weather conditions are favourable for multiplication.

Natural enemies of leaf miner:

Parasitoids: Gronotoma micromorpha (larva and pupa), Diglyphus sp (larva), Halticoptera circulus and Opius sp (pupal), Chrysocharis sp, Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood).

Mites

Biology:

• Egg: Gravid females lay reddish, hyaline, spherical eggs in mass on undersurface of leaf. Eggs hatch in 2-5 days.
• Nymph: After hatching neonates are light brown in colour with three pairs of legs. After feeding underneath the leaf in webs, larvae become nymphs with four pairs of legs. Developmental stages include six-legged larva. Protonymph and deutonymph.
• Adult: Adults are red coloured, smaller in size. Females are oval, pyriformin shape, bright crimson anterior and dark purplish brown posterior. Mites spin a web of silken threads undersurface of leaf. Total life cycle is completed in 10-18 days depending upon the environmental conditions.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• Spider mites usually extract the cell contents from the leaves using their long, needlelike mouthparts.
• This results in reduced chlorophyll content in the leaves, leading to the formation of white or yellow specs on the leaves. In severe infestations, leaves dessicate and drop off.
• The mites also produce webbing on the leaf surfaces in severe conditions. Under high population densities, the mites move to using strands of silk to form a ball-like mass, which will be blown by winds to new leaves or plants, in a process known as “ballooning.”

Natural enemies of red spider mites:

Predators: Anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, lacewings (Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla carnea), predatory mites (Amblyseius alstoniae, A. womersleyi, A. fallacies and Phytoseiulus persimilis), predatory coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.), cecidomyiid fly (Anthrocnodax occidentalis), midge (Feltiella minuta) etc.

Entomopathogen: Beauveria bassiana

Thrips

Biology:

• Egg: Eggs are hyaline, globular laid in mass inside the leaf tissues of leaves and shoots.
• Nymph: Nymphs are tiny, slender, fragile and straw yellow in colour.
• Adult: Adults are slender, yellowish brown with heavily fringed wings. There are several overlapping generations in a year.

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:

• The infested leaves curl upward, crumble and shed
• Infested buds become brittle and drop down.
• Affected fruits show light brown scars
• Early stage, infestation leads to stunted growth and flower production, fruit set are arrested

Host-range and favourable conditions:

• S. dorsalis is found in almost all chilly growing areas.. Besides chilli, it also infests brinjal, cotton, groundnut, castor, bottle gourd, guava, tea and grapevine. It is more common on unirrigated chilli crop than irrigated one.

Natural enemies of thrips:

Predators: Predatory mite, predatory thrips, Oligota spp., Orius spp. (pirate bug), hover flies, mirid bug etc.,

Spotted pod borer

Biology

• Egg: Eggs of the moth are pale cream and flattened.
• Larva: Larvae are pale cream with two rows of distinctive paired black markings on their back. In the final instar, these markings are often very pale. Larvae can reach 18 mm in length.
• Pupa: Pupa elongated and reddish brown in colour.
• Adult: Adults have a 20-25 mm wingspan and a slender body. They have brown forewings with a white band extending two-thirds down the wing from the leading edge. Inside this band near the leading edge is a white spot. The hindwings are predominantly a translucent white with an irregular brown border. When at rest, they adopt a characteristic pose with outspread wings and the front of the body raised.

Damage symptoms:

• Seeds within damaged pods are totally or partially eaten out by bean pod borer larvae. Entry holes also let in water, which stains the remaining non-eaten seeds.
• Fenugreek pod borer larvae may web young leaves together and may tunnel in plant stems. Such damage is not typical of its behaviour on other legumes.

Natural enemies of mung moth:

• Parasitoids: Trichogramma sp., Bracon sp., Apanteles taragamae, Carcellia etc.
• Predators: Spider, red ant, reduviid bugs, praying mantids

IPM for Fenugreek

To know the IPM practices for Fenugreek, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3.07   

 

29 ratings

Fenugreek Pests

1. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests:
2. Diseases
2. Weeds
1. Broadleaf
2. Grasses
3. IPM for Fenugreek

Pests of National Significance

Insect and mite pests:

• Stem fly: Ophiomyia spp., (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
• Cowpea aphid: Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
• Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
• Thrips: Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
• Lucerne weevil: Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
• Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
• Mite: Tetranychus cucurbitae Rahman and Sapra (Arachnida: Tetranychidae)

Diseases

• Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora traversiana Sacc.
• Charcoal rot: Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid
• Powdery mildew: Erysiphe polygoni DC, Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arm
• Downy mildew: Peronospora trigonellae Gaum
• Rust: Uromyces trigonellae Pass
• Root rot /collar rot/ Foot rot : Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
• Damping off : Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp
• Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.)
• Yellow mosaic disease: Bean yellow mosaic virus

Weeds

Broadleaf

• Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
• Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae) 3.3 Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
• Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
• Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophylliaceae)
• Carrot grass Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
• Onion weed: Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (Liliaceae)
• Bind weed: Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae)

Grasses

• Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
• Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
• Doob: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. . (Poaceae) Sedges
• Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
• Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)

IPM for Fenugreek

To know the IPM practices for Fenugreek, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

22 ratings

Fenugreek Beneficial Insects

1. Parasitoids
1. Egg parasitoids
2. Larval parasitoids
3. Larval pupal parasitoid
4. Pupal parasitoids
5. Nymphal larva adult parasitoids
2. Predators
3. IPM for Fenugreek

Natural Enemies of Fenugreek Insect Pests

Parasitoids

Egg parasitoids

Larval parasitoids

Larval pupal parasitoid

Pupal parasitoids

Nymphal larva adult parasitoids

Predators

IPM for Fenugreek

To know the IPM practices for Fenugreek, click here.

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

 

3   

 

28 ratings

Fenugreek Crop Stage-Wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing
2. Sowing
3. Vegetative stage
4. Reproductive/fruiting stage

Management	Activity
Pre-sowing
	Common cultural practices: Deep ploughing of fields during summer to control soil borne pathogens and weeds. Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 75 gauge thickness for six weeks during summer months . It will help in reducing the soil-borne pathogens, insect pests and weeds. Timely and line sowing should be done. Field sanitation, rogueing Destroy the alternate host plants Soil test based application of manures and fertilizers. Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum for the management of mites and thrips. Follow crop rotation of non-host crops like cereal crops for 3 years. Adopt ecological engineering by growing the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds.
Nutrients	Get the soil sample tested and apply nutrients based on soil test report. Soil is brought to fine tilth by 2-3 ploughing with harrow or plough. Incorporate 4 to 5 tonnes of Farm Yard Manure per acre in soil 2-3 weeks before sowing.
Weeds	Solarisation of soil during summer reduces weed infestation
Sowing
Nutrients	Apply 8 kg N, 20 kg phosphorus and 20 kg potash per acre at the time of sowing as basal dose.
Soil borne fungus, resting stages of insects and weeds	Cultural control: Soil solarization should be followed. Biological control: Apply neem cake @ 80 Kg/acre at the time of sowing for reducing borer damage as well as to reduce the soil borne diseases while preparing the nurseries.
Root rot and collar rot	Cultural control: Avoid excessive watering Use raised beds: more than 15 cm height is better for water drainage
Damping off	Cultural control: Avoid excessive watering Follow crop rotation Biological control: Apply neem cake @ 80 Kg/acre at the time of sowing for reducing the disease Soil application: Apply Trichoderma viride @ 2kg/100kg of FYM/acre.
Weeds	Sowing should be done in lines to facilitate hoeing and weeding operations during vegetative stage.
Diseases and insect pests	Select resistant varieties.
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Avoid water stress and water stagnation conditions. Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts. Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs of pests and early stage larvae Use yellow/blue pan water/ sticky traps for aphids @ 4-5 trap/acre. Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies.
Nutrients	Apply second half of N as top dressing in two splits i.e. 4 kg per acre at 25-30 days after sowing and remaining 4 kg at 40-45 days after sowing.
Weeds	The crop should be kept free from weeds for proper growth and development of plants. Generally, 2-3 hand weeding are required to keep the weeds under control. In drilled crop light intercultural operation is beneficial. 1st weeding and hoeing should be done at 25-30 days after sowing and 2nd weeding at one month after 1st weeding.
Aphids	See common cultural and biological practices. Cultural control: If aphid population is limited to just a few shoots then the infested plant can be pulled out Biological control Conserve and augment lady bird beetles and lacewings. Spraying with tobacco decoction (1 kg tobacco boiled in 10 l of water for 30 minutes and making up to 30 l + 100 g soap). Insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem or NSKE 5% are usually the best method of control
Leaf miner	Cultural control: Avoid excess use of nitrogen. Biological control: Conservation of natural enemies. Spray NSKE 5%.
Stem fly	Cultural control: Follow crop rotation Biological control Apply neem cake @ 80 Kg/acre at the time of sowing for reducing damage
Lucerne weevil	Cultural control: Follow crop rotation Biological control Apply neem cake @ 80 Kg/acre at the time of sowing for reducing damage Spray NSKE 5% or Neem oil 0.5 to 1% (max. 2%).
Mites	Cultural control: Keep the field free of weeds Remove and destroy infested crop residues Biological control: Spray NSKE (5%)
Thrips	Cultural control: Use blue sticky traps/water pan traps 5/acre.
Cercospora leaf spot	Cultural control: Follow field sanitation.
Charcoal rot	Cultural control: Organic soil amendments such as the addition of manure or neemcake can be used to reduce levels of inoculum in the soil Follow crop rotation
Powdery mildew	Cultural control: Use adequate spacing when planting to avoid overcrowding
Mosaic	Cultural control: Manage the vector by adopting common practices for the aphid. Mechanical control: The infected plants should be removed in the early stage of plant growth. Remove weed host Install yellow sticky traps 4-5 per acre.
Rust	Cultural control: Balanced use of manures and fertilizers. Uproot the alternate host.
Downy mildew	Cultural control: Use adequate spacing when planting to avoid overcrowding
Fusarium wilt	Cultural control: Avoid excessive watering Follow crop rotation Biological control: Apply neem cake @ 80 Kg/acre at the time of sowing for reducing the disease Soil application: Apply Trichoderma viride 2kg/100kg of FYM/acre.
Reproductive/fruiting stage
Weeds	Remove weeds to prevent weed seed spread in field.
Pests and disease	Same as vegetative stage.
Spotted pod borer	Cultural control: The avoidance of broad-spectrum pesticides prior to flowering may help conserve natural enemies; however, beneficial insects are unlikely to control populations above about 10 per square metre. Follow common mechanical and biological practices

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage